Log In Sign up
The largest database of trusted experimental protocols
> Chemicals & Drugs > Hazardous or Poisonous Substance > Poisons

Poisons

Poisons are substances that can cause harm or death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed into the body.
These toxic compounds, whether natural or synthetic, can disrupt normal physiological processes and lead to a wide range of adverse effects.
Poisons research aims to identify, understand, and develop strategies to mitigate the risks posed by these hazardous substances.
This field encompasses the study of the chemical properties, mechanisms of action, and potential applications of poisons, as well as the development of antidotes and protective measures.
Reseachers in this area leverage advanced analytical techniques, animal models, and computational tools to advance our knowledge and improve the safety of individuals and the environment.
Expereince the latest innovations in poisons research with PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform, designed to streamline literature discovery, protocol optimization, and data-driven decision making.

Most cited protocols related to «Poisons»

1
Comparing Log-Binomial and Robust Poisson Models
Both regression models were implemented in SAS [23 ] (SAS Software Version 9.3 of the SAS System for Unix. Cary, NC. SAS Institute Inc. 2011). The SAS codes can be found in Additional file 5. For the log-binomial model, − 4 was set as the initial value of the intercept. For both models, the weighted least squares estimates (default) were used as initial values of parameters. The convergence criterion was 10− 4 (default). A well-known issue of log-binomial models is failure to converge when the MLE is located on the boundary of the parameter space (i.e. the predicted probability of the outcome is equal to 1). To minimize the convergence issue, the COPY method was applied [24 , 25 (link)] in which the number of virtual copies was set to 10,000. To ensure a fair comparison between the log-binomial and robust Poisson models, the evaluation was conducted by only using the results based on exactly the same simulated data. If the COPY method did not converge for a dataset, the same dataset was then removed before the performance of the robust Poison models was evaluated. The exclusion of datasets was very rare in this study. Details on the number of excluded datasets can be found in the “Discussion” section.
Chen W., Qian L., Shi J, & Franklin M. (2018). Comparing performance between log-binomial and robust Poisson regression models for estimating risk ratios under model misspecification. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18, 63.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2018
Poisons
2
INTERGROWTH-21st Fetal Growth Study
INTERGROWTH-21st is a multicenter, multiethnic, population-based project, conducted between 2009 and 2014 in eight urban areas in eight different countries: the cities of Pelotas, Brazil; Turin, Italy; Muscat, Oman; Oxford, UK; Seattle, USA; Shunyi County, Beijing, China; the central area of the city of Nagpur (Central Nagpur), Maharashtra, India; and the Parklands suburb of Nairobi, Kenya13 (link). Its primary aim was to study growth, health, nutrition and neurodevelopment of fetuses from < 14 + 0 weeks' gestation to 2 years of age, using the same conceptual framework as the World Health Organization (WHO) Multicentre Growth Reference Study12 (link), in order to produce prescriptive growth standards to complement the existing WHO Child Growth Standards14 .
These urban areas had to be located at low altitude (≤ 1600 m) and women receiving antenatal care had to plan to deliver in these institutions or in a similar hospital located in the same geographical area, and there had to be an absence or low levels of major, known, non-microbiological contamination such as pollution, domestic smoke, radiation or any other toxic substances, evaluated during the study period at the cluster level using a data collection form specifically developed for the project15 (link). In the eight urban areas, we selected all institutions providing pregnancy and intrapartum care, in which > 80% of deliveries occurred.
To generate the CRL data for our stated aims, women with a singleton pregnancy that was conceived naturally were asked to participate in the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study (FGLS), one of the three main components of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project, whose study methods have been described in detail elsewhere13 (link). Briefly, we recruited women from the selected populations with no clinically relevant obstetric or gynecological history, who met the entry criteria of optimal health, nutrition, education and socioeconomic status to create a group of affluent, clinically healthy women who were at low risk of intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth. Recruitment occurred prospectively and consecutively at 9 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation as estimated by LMP provided that: (1) the date was certain; (2) the agreement between LMP and CRL dating was ≤ 7 days; (3) the women had a regular 24–32-day menstrual cycle; and (4) they had not been using hormonal contraception or breastfeeding in the preceding 2 months. The women, who were all well-educated and living in urban areas, reported the date and certainty of their LMP at their first antenatal clinic visit in response to specific questions.
A single type of ultrasound machine (Philips HD-9; Philips Ultrasound, Bothell, WA, USA) with an abdominal probe was the machine of choice to measure CRL. However, as the first contact with the study often occurred at several different clinics in the geographical area, it was considered acceptable to use other, locally available, machines for the CRL measurement at the first antenatal visit only, provided that they were evaluated and approved by the study team. All 39 ultrasonographers at the eight study sites underwent rigorous training and standardization specifically for CRL measurement16 (link). In accordance with the study's quality-control protocol, they also submitted images of the CRL measurements, which were reviewed blindly by our collaborators at the Société Française pour l'Amélioration des Pratiques Echographiques. The ultrasonographers were only certified to measure CRL in the study if they demonstrated adequate knowledge of the study protocol and the quality of the images submitted for review was satisfactory17 (link).
CRL was measured once using strict techniques and imaging criteria18 (link). A discrepancy between GA based on LMP and that derived from CRL of more than 7 days was a reason to exclude the woman from the study. All women were then followed to delivery with standardized antenatal care evaluation and regular ultrasound scans every 5 ± 1 weeks.
The INTERGROWTH-21st Project was approved by the Oxfordshire Research Ethics Committee ‘C’ (ref: 08/H0606/139) and the research ethics committees of the individual participating institutions, as well as the corresponding regional health authorities in which the project was implemented.
Papageorghiou A.T., Kennedy S.H., Salomon L.J., Ohuma E.O., Cheikh Ismail L., Barros F.C., Lambert A., Carvalho M., Jaffer Y.A., Bertino E., Gravett M.G., Altman D.G., Purwar M., Noble J.A., Pang R., Victora C.G., Bhutta Z.A, & Villar J. (2014). International standards for early fetal size and pregnancy dating based on ultrasound measurement of crown–rump length in the first trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 44(6), 641-648.
Publication 2014
Abdomen Care, Prenatal Child Clinic Visits Ethics Committees, Research Fetal Growth Fetal Growth Retardation Fetus Hormonal Contraception Menstrual Cycle Muscle Rigidity Obstetric Delivery Poisons Pregnancy Premature Birth Radiation Smoke Ultrasonography Woman
3
Continuous Evolution Protocol to Minimize Recombinant Selection Phage
Host cell cultures, lagoons, media, and the PACE apparatus were as previously described9 (link). Recombined selection phage harboring gene III (rSP) will poison a PACE experiment by outcompeting the evolving SP. We have noted that the likelihood of rSP occurrence in an SP stock increases with extended standing culture growth during the initial SP stock preparation. To reduce the likelihood of rSP formation, all SPs are repurified prior to any continuous evolution experiments. Briefly, SPs were plaqued on S2208 cells. A single plaque was picked into 2 mL 2xYT (United States Biological) supplemented with the appropriate antibiotics and grown until the culture reached mid log-phase (OD600 0.5–0.8). The culture was centrifuged using a tabletop centrifuge for 2 min at 10,000 G, followed by supernatant filtration using a 0.22 μm PVDF Ultrafree centrifugal filter (Millipore). This short growth period routinely yields titers of 106–108 pfu/mL and was found to minimize the occurrence of rSP during PACE experiments.
To prepare the PACE strain, the AP and MP were co-transformed into electrocompetent S1030 cells (see above) and recovered using Davis rich media9 (link) (DRM) to ensure MP repression. Transformations were plated on 1.8% agar-2xYT containing 50 μg/mL carbenicillin, 40 μg/mL chloramphenicol, 10 μg/mL fluconazole, 10 μg/mL amphotericin B, 100 mM glucose (United States Biological) and grown for 12–18 h in a 37 °C incubator. Following overnight growth, four single colonies were picked and resuspended in DRM, then serially diluted and plated on 1.8% agar-2xYT containing 50 μg/mL carbenicillin, 40 μg/mL chloramphenicol, 10 μg/mL fluconazole, 10 μg/mL amphotericin B, and either 100 mM glucose or 100 mM arabinose (Gold Biotechnology) and grown for 12–18 h in a 37 °C incubator. Concomitant with this plating step, the dilution series was used to inoculate liquid cultures in DRM supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin, 40 μg/mL chloramphenicol, 10 μg/mL tetracycline, 50 μg/mL streptomycin, 10 μg/mL fluconazole, 10 μg/mL amphotericin B and grown for 12–18 h in a 37 °C shaker at 230 rpm. Following confirmation of arabinose sensitivity using the plate assay, cultures of the serially diluted colonies still in log-phase growth were used to seed a 25-mL starter culture for the PACE chemostat.
Once the starter culture had reached log-phase density (OD600 0.5–0.8), the 25-mL culture was added directly to 175 mL of fresh DRM in the chemostat. The chemostat culture was maintained at 200 mL and grown at a dilution rate of 1.5–1.6 vol/hr as previously described9 (link). Lagoons flowing from the chemostats were maintained at 40 mL, and diluted as described for each experiment. Lagoons were supplemented with 25 mM arabinose to induce the MP for 8–16 h prior to infection with packaged SP. Samples were taken at the indicated time points, centrifuged at 10,000 G for 2 min, then filtered with a 0.2 μm filter and stored overnight at 4°C. Phage aliquots were titered by plaque assay on S2208 cells (total phage titer) and S1030 or S2060 cells (rSP titer) for all time points.
Badran A.H., Guzov V.M., Huai Q., Kemp M.M., Vishwanath P., Kain W., Nance A.M., Evdokimov A., Moshiri F., Turner K.H., Wang P., Malvar T, & Liu D.R. (2016). Continuous evolution of B. thuringiensis toxins overcomes insect resistance. Nature, 533(7601), 58-63.
Publication 2016
Agar Amphotericin B Antibiotics Arabinose Bacteriophages Biological Assay Biological Evolution Biopharmaceuticals Carbenicillin Cell Culture Techniques Cells Chloramphenicol Filtration Fluconazole Genes Glucose Gold Hypersensitivity Infection Poisons polyvinylidene fluoride Repression, Psychology Senile Plaques Streptomycin Technique, Dilution Tetracycline
4
Lifetime Exposure to Traumatic Events Assessment
The LEC (Blake et al., 1990 ) is a 17-item, self-report measure designed to screen for potentially traumatic events (PTEs) in a respondent’s lifetime. The LEC was designed as a companion measure for the CAPS-IV. The LEC assesses exposure to 16 events known to potentially result in PTSD and includes one additional item which allows for a respondent to indicate another extraordinarily stressful event not captured by the first 16 items. For each event, respondents are asked to choose one or more response, including happened to me, witnessed it, learned about it, not sure, and doesn’t apply. The LEC has demonstrated convergent validity with other measures designed to assess exposure to PTEs (Gray, Litz, Hsu, & Lombardo, 2004 (link)). In Sample 1, the LEC was used to assess exposure to PTEs and identify the index event; the CAPS was then used to assess whether the index event met Criterion A.
This was a highly traumatized sample: On average, participants endorsed directly experiencing 6.95 PTE categories (SD = 3.34). Using the LEC categories, the most frequently endorsed category was physical assault (n = 127, 76.0%); followed by transportation accident (n = 120, 71.9%); assault with a weapon (n = 108, 64.7%); life threatening illness or injury (n = 96, 57.5%); sudden, unexpected death of someone close (n = 96, 57.5%); natural disaster (n = 86, 51.5%); combat/warzone exposure (n = 83, 49.7%); fire or explosion (n = 77, 46.1%); serious accident (n = 70, 41.9%); exposure to toxic substance (n = 60, 35.9%); unwanted sexual experience other than sexual assault (n = 58, 34.7%); sexual assault (n = 53, 31.7%); causing serious injury, harm, or death to someone else (n = 44, 26.4%); other severe human suffering (n = 41, 24.6%); witnessing sudden, violent death (n = 33, 19.8%); and captivity (n = 18, 10.8%).
Weathers F.W., Bovin M.J., Lee D.J., Sloan D.M., Schnurr P.P., Kaloupek D.G., Keane T.M, & Marx B.P. (2017). The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM–5 (CAPS-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation in Military Veterans. Psychological assessment, 30(3), 383-395.
Publication 2017
Accidents Explosion Homo sapiens Injuries Natural Disasters Pets Physical Examination Poisons Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Sexual Assault Sudden Death
5
Predicting Biological Functions with WormNet v3
The WormNet v3 server generates new hypotheses using three complementary network
methods, which are illustrated in Figure 2a.
For each prediction method, WormNet v3 server provides a toy example for a test run.
The first method, ‘find new members for a pathway’, is a
phenotype-centric method. This approach predicts new candidate genes for a phenotype
using known genes for that phenotype, namely seed genes, which are submitted by the
user. The server returns the top 200 ranked candidate genes for the phenotype of
interest using the sum of the network edge weights (i.e. the LLS) on all the
submitted seed genes. The WormNet v3 server also reports the network prediction
power for the submitted seed genes using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
curve, the results of which are summarized as a single score, the area under the ROC
curve (AUC). Perfect prediction power results in an AUC equal to 1 and predictions
that represent random chance result in an AUC equal to 0.5. Generally, an AUC that
is >0.7 indicates good prediction power. If a high AUC is observed for the
submitted seed genes, then the predicted candidate genes are more likely to show the
mutant phenotype upon perturbation.
The second prediction method, ‘infer functions from network
neighbors’, is a gene-centric approach that predicts GO-BP functional terms
for a query gene that is submitted by the user. The server collects all annotated
GO-BP terms for the query gene from connected network neighbors and ranks the GO-BP
terms using the sum of the network edge weights (i.e. the LLS) on genes annotated by
each GO-BP term. The server returns the top 10 GO-BP terms as candidate functions
for the query gene.
These two methods existed in previous versions of WormNet. A new network prediction
method has been incorporated in WormNet v3. This method is based on a
context-centric approach, ‘find context-associated hub genes’ that
can predict important genes for a given biological context. For this analysis, the
server uses pre-defined subnetworks, which are composed of a hub gene and its
connected neighbors. These hub genes are hubs for each of the subnetworks, not for
the whole gene network. In the new base gene network, we considered only subnetworks
for hub genes that have no >15 neighbors connected by LLS > 1, which
resulted in 7025 hub genes for the subsequent analyzes. Users initiate a prediction
by submitting a set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that characterize the
biological context. For example, the DEGs of C. elegans that have
been exposed to toxic chemicals can characterize the context of intoxication for the
organism. The server measures the association between the hub genes and the context
by statistical enrichment of the hub's neighbors among the submitted DEGs using
Fisher's exact test, and returns all hub genes that are significantly associated
with the context (Figure 2b). In addition, the
expression level of some of the important genes for a particular biological context
may change. Therefore, the context-centric prediction method often ranks DEGs
highly, which highlights the ability of this method to predict important genes. A
more detailed description of the concepts underlying the context-centric prediction
method is provided in the Supplementary Online Methods (Supplementary Figure
S1).
Cho A., Shin J., Hwang S., Kim C., Shim H., Kim H., Kim H, & Lee I. (2014). WormNet v3: a network-assisted hypothesis-generating server for Caenorhabditis elegans. Nucleic Acids Research, 42(Web Server issue), W76-W82.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2014
Biopharmaceuticals Gene Expression Gene Regulatory Networks Genes Genes, vif Operator, Genetic Phenotype Poisons Prognosis

Most recents protocols related to «Poisons»

1
Factors Associated with Adverse Events in MDR-TB Patients
Data were analyzed using Stata v.14 software. Data on demographic and clinical factors were summarized using frequencies and percentages Additionally, the prevalence of reported AEs among MDR-TB patients was reported as a percentage. To determine the factors associated with reported AEs of taking second line anti-TB drugs, a modified poison generalized linear model (log link with robust standard errors) was used. The model included variables with p < 0.25 at bivariate analysis or variables found to be potentially or known to be associated with the outcome from the literature. Both the unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals are presented.
Multi-collinearity was done, and no variables were removed due to multi-collinearity, since they had a p-value less than 0.40. Then these variables were selected, their prevalence ratios were adjusted for multivariable analysis. Forward and backward elimination was used to select the variables after considering the p-value of less than 0.05 to come up with a perfect model. Furthermore, additional analysis was done by stratifying by type of patients that is to say by new and retreatment MDR-TB cases (see supplementary file). We were unable to compute for the statistical differences between severity of AEs and other factors because one patient could have more than one AE and they could have different severities, making it difficult to compute.
Ategyeka P.M., Muhoozi M., Naturinda R., Kageni P., Namugenyi C., Kasolo A., Kisaka S, & Kiwanuka N. (2023). Prevalence and factors associated with reported adverse-events among patients on multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in two referral hospitals in Uganda. BMC Infectious Diseases, 23, 149.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Poisons Retreatments
2
Powdery Mildew Control in Cucumber Using NPA, Sulfur, and Tebuconazole
The experimental trials were conducted from June to August 2020 in a greenhouse at the Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station (Changhua County, Taiwan). The average temperature in the greenhouse was 30.8°C, with maximum and minimum temperatures of 41.4°C and 25.5°C, respectively (S1 Fig). Twelve-day-old seedlings of cucumber cultivar CU87 (Ho Sheng Seed, Tainan, Taiwan) were transplanted into 20 cm x 65 cm pots filled with 7.5 kg peat (Jiffy Products, Norway), and the pots received daily irrigation. The physical and chemical properties of the potted soil were tested at the end of the experiment and are shown in S1 Table. Each treatment contained 15 plants (3 plants x 5 pots). The pots were arranged in a randomized complete block design. The plants were naturally infected by powdery mildew in the greenhouse. Four treatments, consisting of control (water), NPA, sulfur, and tebuconazole, were applied three times after flowering on 21 July, 28 July, and 4 August. Fifty milliliters of liquid solution was spread onto each plant. Preparation of the NPA stock was performed by mixing 100 g of 99% phosphorus acid (Omichi Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and 100 g of 95% potassium hydroxide (Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) into 200 ml water, and NPA was sprayed at a 250-fold dilution of the stock. Sulfur (80% water dispersible granules, Syngenta Taiwan Co., Taipei, Taiwan) was diluted 1200-fold. Tebuconazole (25.9% emulsion oil in water, Bayer Taiwan Co., Taipei, Taiwan) was diluted to 86.33 ppm (3000-fold). The incidence and severity of powdery mildew disease were evaluated on the day after the last fungicide application. Disease incidence was the percentage of infected leaves to total investigated leaves, and disease severity was estimated according to a six-grade rating scale for each leaf [35 (link)]. In brief, the six grades included 0 = 0%, 1 = 0–1%, 2 = 2–5%, 3 = 6–20%, 4 = 21–40%, and 5 = >40% of the leaf area infected. Disease severity (%) = [sum (grade frequency × score of the grade)]/[(total number of leaves investigated × 5)] × 100. Approximately 36 fully expanded leaves (12 each plant, 3 plants) were inspected to estimate incidence and severity. Each treatment contained five biological replicates. At the end of the experiment, three biological replicates from each treatment were chosen for DNA extraction. Thirty-six leaves collected from each pot (12 leaves on each plant) were pooled into a biological replicate. The leaf samples were then frozen at -20°C prior to DNA extraction. To verify the potential pesticide residues on cucumber, the fruits were analyzed using a standard testing method for pesticide residues [36 ] at the Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan. No pesticide residue was detected in the control, NPA and sulfur treatments (the limit of quantification was 0.01 ppm). Tebuconazole (0.23 ppm) was detected on the fruit after tebuconazole treatment.
Wu P.H., Chang H.X, & Shen Y.M. (2023). Effects of synthetic and environmentally friendly fungicides on powdery mildew management and the phyllosphere microbiome of cucumber. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282809.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Agrochemicals Biopharmaceuticals chemical properties Cucumis Cytoplasmic Granules DNA Replication Emulsions Freezing Fruit Industrial Fungicides Pesticide Residues Phosphorus Acids Physical Examination Plant Leaves Plants Poisons potassium hydroxide Powder Seedlings Sulfur tebuconazole Technique, Dilution
3
Comparative Phylogenomics of Rana and Epipedobates Frogs
We selected species from two distantly related frog clades under investigation within our labs: five species of Rana (Ranidae) and five species of poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), including three Epipedobates species and two close relatives (Silverstoneia erasmios and Ameerega hahneli). Although the poison frogs include three genera, for brevity we refer to this clade by the name of the ingroup clade, Epipedobates. Two individuals of each species were chosen for sequencing, yielding 20 samples. We selected species for each clade such that divergence times were comparable; that is, the ratio of shallowest node age (1.25 million years ago [Ma] in Rana and 1.0 Ma in Epipedobates) to deepest node age (21 Ma/24 Ma; Rana/Epipedobates) was similar (Figure 1 and Table S1; Santos et al., 2009 ; Yuan et al., 2016 (link)). DNA was extracted from liver tissue using Qiagen DNeasy blood and tissue kits (Qiagen). Prior to library preparation, DNA was quantified using the dsDNA high‐sensitivity assay on a Qubit 3.0 fluorometer (Life Technologies).
Chambers E.A., Tarvin R.D., Santos J.C., Ron S.R., Betancourth‐Cundar M., Hillis D.M., Matz M.V, & Cannatella D.C. (2023). 2b or not 2b? 2bRAD is an effective alternative to ddRAD for phylogenomics. Ecology and Evolution, 13(3), e9842.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Anura Biological Assay BLOOD DNA, Double-Stranded DNA Library Hypersensitivity Poisons Rana Ranidae Tissues
4
Forensic Toxicology Data Synthesis for PDPM
Forensic toxicology data from the State Laboratory (postmortem toxicology), the Medical Bureau of Road Safety (MBRS), and the HSE National Drug Treatment Centre (NDTC) Laboratory will be used for Study 2. The State Laboratory provides a forensic toxicology service to assist Coroners and the State Pathologist to investigate the causes of sudden death by analysing postmortem samples to confirm the presence or absence of ethanol, legal and illegal drugs and other toxic substances. Since 2013, all postmortem samples in the Ireland, requiring toxicology, have been submitted directly to the State Laboratory for both screening and confirmatory analysis. The Laboratory uses high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) drug screening methods, with blood and urine samples screened for 167 different drugs. Anonymised individual-level data on all cases screening positive for one or more PDPM postmortem, will be used to evaluate trends in the detection rates of PDPM postmortem, both alone and in combination with other substances. Data will not be available on age and gender of the deceased.
The MBRS is a statutory body responsible for the chemical testing of intoxicants (alcohol and drugs) in drivers arrested under the Road Traffic Acts 1968–2016. The MBRS carry out routine drug testing on samples which are below a specified threshold for alcohol, or by request from the Gardaí (police). All drug driving analysis required under the Act, between 2010 and 2020, has been managed by the MBRS. Between 2010 and 2018, the laboratory used immunoassay for screening. Since 2018, screening analysis is conducted using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Anonymised individual-level data, including age and gender, on all samples tested for drugs in the MBRS will be used to evaluate trends in the detection rates of PDPM among road users, both alone and in combination with other substances.
The HSE NDTC Laboratory is the largest specialist provider of urine drug screening for drug treatment services in Ireland. The NDTC Laboratory uses immunoassay screening methods for all patients attending the NDTC. Most people attend the NDTC for opioid agonist treatment (OAT) for opioid dependence. Clinical guidelines for OAT recommend at least one random drug test per month.17 (link) Anonymised individual-level drug screening data and age, will be used to evaluate trends in the detection rates of PDPM (at drug class level) among people attending the NDTC. Table 1 provides an overview of the drugs which are screened and/or confirmed across the three toxicology laboratories included in Study 2.
Cousins G., Durand L., O’Kane A., Tierney J., Maguire R., Stokes S., O’Reilly D., Arensman E., Bennett K.E., Vázquez M.O., Corcoran P., Lyons S., Kavanagh Y, & Keenan E. (2023). Prescription drugs with potential for misuse: protocol for a multi-indicator analysis of supply, detection and the associated health burden in Ireland between 2010 and 2020. BMJ Open, 13(3), e069665.
Publication 2023
Autopsy BLOOD Coroners Ethanol Gender Human Body Illicit Drugs Immunoassay Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Opiate Addiction Opioids Pathologists Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Pharmaceutical Services Poisons Safety Substance Abuse Detection Tandem Mass Spectrometry Urine
5
Identifying Factors Influencing Patient Adherence to Inhalation Therapy
The interviews were all transcribed in Chinese by the interviewers themselves, and translated into English by the bilingual translator in our team. The research team reviewed the transcripts line-by-line for accuracy. We have separated patients’ transcribed interviews from HCPs’ transcribed interviews for comparison. The transcripts of the interviews were organized and coded using NVIVO 11 software, and the responses were coded based on SEIPS framework. A thematic analysis was conducted by two members of the research team to identify relevant codes35 ,36 The transcripts of interviews were read and coded by the researchers independently to develop a comprehensive code book which identifies the key concepts in the data. Interview data were analyzed concurrently with study procedures to detect theoretical saturation. After interviewing the thirty-fifth patient and the fifteenth HCPs, we concluded that the interview responses were becoming increasingly repetitive. Consequently, the sample size was determined to be fifty participants based on theoretical saturation. Coding disagreements were resolved jointly by the principal investigator and coders. The Cohen’s Kappa value for inter-rater reliability (IRR) agreement was 0.783, which indicates fair agreement between the two researchers. Consensus on preliminary and final results was reached in discussions with all authors. As a result, the themes which emerged during the analysis were broadly grouped into five categories, namely: (1) person; (2) task; (3) tool; (4) physical environment; and (5) culture and social (Table 3).

Characteristics of Patient Adherence to Inhalation Therapy

ThemesSubthemeNumber of PatientsNumber of HCPsParticipants Quotes
PersonPatient Ability329“I know I should take a deep breath during inhalation (therapy), but my lung condition prevented me from doing so. I can’t even breathe easily”.
Emotional Experience243“Every time I use this inhaler, I hear the sound of the internal parts turning, which increases my anxiety and resistance”.
TaskTask Type285“My entire face-to-face consultation lasted 10 minutes, and the doctor spent up to 1–2 minutes explaining the approximate use of an inhaler”.
Frequency and Flexibility115“Despite setting an alarm, I sometimes forget to use my inhaler every morning and evening. It would be so much easier if I only had to use an inhaler once a day”.
ToolType of Inhalers158“There are times when I remember to press the button but forget to inhale, and there are times when I remember to inhale but forget to press (the button). It’s always out of sync anyway”.
Usability of Inhalers315“I’m not sure if what I’ve done is right or wrong…I wish this device could give me more info and hints at that moment”.
Physical EnvironmentHome Environment244“Since I rinse my mouth every time I use the inhaler, I put it on the washstand in the bathroom to make it easier, but the humidity and heat in the bathroom cause the powder in the inhaler to agglomerate and denature quickly”.
COVID-1973I think I am in the vulnerable group because I have poor lung function, it’s safer for me to stay at home and go out less.
Culture and SocialCultural Beliefs264“There is an old Chinese saying ‘All medicine has du (poison) to some degree’, so as long as there are no symptoms, there is no need to use an inhaler again”.
Social Stigma50“It makes me feel ashamed and embarrassed to use the inhaler around my family or colleagues. It’s all my fault since everyone else is healthy and I have to use this (inhaler) to get well”.
Ma J., Sun X., Wang X., Liu B, & Shi K. (2023). Factors Affecting Patient Adherence to Inhalation Therapy: An Application of SEIPS Model 2.0. Patient preference and adherence, 17, 531-545.
Publication 2023
Anxiety Chinese Emotions Face Feelings Hearing Humidity Inhalation Inhalation Therapy Inhaler Interviewers Lung Diseases Medical Devices Oral Cavity Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Physicians Poisons Powder Respiratory Physiology Safety Sound

Top products related to «Poisons»

1
Oligomycin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, Japan, Macao, France, China, Belgium, Canada, Austria
Oligomycin is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It functions as an inhibitor of the mitochondrial F1F0-ATP synthase enzyme complex, which is responsible for the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells. Oligomycin is commonly used in research applications to study cellular bioenergetics and mitochondrial function.
2
Whatman no 1 filter paper by Cytiva
Sourced in United Kingdom, Germany, United States, Switzerland, India, Japan, China, Australia, France, Italy, Brazil
Whatman No. 1 filter paper is a general-purpose cellulose-based filter paper used for a variety of laboratory filtration applications. It is designed to provide reliable and consistent filtration performance.
3
Phenylarsine oxide pao by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Phenylarsine oxide (PAO) is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a functional group for the modification and labeling of biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. PAO can form covalent bonds with sulfhydryl groups, making it a useful tool for conjugation and crosslinking experiments.
4
Antimycin a and rotenone by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Antimycin A and rotenone are lab equipment products manufactured by the Merck Group. Antimycin A is a metabolic inhibitor that targets the mitochondrial electron transport chain, while rotenone is a pesticide and respiratory toxin that also inhibits the mitochondrial electron transport system. Both products are used in research and scientific applications, but a detailed description of their core functions and intended use will not be provided in order to maintain an unbiased and factual approach.
5
Vivo morpholino by Gene Tools
Sourced in United States
Vivo-Morpholinos are a type of laboratory equipment designed for the delivery of Morpholino oligomers into living cells and organisms. Morpholinos are synthetic molecules that can be used to modulate gene expression by interfering with mRNA translation or splicing. Vivo-Morpholinos are specifically formulated to facilitate the efficient uptake of Morpholinos by cells and tissues in vivo.
6
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
7
Tissuelyser 2 by Qiagen
Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Japan, Italy, France, Australia, Switzerland, Canada, Denmark, China, Spain, Sweden, Belgium, Finland
The TissueLyser II is a laboratory equipment designed for efficient homogenization and disruption of biological samples, such as tissue, plants, and microorganisms. It utilizes a bead-milling technique to rapidly and thoroughly break down samples prior to further processing and analysis.
8
Xf24 extracellular flux analyzer by Agilent Technologies
Sourced in United States, France
The XF24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer is a lab equipment product from Agilent Technologies. It is designed to measure the oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate of cells in real-time.
9
Seahorse xf96 flux analyzer by Agilent Technologies
Sourced in United States
The Seahorse XF96 Flux Analyzer is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the metabolic activity of cells. It can simultaneously measure the oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate of cells in a 96-well microplate format.
10
Etoposide by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, France, China, Italy, Canada, Switzerland, Belgium, Macao, Portugal, Poland
Etoposide is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It is a topoisomerase inhibitor that disrupts the process of DNA replication, leading to cell death. Etoposide is available as a solution for intravenous administration.

More about "Poisons"

Toxic substances, hazardous compounds, xenobiotics, environmental pollutants, heavy metals, pesticides, venoms, toxicants, teratogens, mutagens, carcinogens, and neurotoxins all fall under the broad category of 'poisons.' These substances can disrupt normal physiological processes, leading to a wide range of adverse effects, from mild irritation to life-threatening conditions.
Poisons research encompasses the study of the chemical properties, mechanisms of action, and potential applications of these hazardous substances, as well as the development of antidotes and protective measures.
Researchers in this field leverage advanced analytical techniques, animal models, and computational tools to identify, understand, and mitigate the risks posed by toxic compounds.
Oligomycin, a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthase, is a widely used tool in poisons research to study cellular energy metabolism.
Whatman No. 1 filter paper is a common laboratory item used for filtration and sample preparation in poisons analysis.
Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), an organoarsenic compound, is a known inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases and is employed in the investigation of cellular signaling pathways.
Antimycin A and rotenone, two classical inhibitors of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, are valuable in the study of mitochondrial function and dysfunction in the context of toxicology.
Vivo-Morpholinos, a type of antisense oligonucleotide, can be used to knockdown target genes and elucidate the mechanisms of action of poisons.
FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) is a widely used supplement in cell culture media, and the TissueLyser II is a common instrument for efficient homogenization of biological samples in poisons research.
The XF24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer and Seahorse XF96 Flux Analyzer are powerful tools that enable the real-time measurement of cellular metabolic processes, which is crucial in understanding the impact of toxic compounds.
Etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, is a chemotherapeutic agent that can also be studied in the context of poisons research due to its potential for inducing genotoxicity and other adverse effects.