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Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene is a halogenated hydrocarbon compound with the chemical formula C2Cl4.
It is a colorless, dense liquid with a sweet, ethereal odor.
Tetrachloroethylene is commonly used as a solvent in dry cleaning and degreasing operations, as well as in the manufacture of other chemicals.
It has a wide range of industrial and commercial applications, including as a spot remover, a metal degreaser, and a chemical intermediate.
However, tetrachloroethylene has been identified as a possible carcinogen and its use is regulated in many countries due to concerns about its potential health and environmental impacts.
Researchers studying tetrachloroethylene can utilize the PubCompare.ai platform to optimize their research by locating the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents through intelligent comparisons, improving reproducibility and accuracy in their work.
It is a colorless, dense liquid with a sweet, ethereal odor.
Tetrachloroethylene is commonly used as a solvent in dry cleaning and degreasing operations, as well as in the manufacture of other chemicals.
It has a wide range of industrial and commercial applications, including as a spot remover, a metal degreaser, and a chemical intermediate.
However, tetrachloroethylene has been identified as a possible carcinogen and its use is regulated in many countries due to concerns about its potential health and environmental impacts.
Researchers studying tetrachloroethylene can utilize the PubCompare.ai platform to optimize their research by locating the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents through intelligent comparisons, improving reproducibility and accuracy in their work.
Most cited protocols related to «Tetrachloroethylene»
Acoustics
Bath
Cranium
Electricity
Epistropheus
Homo sapiens
Needles
Nerve Tissue
Obstetric Delivery
Pressure
Pulse Rate
Radius
Rubber
Sinusoidal Beds
Tetrachloroethylene
Transducers
Transmission, Communicable Disease
Ultrasonics
Ultrasonography
Animals
Brachytherapy
Electricity
Gamma Rays
Human Body
Positron-Emission Tomography
Radiation
Tetrachloroethylene
X-Rays, Diagnostic
The uniform calibration QC phantom and NEMA NU2 IQ body phantom images uploaded into the EARL database are evaluated centrally, making use of a standardised semi-automatic quantitative analysis tool developed internally within EARL. The software uses activity and time information provided by the scan report forms. The average volumetric SUV bias is generated as relative deviation between measured and calculated activity concentration values (Eq. 1 ). The SUV recovery coefficients (RCs) for the six spherical inserts are based on 50% background corrected isocontour VOI (RCSUVmean) and maximum voxel value included in the VOI (RCSUVmax). , where
EARL is applying SUV bias and RC values acceptance criteria, which were defined by feasibility studies performed on the systems used in clinical practices at the start of the standardisation - a study is underway in order to update these. When approval is not granted, the site undergoing (re-)accreditation is asked to take corrective actions, for example: recalibration of the PET system, adjustment of reconstruction parameters, repeating the phantom scan and so on. When required, EARL is advising the sites. A Manual describing the accreditation program in detail as well as information on the EARL website [42 ] is also available. If submitted QC documents meet the standard requirements, FDG-PET/CT accreditation is granted, and the department is listed on the EARL website (http://earl.eanm.org ) as an accredited PET/CT centre of excellence. Furthermore, the site is provided with an accreditation certificate and signet, which can be used on its correspondence and website.
EARL is applying SUV bias and RC values acceptance criteria, which were defined by feasibility studies performed on the systems used in clinical practices at the start of the standardisation - a study is underway in order to update these. When approval is not granted, the site undergoing (re-)accreditation is asked to take corrective actions, for example: recalibration of the PET system, adjustment of reconstruction parameters, repeating the phantom scan and so on. When required, EARL is advising the sites. A Manual describing the accreditation program in detail as well as information on the EARL website [42 ] is also available. If submitted QC documents meet the standard requirements, FDG-PET/CT accreditation is granted, and the department is listed on the EARL website (
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Body Image
Radionuclide Imaging
Reconstructive Surgical Procedures
Scan, CT PET
Tetrachloroethylene
Common Cold
Epoxy Resins
Lung
Tetrachloroethylene
X-Ray Computed Tomography
In this study, we aimed to establish an easy-to-set-up device that consisted of a custom-made light box chamber equipped with white 940 nm LED light strips as light sources suitable for studying circadian rhythm of diurnal (i.e. zebrafish) and nocturnal (i.e. catfish) fish species with reliability and reproducibility. Six small acrylic fish tanks (20×10 cm) were placed above a light box (Fig. 1 A). The light box (48×48 cm) contained 12 strips of white chip on board (COB) LEDs (each strip contained 15 COB LED bubbles) as the light source in the light cycle (Fig. 1 B), and 10 strips of 940 nm IR LEDs (each strip contained 15 LED bubbles) as the light source in the dark cycle (Fig. 1 C). They were arranged side-by-side as shown in Fig. 1 D. The timers, which connected between the light box and power source, were used to control the timing for the light cycle (day cycle, COB LED on) and dark cycle (night cycle, 940 nm IR LED on). To reduce video distortion, a 940 nm IR CCD camera with a magnifying lens was used to record fish movements at 30 fps. Using this device, we were able to track the zebrafish locomotion during the light and dark cycles with high-resolution output video (up to 1028×1024 pixels) (Fig. 1 B,C). The light/dark cycle was set as 12:12 photo-regimen. Next, we recorded the fish locomotion activity for 1 min at 1 h intervals and then used either idTracker (Pérez-Escudero et al., 2014 (link)) or ImageJ (Abràmoff et al., 2004 ) software to analyze locomotion activities. The video format was converted from compressed AVI to uncompressed AVI by VirtualDub software (https://sourceforge.net/projects/virtualdub/ ) in order to be compatible with ImageJ software (Nema et al., 2016 (link)). Such video format conversion is unnecessary for idTracker software. Finally, the relative locomotion activities obtained from both algorithms were compared using statistical software GraphPad Prism.
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Circadian Rhythms
DNA Chips
Fishes
Lens, Crystalline
Light
Locomotion
Medical Devices
Movement
prisma
Siluriformes
Tetrachloroethylene
Treatment Protocols
Zebrafish
Most recents protocols related to «Tetrachloroethylene»
The optimal values of the threshold used to create the carotid artery mask and the Gaussian kernel used for PVC were determined based on the area under the curve (AUC) of IDIFs compared to BSIF as well as the resulting whole-brain grey matter CBF values (see next section). AUC of peaks (0–60 s) and tails (60 s–5 min) of IDIFs, as well as peak-to-tail ratio, was calculated for a range of threshold values (38–46%) and Gaussian kernel widths (2.0–2.4 mm) around the theoretically expected optimal values. These were based on a threshold value of 41% resulting in a correct volume provided the object is homogeneous and sufficiently large compared to the spatial resolution [33 (link)] and reconstruction of the NEMA NU2:2012 spatial resolution measurement resulting in a spatial resolution of 2.6 mm (data not shown). Since this last measurement is done using 1.1-mm inner diameter glass capillaries, the true resolution is expected to be somewhat smaller than 2.6 mm. The mean relative bias in AUC for the peaks, tails, peak-to-tail ratios as well as grey matter (GM) CBF values across all subjects and scans was calculated to determine the optimal threshold and kernel settings. This relative bias was calculated by taking the average of the percentage differences between IDIFs and BSIFs. Additionally, PET images were reconstructed and placed through the same processing pipeline to identify if similar results can be found for OSEM reconstructions with different kernels as compared to the BSREM reconstructions.
Additional validation was performed using a phantom study. A 6-mm-diameter 68 Ga-filled (2.1 MBq/ml) tube was submerged in water in a 20-cm-diameter cylindrical phantom and a 10-min PET acquisition was performed. Images were reconstructed using the same settings as the patient images. Masking and PVC were applied to the image slices where the tube was approximately parallel to the scanner axis (ca. 5 cm length) as described above, again using 38–46% thresholds and 2.0–2.4-mm kernel widths, and the bias of the resulting radioactivity concentrations relative to the known concentration was calculated for each threshold and kernel value.
Additional validation was performed using a phantom study. A 6-mm-diameter 68 Ga-filled (2.1 MBq/ml) tube was submerged in water in a 20-cm-diameter cylindrical phantom and a 10-min PET acquisition was performed. Images were reconstructed using the same settings as the patient images. Masking and PVC were applied to the image slices where the tube was approximately parallel to the scanner axis (ca. 5 cm length) as described above, again using 38–46% thresholds and 2.0–2.4-mm kernel widths, and the bias of the resulting radioactivity concentrations relative to the known concentration was calculated for each threshold and kernel value.
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Brain
Capillaries
Common Carotid Artery
Epistropheus
Gray Matter
Patients
Radioactivity
Radionuclide Imaging
Reconstructive Surgical Procedures
Tail
Tetrachloroethylene
In accordance with the NEMA NU4-2008 protocol and measurement methods used in previous studies in [18 (link), 19 (link)], SimPET-L and SimPET-XL were evaluated in terms of spatial resolution, sensitivity, count rate, and image quality (IQ).
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Hypersensitivity
Tetrachloroethylene
An IQ phantom compliant with the NEMA NU4-2008 protocol was scanned to estimate the performance of the imaging systems. The scan data were obtained for 20 min with an energy window of 350–650 keV and reconstructed using the 3D ordered-subset expectation maximization algorithm (12 subsets and 4 iterations for SimPET-L, 12 subsets and 6 iterations for SimPET-XL) with attenuation and scatter corrections as well as normalization. The performance of the imaging system was assessed in terms of uniformity, recovery coefficients (RCs), and spill-over ratio (SOR).
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Protocol Compliance
Radionuclide Imaging
Tetrachloroethylene
The cancer risk assessment for benzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene and the non-carcinogenic health risk assessment for all VOCs were performed using the EPA method [24 ,25 ]. After determining the concentration of pollutants, the adjusted air exposure concentration (EC, mg m−3) was calculated in order to represent the duration of exposure through Equation (1), based on USEPA recommendations [25 ].
where C (mg m−3) is the concentration of the considered compound in the collected personal air sample; ET (h day−1) is the exposure time per day; EF (days year−1) is the exposure frequency per year; ED (years) is the exposure duration; and AT (hours) is the average lifetime (Table 1 ).
The hazard quotient (HQ) index was calculated to estimate the potential risk posed by the non-carcinogenic effects of the chemical compounds (Equation (2)). The total hazard quotient (THQ) is the sum of the individual HQs.
where RFC is the reference concentration for inhalation exposure (Table 2 ).
The chronic daily intake (CDI) was calculated by:
where BW is the body weight (kg), IR is the inhalation rate (m3 day−1), and LT is the lifetime (day) (Table 1 ).
If the lifetime risk of cancer (LTCR; Equation (4)) was less than or equal to one in a million (1 × 10−6), it had no significant effects on human health, so cancer risk was negligible. A LTCR more than 1 × 10−4 was established as “definite risk,” between 1 × 10−4 and 1 × 10−6 as “probable risk,” between 1 × 10−5 and 1 × 10−6 as “possible risk,” and less than 1 × 10−6 as “negligible risk” for human health [27 ]. The cancer slop factor (CSF) for benzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene are shown inTable 2 [10 (link)].
where C (mg m−3) is the concentration of the considered compound in the collected personal air sample; ET (h day−1) is the exposure time per day; EF (days year−1) is the exposure frequency per year; ED (years) is the exposure duration; and AT (hours) is the average lifetime (
The hazard quotient (HQ) index was calculated to estimate the potential risk posed by the non-carcinogenic effects of the chemical compounds (Equation (2)). The total hazard quotient (THQ) is the sum of the individual HQs.
where RFC is the reference concentration for inhalation exposure (
The chronic daily intake (CDI) was calculated by:
where BW is the body weight (kg), IR is the inhalation rate (m3 day−1), and LT is the lifetime (day) (
If the lifetime risk of cancer (LTCR; Equation (4)) was less than or equal to one in a million (1 × 10−6), it had no significant effects on human health, so cancer risk was negligible. A LTCR more than 1 × 10−4 was established as “definite risk,” between 1 × 10−4 and 1 × 10−6 as “probable risk,” between 1 × 10−5 and 1 × 10−6 as “possible risk,” and less than 1 × 10−6 as “negligible risk” for human health [27 ]. The cancer slop factor (CSF) for benzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene are shown in
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Benzene
Body Weight
Carcinogens
Environmental Pollutants
ethylbenzene
Health Risk Assessment
Homo sapiens
Inhalation Exposure
Malignant Neoplasms
Respiratory Rate
Specimen Collection
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
After collection, the samples were transported to the laboratory. Both the front and back sections of the activated carbon tube were transferred to different 2 mL vials. Samples were extracted, with 1 mL carbon disulfide (99.5%) (Merck Inc., Darmstadt, Germany) as eluent under ultrasonic waves for at least 30 min to complete extraction. Qualitative information about the predominant VOCs was obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (6890N/5973; Agilent, Palo Alto, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Analysis was performed using gas chromatography (GC 7890 Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) using a capillary column (length = 30 m, internal diameter = 0.25 mm). Helium gas was used as a carrier gas, with a flow rate of 2 mL min−1. The injection volume was 1 μL, and a split ratio of 5/1 was applied. The initial temperature of the column was 50 °C, which increased to 100 °C after 5 min. The injector was set at a temperature of 250 °C. Standard solutions of benzene, ethylbenzene, xylene, toluene, styrene, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-nonane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, n-butyl acetate, n-octane, n-decane, dichlorofluoromethane, and acetone (Merck Inc., Darmstadt, Germany) were used to obtain the calibration curves.
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Acetone
Benzene
butyl acetate
Capillaries
Carbon disulfide
Charcoal, Activated
decane
dichlorofluoromethane
ethylbenzene
Flame Ionization
Gas Chromatography
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Helium
n-heptane
n-hexane
nonane
octane
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Ultrasonic Waves
Xylene
Top products related to «Tetrachloroethylene»
Sourced in Germany
Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless, dense liquid that is commonly used as a solvent in industrial and laboratory applications. Its primary function is to act as a cleaning and degreasing agent for various materials and equipment.
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Oleic acid is a long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a colorless to light-yellow liquid with a characteristic odor. Oleic acid is widely utilized as a component in various laboratory reagents and formulations, often serving as a surfactant or emulsifier.
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Oleylamine is a chemical compound used as a surfactant, emulsifier, and lubricant in various industrial applications. It is a long-chain aliphatic amine with a hydrocarbon backbone and an amino group at one end. Oleylamine is commonly used in the formulation of lubricants, coatings, and personal care products.
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Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.
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1-octadecene is a linear alkene with the molecular formula C18H36. It is a colorless, oily liquid that is commonly used as a chemical intermediate in various industrial and laboratory applications.
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Acetonitrile is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is a commonly used solvent in various analytical and chemical applications, including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and other laboratory procedures. Acetonitrile is known for its high polarity and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds.
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Toluene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive aromatic odor. It is a common organic solvent used in various industrial and laboratory applications. Toluene has a chemical formula of C6H5CH3 and is derived from the distillation of petroleum.
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Acetone is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid. It is a common solvent used in various industrial and laboratory applications. Acetone has a high solvency power, making it useful for dissolving a wide range of organic compounds.
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Hexane is a colorless, flammable liquid used in various laboratory applications. It is a saturated hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C6H14. Hexane is commonly used as a solvent, extraction agent, and cleaning agent in scientific and industrial settings.
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Chloroform is a colorless, volatile liquid with a characteristic sweet odor. It is a commonly used solvent in a variety of laboratory applications, including extraction, purification, and sample preparation processes. Chloroform has a high density and is immiscible with water, making it a useful solvent for a range of organic compounds.
More about "Tetrachloroethylene"
Tetrachloroethylene, also known as perchloroethylene (PCE), is a halogenated hydrocarbon compound with the chemical formula C2Cl4.
This colorless, dense liquid has a sweet, ethereal odor and is commonly used as a solvent in dry cleaning and degreasing operations, as well as in the manufacture of other chemicals like Oleic acid, Oleylamine, Methanol, 1-octadecene, Acetonitrile, Toluene, Acetone, Hexane, and Chloroform.
Tetrachloroethylene has a wide range of industrial and commercial applications, including as a spot remover, a metal degreaser, and a chemical intermediate.
However, this compound has been identified as a possible carcinogen, and its use is regulated in many countries due to concerns about its potential health and environmental impacts.
Researchers studying tetrachloroethylene can utilize the PubCompare.ai platform to optimize their research by locating the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents through intelligent comparisons.
This can help improve the reproducibility and accuracy of their work, ensuring they are using the most effective and up-to-date methods.
Whether you're working with tetrachloroethylene or other related compounds, PubCompare.ai can be a valuable tool in your research arsenal.
By leveraging the power of AI and intelligent comparisons, you can streamline your workflow, enhance your findings, and contribute to the scientific community with greater confidence and precision.
This colorless, dense liquid has a sweet, ethereal odor and is commonly used as a solvent in dry cleaning and degreasing operations, as well as in the manufacture of other chemicals like Oleic acid, Oleylamine, Methanol, 1-octadecene, Acetonitrile, Toluene, Acetone, Hexane, and Chloroform.
Tetrachloroethylene has a wide range of industrial and commercial applications, including as a spot remover, a metal degreaser, and a chemical intermediate.
However, this compound has been identified as a possible carcinogen, and its use is regulated in many countries due to concerns about its potential health and environmental impacts.
Researchers studying tetrachloroethylene can utilize the PubCompare.ai platform to optimize their research by locating the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents through intelligent comparisons.
This can help improve the reproducibility and accuracy of their work, ensuring they are using the most effective and up-to-date methods.
Whether you're working with tetrachloroethylene or other related compounds, PubCompare.ai can be a valuable tool in your research arsenal.
By leveraging the power of AI and intelligent comparisons, you can streamline your workflow, enhance your findings, and contribute to the scientific community with greater confidence and precision.