The streptavidin alkaline phosphatase method was adapted to detect the viral antigen using a polyclonal anti-ZIKV antibody produced at the Evandro Chagas Institute2 (link). The biotin-streptavidin peroxidase method was used for immunostaining of tissues with antibodies specific for each marker studied. First, the tissue samples were deparaffinized in xylene and hydrated in a decreasing ethanol series (90%, 80%, and 70%). Endogenous peroxidase was blocked by incubating the sections in 3% hydrogen peroxide for 45 min. Antigen retrieval was performed by incubation in citrate buffer, pH 6.0, or EDTA, pH 9.0, for 20 min at 90 °C. Nonspecific proteins were blocked by incubating the sections in 10% skim milk for 30 min. The histological sections were then incubated overnight with the primary antibodies diluted in 1% bovine serum albumin (Supplementary Table S1 ). After this period, the slides were immersed in 1 × PBS and incubated with the secondary biotinylated antibody (LSAB, DakoCytomation) in an oven for 30 min at 37 °C. The slides were again immersed in 1X PBS and incubated with streptavidin peroxidase (LSAB, DakoCytomation) for 30 min at 37 °C. The reactions were developed with 0.03% diaminobenzidine and 3% hydrogen peroxide as the chromogen solution. After this step, the slides were washed in distilled water and counterstained with Harris hematoxylin for 1 min. Finally, the sections were dehydrated in an increasing ethanol series and cleared in xylene.
>
Chemicals & Drugs
>
Immunologic Factor
>
Antigens, Viral
Antigens, Viral
Viral antigens are molecules found on the surface of viruses that can stimulate an immune response in the host.
These antigens play a key role in viral infection and disease pathogenesis.
Identifying and characterizing viral antigens is crucial for developing effective vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutic interventinos.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers optimize their viral antigen research by effortleslly locating the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents using intelligent comparison tools.
Leverage cutting-edge AI to pinpoint the optimal solutions and products for your needs, and take your viral antigen research to new heights.
These antigens play a key role in viral infection and disease pathogenesis.
Identifying and characterizing viral antigens is crucial for developing effective vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutic interventinos.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers optimize their viral antigen research by effortleslly locating the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents using intelligent comparison tools.
Leverage cutting-edge AI to pinpoint the optimal solutions and products for your needs, and take your viral antigen research to new heights.
Most cited protocols related to «Antigens, Viral»
Alkaline Phosphatase
Antibodies
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
Antigens
Antigens, Viral
azo rubin S
Biotin
Buffers
Citrates
Edetic Acid
Ethanol
Hematoxylin
Immunoglobulins
Milk, Cow's
Peroxidase
Peroxide, Hydrogen
Peroxides
Proteins
Serum Albumin, Bovine
Streptavidin
Tissues
Tritium
Xylene
Zika Virus
Acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples were tested by IgG ELISA with ZIKV antigen as described for detection of IgG to arboviruses (12 (link)). Samples were also tested by IgM ELISA as described with the following viral antigens: ZIKV, DENV 1–4 mixture, yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus, and Murray Valley encephalitis virus (13 (link)). Testing for IgM to West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus was performed by using a microsphere immunoassay (14 (link)). Ratios of patient optical density values to negative control values (P/Ns) were calculated for IgG and IgM ELISAs. Values >3 were considered positive, and values 2–3 were considered equivocal. Neutralizing antibody titers were determined by using a PRNT with a 90% cut-off value (15 (link)).
Antibodies, Neutralizing
Antigens
Antigens, Viral
Arboviruses
Encephalitis Virus, Murray Valley
Encephalitis Viruses
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Immunoassay
Microspheres
Patients
Serum
Virus, Japanese Encephalitis
Vision
West Nile virus
Yellow fever virus
Zika Virus
Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions
Open the protocol to access the free full text link
Adenovirus Infections
Agglutination
Antibiotics
Antigens, Viral
Azithromycin
Blood Culture
Child
Children's Health
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Clindamycin
Enzyme Immunoassay
Erythromycin
Fever
Immunoglobulin M
Macrolides
Males
Meridians
Methylprednisolone
Minocycline
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Nasopharynx
Orthomyxoviridae
pathogenesis
Patients
Pneumonia
Pulse Rate
Radiography, Thoracic
Respiratory Rate
Respiratory System
Respiratory Tract Infections
Serum
Virus
Woman
X-Rays, Diagnostic
Patient-derived nasal epithelial cells, iAT2 cells, iCM, as well as A549ACE2 cells (and derived KO cells) and Calu-3 cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 (USA-WA1/2020 strain), and in some cases SINV or MERS-CoV and MERS-CoV-ΔNS4ab. Sinonasal mucosal specimens were acquired from residual clinical material obtained during sinonasal surgery. Informed consent was obtained during the preoperative clinic visit or in the preoperative waiting room. Selection criteria for recruitment were patients undergoing sinonasal surgery. Exclusion criteria included a history of systemic diseases such as Wegner’s, Sarcoid, cystic fibrosis, immunodeficiences, and use of antibiotics, oral corticosteroids, or antibiologics (e.g., Xolair) within 1 mo of surgery (72 (link)). The full study protocol was approved the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (protocol #800614). Infected cells were analyzed for infectious virus production, viral antigen staining, IFN and ISG mRNA expression by RT-qPCR, PKR activation by immunblotting for phosphorylated PKR and eIF2α and for RNase L activation by integrity of rRNA on a Bioanalyzer. All of these techniques are described in SI Appendix, Materials and Methods . All the relevant data are presented in the main text figures and the SI figures, and the associated protocols are described in Materials and Methods and SI Materials and Methods . Any materials can be obtained by contacting either of the corresponding authors.
2-5A-dependent ribonuclease
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Antibiotics
Antigens, Viral
Cells
Clinic Visits
Cystic Fibrosis
Epithelial Cells
Ethics Committees, Research
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Mucous Membrane
Nose
Operative Surgical Procedures
Patients
Ribosomal RNA
RNA, Messenger
Sarcoidosis
SARS-CoV-2
Strains
Virus Diseases
Xolair
With ∼1 × 107 genome equivalent copies of HBV, 1 × 105 cells were inoculated, or indicated otherwise, in the presence of ∼4% PEG8000 as reported for primary human hepatocyte and HepaRG cell (Gripon et al., 1993 (link); Gripon et al., 2002 (link); Schulze et al., 2007 (link)). The cells were maintained subsequently in PMM and the medium was changed every 2–3 days. For immunofluorescence microscopy analysis, HBV-infected cells, with or without replating on glass coverslips for imaging, were fixed with 4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA) and permeabilized with 0.5% TritionX-100, and then stained either with 10 μg/ml 17B9 against HBsAg followed by FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG, or with 5 μg/ml 1C10 against HBcAg followed by Qdot 655 VIVID donkey anti-mouse IgG. 1 μg/ml of DAPI was added to stain the nucleus before analyzing. The cell images were captured with a Nikon Eclipse Ti Fluorescence Microscope or a Zeiss LSM 510 Meta Confocal Microscope. Secreted viral antigens and intracellular viral replication intermediates cccDNA and/or RNAs were examined on indicated days after infection.
anti-IgG
Antigens, Viral
Cell Nucleus
Cells
DAPI
Equus asinus
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Genome
Goat
Hemorrhagic Fever, Argentinian
Hepatitis B Core Antigen
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
Hepatocyte
Homo sapiens
Immunofluorescence Microscopy
Infection
Microscopy, Confocal
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Mus
paraform
polyethylene glycol 8000
Protoplasm
RNA
Stains
Virus Replication
Most recents protocols related to «Antigens, Viral»
Example 3
Investigation of Virus Infectivity as a Factor that Determines Plaque Size.
With the revelation that plaque formation is strongly influenced by the immunogenicity of the virus, the possibility that infectivity of the virus could be another factor that determines plaque sizes was investigated. The uptake of viruses into cells in vitro was determined by measuring the amounts of specific viral RNA sequences through real-time PCR.
To measure total viral RNA, total cellular RNA was extracted using the RNEasy Mini kit (Qiagen), and complementary DNA synthesized using the iScript cDNA Synthesis kit (Bio-Rad). To measure total viral RNA, quantitative real-time PCR was done using a primer pair targeting a highly conserved region of the 3′ UTR common to all four serotypes of dengue; inter-sample normalization was done using GAPDH as a control. Primer sequences are listed in Table 5. Pronase (Roche) was used at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and incubated with infected cells for five minutes on ice, before washing with ice cold PBS. Total cellular RNA was then extracted from the cell pellets in the manner described above.
The proportion of infected cells was assessed by flow cytometry. Cells were fixed and permeabilised with 3% paraformaldehyde and 0.1% saponin, respectively. DENV envelope (E) protein was stained with mouse monoclonal 4G2 antibody (ATCC) and AlexaFluor488 anti-mouse secondary antibody. Flow cytometry analysis was done on a BD FACS Canto II (BD Bioscience).
Unexpectedly, despite DENV-2 PDK53 inducing stronger antiviral immune responses, it had higher rates of uptake by HuH-7 cells compared to DENV-2 16681 (
Results above demonstrate that the DENV-2 PDK53 and DENV-3 PGMK30 are polarized in their properties that influence plaque morphologies. While both attenuated strains were selected for their formation of smaller plaques compared to their parental strains, the factors leading to this outcome are different between the two.
Accordingly, this study has demonstrated that successfully attenuated vaccines, as exemplified by DENV-2 PDK53 in this study, form smaller plaques due to induction of strong innate immune responses, which is triggered by fast viral uptake and spread of infection. In contrast, DENV-3 PGMK30 form smaller plaques due to its slower uptake and growth in host cells, which inadvertently causes lower up-regulation of the innate immune response.
Based on the results presented in the foregoing Examples, the present invention provides a new strategy to prepare a LAV, which expedites the production process and ensures the generation of effectively attenuated viruses fit for vaccine use.
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
Antigens, Viral
Antiviral Agents
Canis familiaris
Cells
Common Cold
Cowpox virus
Dengue Fever
Dental Plaque
DNA, Complementary
DNA Replication
Flow Cytometry
GAPDH protein, human
Genes
Homo sapiens
Immunity, Innate
Infection
Interferon-alpha
Monoclonal Antibodies
Mus
Oligonucleotide Primers
paraform
Parent
Pellets, Drug
Pronase
Proteins
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Response, Immune
RNA, Viral
Saponin
Senile Plaques
Strains
Vaccines
Virus
Virus Diseases
Virus Replication
Example 14
In contrast to the previous experimental infection using specific pathogen-free Beagles (Crawford et al., 2005), the virus-inoculated mongrel dogs had pneumonia as evidenced by gross and histological analyses of the lungs from days 1 to 6 p.i. In addition to pneumonia, the dogs had rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis similar to that described in naturally infected dogs (Crawford et al., 2005). There was epithelial necrosis and erosion of the lining of the airways and bronchial glands with neutrophil and macrophage infiltration of the submucosal tissues (
Antigens, Viral
Autopsy
Bacteria
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Bronchiolitis
Bronchitis
Canis familiaris
Epithelial Cells
Immunohistochemistry
Infection
Lung
Macrophage
Necrosis
Neutrophil
Pneumonia
Respiratory Rate
Rhinitis
Specific Pathogen Free
Superinfection
Tissues
Tracheitis
Virus
Example 6
The assay was made for determining the maximum dilution of the monoclonal antibodies RSV anti-P from the hybridomas 2E6/D2 and 6H5/H1, which allow the detection of the viral antigen using ELISA. For this, the same indirect ELISA technique was used of the example 6. The well was activated with 50 ng of the purified antigen and the anti-P antibodies 2E6/D2 or 6H5/H1 were used in dilutions 1:2, starting from the concentration of work (3.4 μg/ml) to the dilution 11 in PBS/FBS 10%. In
The negative control included on this assay, correspond to a well which does not contain sample (protein P), it was blocked with PBS/FBS 10%, primary antibody was not added (anti-P 2E6/D2 or anti-P 6H5/H1) and it contains only the mouse anti-IgG antibody conjugated with HRP.
anti-IgG
Anti-ribosomal P protein autoantibodies
Antibodies
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
Antigens
Antigens, Viral
Biological Assay
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Hybridomas
Immunoglobulins
Mice, House
Monoclonal Antibodies
Proteins
Technique, Dilution
Acute-phase serum or plasma samples were collected during the initial visit for study enrollment and transported to the IICS-UNA laboratory. Samples were tested for DENV NS1 antigen using the Standard Q Dengue Duo rapid immunochromatographic test (SD Biosensor, Suwon, South Korea) according to manufacturer recommendations. Qualitative antibody data acquired using this method was not evaluated in this study, see antibody section below. Primary samples were then aliquoted and stored at −80°C until later use or shipment on dry ice to Emory University for additional testing. For molecular testing, total nucleic acids were extracted from 200μL of sample on an EMAG instrument and eluted into 50μL of buffer. Samples were tested for Zika virus, chikungunya virus and DENV by real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) using a validated and published multiplex assay (the ZCD assay) [60 (link)], and DENV serotype and viral load were determined with a published DENV multiplex assay [61 (link), 62 (link)]. Both rRT-PCRs were performed as previously described [60 (link)–62 (link)].
Serologic testing was performed on acute-phase samples using two different methods. First, anti-DENV IgG and IgM were analyzed using commercial ELISA kits [Dengue ELISA IgG (G1018) and Dengue ELISA IgM Capture (M1018), Vircell Microbiologists, Granada, Spain] according to manufacturer recommendations (interpretation: IgM or IgG index >11 positive, 9–11 indeterminate, <9 negative). Second, a 5μL aliquot of serum from 139 participants with sufficient sample was tested in the pGOLD assay (Nirmidas Biotech, Inc, Palo Alto, CA), which is a multiplex serological assay for IgM and IgG against DENV (DENV-2 whole virus antigen) and ZIKV (NS1 antigen). The pGOLD assay was performed as previously described [59 (link), 63 (link)]. In each well of the pGOLD slide, antigens are spotted in triplicate, and average signals are used during analysis. For IgG, the negative control signal was subtracted from the sample signal, and the difference was divided by the average signal of four IgG control spots included in each well. For IgM, a similar calculation was performed using the signal from a known anti-DENV IgM positive control sample included on each run. A positive threshold ratio of 0.1 was established for each isotype, which was ≥ 3 standard deviations above the mean of the negative control.
Chymase and LBP levels were determined using commercial ELISA kits (G-Biosciences, St. Louis, MO, USA), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Complete blood counts and chemistries were performed at the clinical site at the discretion of the care team, and results were included if the sample was obtained within ±1 day of enrollment.
Serologic testing was performed on acute-phase samples using two different methods. First, anti-DENV IgG and IgM were analyzed using commercial ELISA kits [Dengue ELISA IgG (G1018) and Dengue ELISA IgM Capture (M1018), Vircell Microbiologists, Granada, Spain] according to manufacturer recommendations (interpretation: IgM or IgG index >11 positive, 9–11 indeterminate, <9 negative). Second, a 5μL aliquot of serum from 139 participants with sufficient sample was tested in the pGOLD assay (Nirmidas Biotech, Inc, Palo Alto, CA), which is a multiplex serological assay for IgM and IgG against DENV (DENV-2 whole virus antigen) and ZIKV (NS1 antigen). The pGOLD assay was performed as previously described [59 (link), 63 (link)]. In each well of the pGOLD slide, antigens are spotted in triplicate, and average signals are used during analysis. For IgG, the negative control signal was subtracted from the sample signal, and the difference was divided by the average signal of four IgG control spots included in each well. For IgM, a similar calculation was performed using the signal from a known anti-DENV IgM positive control sample included on each run. A positive threshold ratio of 0.1 was established for each isotype, which was ≥ 3 standard deviations above the mean of the negative control.
Chymase and LBP levels were determined using commercial ELISA kits (G-Biosciences, St. Louis, MO, USA), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Complete blood counts and chemistries were performed at the clinical site at the discretion of the care team, and results were included if the sample was obtained within ±1 day of enrollment.
anti-IgG
anti-IgM
Antigens
Antigens, Viral
Biological Assay
Biosensors
Buffers
Chikungunya virus
CMA1 protein, human
Complete Blood Count
Dengue Fever
Dry Ice
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Exanthema
Immunochromatography
Immunoglobulin Isotypes
Immunoglobulins
Nucleic Acids
Plasma
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Serum
Zika Virus
Antigen capture ELISA was used to determine total IgT in tissue lysate. Briefly, microtiter well ELISA plates were coated with 1:100 dilution of mouse anti-CH2-CH4 antibody in coating buffer (0.1mol/liter carbonate-bicarbonate, pH 9.6) and incubated at 4°C overnight. After incubation, plates were washed three times and blocked with 3% BSA (Sigma) for 1 h at 37°C. All washes were performed with PBS containing 1% tween-20 (PBS-T). After washing, 100 µl of 1:20 dilutions of gill or intestine mucosal wash samples were added and plates were incubated for 1 h at 37°C. Plates were then washed three times and a 100 µl aliquot containing 1:200 dilutions of rabbit anti-CH2-CH4 IgT was added and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. After three washes, 100 µl of goat anti-rabbit HRP-conjugated antibody (DAKO Cytomation, Copenhagen, Denmark) diluted 1:1000 was added. After the final wash, the color development was visualized by adding 100 µl 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (Sigma). The absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a microwell plate reader.
Similarly, the NNV-specific IgT or IgM level was determined by indirect ELISA. Purified RGNNV viral antigen was coated onto microtiter well ELISA plates and incubated overnight at 4°C. After washing and blocking with 3% BSA, 100 µl of gill or intestine mucosal wash samples were added and plates were incubated for 1 h at 37°C. Plates were washed three times and a 100 µl aliquot containing 1:200 dilutions of rabbit anti-CH2-CH4 IgT or 1:33 dilutions of anti-ASB IgM monoclonal antibody (Aquatic Diagnostics Ltd., Stirling, UK) was added and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. The color development was then visualized by adding goat anti-rabbit HRP-conjugated antibody or rabbit anti-mouse IgG conjugated to HRP (Dako Cytomation, Denmark) to the respective wells and followed by the addition of 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (Sigma). The absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a microwell plate reader.
Similarly, the NNV-specific IgT or IgM level was determined by indirect ELISA. Purified RGNNV viral antigen was coated onto microtiter well ELISA plates and incubated overnight at 4°C. After washing and blocking with 3% BSA, 100 µl of gill or intestine mucosal wash samples were added and plates were incubated for 1 h at 37°C. Plates were washed three times and a 100 µl aliquot containing 1:200 dilutions of rabbit anti-CH2-CH4 IgT or 1:33 dilutions of anti-ASB IgM monoclonal antibody (Aquatic Diagnostics Ltd., Stirling, UK) was added and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. The color development was then visualized by adding goat anti-rabbit HRP-conjugated antibody or rabbit anti-mouse IgG conjugated to HRP (Dako Cytomation, Denmark) to the respective wells and followed by the addition of 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (Sigma). The absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a microwell plate reader.
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine
anti-IgG
anti-IgM
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
Antigens
Antigens, Viral
Buffers
Carbonates
Diagnosis
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Gills
Goat
Intestinal Mucosa
Ion, Bicarbonate
Mice, House
Monoclonal Antibodies
Rabbits
Technique, Dilution
Tissues
Tween 20
Top products related to «Antigens, Viral»
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, China, Canada, Italy, Australia, France, Switzerland, Spain, Belgium, Denmark, Panama, Poland, Singapore, Austria, Morocco, Netherlands, Sweden, Argentina, India, Finland, Pakistan, Cameroon, New Zealand
DAPI is a fluorescent dye used in microscopy and flow cytometry to stain cell nuclei. It binds strongly to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA, emitting blue fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet light.
Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, France, Spain, Japan, China, Netherlands, Italy, Australia, Canada, Switzerland, Belgium
The QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the extraction and purification of viral RNA from various sample types. It utilizes a silica-based membrane technology to efficiently capture and isolate viral RNA, which can then be used for downstream applications such as RT-PCR analysis.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Japan, France, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Macao, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, India, Israel, Belgium, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Hungary, Netherlands, Czechia, Brazil, Austria, Singapore, Portugal, Panama, Chile, Senegal, Morocco, Slovenia, New Zealand, Finland, Thailand, Uruguay, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, Romania, Greece, Mexico
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common laboratory reagent derived from bovine blood plasma. It is a protein that serves as a stabilizer and blocking agent in various biochemical and immunological applications. BSA is widely used to maintain the activity and solubility of enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules in experimental settings.
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
The Anti-M2 monoclonal antibody (14C2) is a laboratory reagent produced by Santa Cruz Biotechnology. It is an antibody that specifically binds to the M2 protein.
Sourced in China
FITC-conjugated rabbit anti-pig antibody is a laboratory reagent used for the detection and identification of pig-derived antigens or proteins in various research and analytical applications. The antibody is labeled with the fluorescent dye FITC (Fluorescein Isothiocyanate), which allows for the visualization and localization of the target analytes through fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry techniques.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, France, Canada, Australia, Japan, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Israel, Austria, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, Brazil, Denmark, Argentina, Sweden, New Zealand, Ireland, India, Gabon, Macao, Portugal, Czechia, Singapore, Norway, Thailand, Uruguay, Moldova, Republic of, Finland, Panama
Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, China, Japan, France, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, Switzerland, Macao, Poland, Spain, Australia, India, Belgium, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Denmark, Brazil, Portugal, Panama, Netherlands, Hungary, Czechia, Austria, Norway, Slovakia, Singapore, Argentina, Mexico, Senegal
Triton X-100 is a non-ionic surfactant commonly used in various laboratory applications. It functions as a detergent and solubilizing agent, facilitating the solubilization and extraction of proteins and other biomolecules from biological samples.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Macao, India, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Brazil, Czechia, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia, Slovakia, Cameroon, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Finland, Malaysia, Latvia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Uruguay, Bangladesh
DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
Sourced in Morocco
Primary goat polyclonal antibody. An antibody produced by immunizing a goat with an antigen, resulting in a mixture of antibodies that recognize multiple epitopes on the target antigen.
More about "Antigens, Viral"
Viral antigens, also known as virion antigens, are the molecules found on the surface of viruses that can stimulate an immune response in the host organism.
These antigenic proteins play a crucial role in the process of viral infection and disease pathogenesis.
Identifying and characterizing these viral antigens is essential for the development of effective vaccines, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic interventions.
The study of viral antigens encompasses a wide range of subtopics, including the identification and characterization of specific viral epitopes, the development of monoclonal antibodies (e.g., Anti-M2 monoclonal antibody (14C2)), the use of techniques like DAPI staining and the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit for sample preparation, and the utilization of various reagents such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), fetal bovine serum (FBS), FITC-conjugated rabbit anti-pig antibody, streptomycin, Triton X-100, DMSO, and primary goat polyclonal antibodies.
Researchers can leverage the power of AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai to optimize their viral antigen research.
These cutting-edge tools can effortlessly locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents using intelligent comparison features, helping researchers identify the optimal solutions and products for their specific needs.
By harnessing the power of AI, researchers can take their viral antigen research to new heights and accelerate the development of effective vaccines, diagnostics, and therapies.
These antigenic proteins play a crucial role in the process of viral infection and disease pathogenesis.
Identifying and characterizing these viral antigens is essential for the development of effective vaccines, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic interventions.
The study of viral antigens encompasses a wide range of subtopics, including the identification and characterization of specific viral epitopes, the development of monoclonal antibodies (e.g., Anti-M2 monoclonal antibody (14C2)), the use of techniques like DAPI staining and the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit for sample preparation, and the utilization of various reagents such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), fetal bovine serum (FBS), FITC-conjugated rabbit anti-pig antibody, streptomycin, Triton X-100, DMSO, and primary goat polyclonal antibodies.
Researchers can leverage the power of AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai to optimize their viral antigen research.
These cutting-edge tools can effortlessly locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents using intelligent comparison features, helping researchers identify the optimal solutions and products for their specific needs.
By harnessing the power of AI, researchers can take their viral antigen research to new heights and accelerate the development of effective vaccines, diagnostics, and therapies.