For measurement of the 13C enrichment in amino acids or organic acids, samples were prepared as described previously [9 (link)]. Briefly, an aliquot (500 μl) of effluent, liver or hepatocyte extracts was purified by passage through an AG-1 column (Cl−: 100–200 mesh; 0.5 cm×2.5 cm) for separation of organic acids and glutamate and aspartate residues or by passage through an AG-50 column (H+: 100–200 mesh) for separation of alanine, serine, glycine and glutamine residues and urea. Then, samples were converted into the t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives [9 (link),10 (link)]. Isotopic enrichment in [13C]alanine isotopomers was monitored using ions at m/z 260, 261, 262 and 263 for M0, M1, M2 or M3 (containing one to three 13C atoms above M0, the natural abundance) respectively. Isotopic enrichment for [13C]serine isotopomers was monitored at m/z 390, 391, 392 and 393 for M0, M1, M2 or M3 (containing one to three 13C atoms above M0, the natural abundance) respectively. Isotopic enrichment in [13C]glycine isotopomers was monitored using ions at m/z 218, 219 and 220 for M0, M1 or M2 (containing one or two 13C atoms above M0, the natural abundance) respectively. Isotopic enrichment in glutamine isotopomers was monitored using ions at m/z 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436 and 437 for M0, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6 (containing one to five 13C atoms plus 15N in the amido-N) respectively. Isotopic enrichment in [13C]glutamate isotopomers was monitored using ions at m/z 432, 433, 434, 435, 436 and 437 for M0, M1, M2, M3, M4 or M5 (containing one to five 13C atoms above M0, the natural abundance) respectively. Isotopic enrichment in [13C]aspartate isotopomers was monitored using ions at m/z 418, 419, 420, 421 and 422 for M0, M1, M2, M3 and M4 (containing one to four 13C atoms above M0, the natural abundance) respectively. Isotopic enrichment in [13C]lactate was monitored using ions at m/z 261, 262, 263 and 264 for M0, M1, M2 and M3 (containing one to three 13C atoms above natural abundance) respectively. Since lactate and pyruvate are in equilibrium, we used the enrichment of 13C isotopomers of lactate as surrogate for 13C enrichment in pyruvate. Isotopic enrichment in 13C malate isotopomers was monitored using ions at m/z 419, 420, 421, 422 and 423 for M0, M1, M2, M3 and M4 (containing one to four 13C atoms above the natural abundance) respectively, and 13C enrichment in [13C]citrate isotopomers was monitored using ions at m/z 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464 and 465 for M0, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6 (containing one to six 13C atoms above the natural abundance) respectively.
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Carbon-13
Carbon-13
Carbon-13 (13C) is a stable isotope of carbon with one additional neutron compared to the more abundant carbon-12 isotope. 13C analysis is a powerful tool for studying a wide range of biological and chemical processes, providing insights into metabolic pathways, molecular structure, and environmental tracing.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven research protocol optimizatio1n can help unleash the full potential of 13C analysis, allowing researchers to discover the best protocols and products by comparing data from literature, preprints, and patents.
This approach can streamline the research workflow and enhance reproducibility, enabling more efficient and impactful 13C-based studies.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven research protocol optimizatio1n can help unleash the full potential of 13C analysis, allowing researchers to discover the best protocols and products by comparing data from literature, preprints, and patents.
This approach can streamline the research workflow and enhance reproducibility, enabling more efficient and impactful 13C-based studies.
Most cited protocols related to «Carbon-13»
Acids
Alanine
Amino Acids
Aspartate
Carbon-13
Citrate
derivatives
Glutamates
Glutamine
Glycine
Hepatocyte
Ions
Isotopes
Lactates
Liver
malate
Pyruvate
Serine
Urea
Acids
alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid
Aspartate
Biological Assay
carbene
Carbon
Carbon-13
Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Carbon-18
Citrate
Coenzyme A, Acetyl
Colorimetry
Freezing
Glutamates
Heart
heart muscle extract
Kinetics
Laser Capture Microdissection
Lipids
Liquid Chromatography
malate
Mass Spectrometry
Mice, Laboratory
Myocardium
Palmitate
Proteins
Protons
Spectrum Analysis
Tissues
Wild-type K-12 strain NCM3722 of E. coli45 (link) was cultured in Gutnick minimal complete medium46 (link) with 4g/L of glucose, glycerol, or acetate as the carbon source. Growth of cells was as previously reported26 (link). Preparation of filter cultures is described in Supplementary Methods online. For 13C-glucose cultures, uniformly 13C-glucose (> 99% 13C from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories) was used for the overnight culture and the liquid and filter cultures, resulting in at least 10 doublings on uniformly 13C-glucose media.
Acetate
Carbon
Carbon-13
Cells
Glucose
Glycerin
Strains
Acetate
Carbon
Carbon-13
Cells
Glucose
Glycerin
Strains
The first data-processing
step of AllExtract and TracExtract detects pairs of native and labeled
metabolite ion signals. For each data file, the following steps are
successively performed for all recorded LC-HRMS scans. Each mass peak
is initially considered to represent the monoisotopic ion M of a native
metabolite or biotransformation product. This assumption is verified
with the following criteria:
(i) An isotopologue M′ from
the labeled metabolite or biotransformation product must be present
in the same MS scan. As the charge (z) and the number
of labeling isotopes (Xn) cannot be deduced
from the single mass peak M, MetExtract II tests several user-defined
combinations of Xn and z. For each combination, an m/z value
for the putatively labeled isotopologue M′ is calculated [m/z(M′) = m/z(M) + (XnΔm)/z] and searched for in the same MS scan. If a
mass peak with such an m/z value
is present within a user-defined tolerance window (i.e., intrascan
mass accuracy of the HRMS instrument used), it is considered a putative
labeled signal M′. Together with Xn and z, M and M′ represent a putative ion
pair. However, if no mass peak is found for any combination of Xn and z values, the current
mass peak M is rejected.
(ii) The observed abundances of both
mass peaks M and M′
must exceed a certain, user-defined intensity threshold. If any do
not, the ion pair is rejected.
(iii) Depending on the experimental
setup, the user can optionally
define an intensity ratio of M:M′ (e.g., the ratio of native
to labeled tracer applied in the biological experiment). If the ratio
is not within the specified tolerance window, the ion pair is rejected.
(iv) The observed isotopologue patterns originating from native
and labeled metabolite ions must match with their respective theoretical
patterns. This is tested by comparing the observed isotopologue ratios
by using the intensity ratio of M + 1 to M [I(M +
1)/I(M)] as well as M′ – 1 to M′
[I(M′ – 1)/I(M′)]
with the expected ratios for a compound having the assigned number
of labeling isotopes (Xn) as well as the
isotopic abundance with either the principal isotope or the labeling
isotope. Theeoretical ratios for such isotopologues are calculated
by use ofeq 1 with a = Xn, s =
1, and e = relative abundance of the principal isotope
in nature (e.g., for 12C, 98.93%) or the isotopic enrichment
with the labeling isotope (the 13C isotopic enrichment
used).
Labeled
biotransformation products may partly consist of native
(nonlabeled) structure units (any conjugated moiety from the native
biological system), which do not contribute to the m/z shift between M and M′. These moieties
need to be accounted for in the native ion forms by the TracExtract
module when the observed isotopologue ratio I(M +
1)/I(M) is compared to the theoretical ratio for
Xn labeling atoms as their presence increases
the theoretical ratio I(M + 1)/I(M). Thus, the observed ratio I(M + 1)/I(M) is corrected for the ratio of nonlabeled atoms I(M′ + 1)/I(M′) (corresponding to all
atoms of the labeling element in the native moiety but not in the
tracer itself) before it is tested against its corresponding theoretical
ratio. This corrected ratio I(M + 1)/I(M) – I(M′ + 1)/I(M′) represents only the number of atoms of the labeling-element
originating from the studied tracer. The ratio I(M′
– 1)/I(M′), however, is derived solely
from the Xn labeling isotope atoms and
must not be calculated differently than in the AllExtract module.
If the observed and calculated theoretical isotopologue ratios deviate
by less than a user-defined tolerance window (the expected relative
isotopologue abundance error of the used HRMS instrument), the ion
pair is accepted. If either of the two isotopologue ratio tests exceeds
the maximum allowed tolerance, the ion pair is rejected. Any MS signal
pair passing these verification criteria is considered to be an ion
of a native and a corresponding labeled metabolite or biotransformation
product.
step of AllExtract and TracExtract detects pairs of native and labeled
metabolite ion signals. For each data file, the following steps are
successively performed for all recorded LC-HRMS scans. Each mass peak
is initially considered to represent the monoisotopic ion M of a native
metabolite or biotransformation product. This assumption is verified
with the following criteria:
(i) An isotopologue M′ from
the labeled metabolite or biotransformation product must be present
in the same MS scan. As the charge (z) and the number
of labeling isotopes (Xn) cannot be deduced
from the single mass peak M, MetExtract II tests several user-defined
combinations of Xn and z. For each combination, an m/z value
for the putatively labeled isotopologue M′ is calculated [m/z(M′) = m/z(M) + (XnΔm)/z] and searched for in the same MS scan. If a
mass peak with such an m/z value
is present within a user-defined tolerance window (i.e., intrascan
mass accuracy of the HRMS instrument used), it is considered a putative
labeled signal M′. Together with Xn and z, M and M′ represent a putative ion
pair. However, if no mass peak is found for any combination of Xn and z values, the current
mass peak M is rejected.
(ii) The observed abundances of both
mass peaks M and M′
must exceed a certain, user-defined intensity threshold. If any do
not, the ion pair is rejected.
(iii) Depending on the experimental
setup, the user can optionally
define an intensity ratio of M:M′ (e.g., the ratio of native
to labeled tracer applied in the biological experiment). If the ratio
is not within the specified tolerance window, the ion pair is rejected.
(iv) The observed isotopologue patterns originating from native
and labeled metabolite ions must match with their respective theoretical
patterns. This is tested by comparing the observed isotopologue ratios
by using the intensity ratio of M + 1 to M [I(M +
1)/I(M)] as well as M′ – 1 to M′
[I(M′ – 1)/I(M′)]
with the expected ratios for a compound having the assigned number
of labeling isotopes (Xn) as well as the
isotopic abundance with either the principal isotope or the labeling
isotope. Theeoretical ratios for such isotopologues are calculated
by use of
1, and e = relative abundance of the principal isotope
in nature (e.g., for 12C, 98.93%) or the isotopic enrichment
with the labeling isotope (the 13C isotopic enrichment
used).
Labeled
biotransformation products may partly consist of native
(nonlabeled) structure units (any conjugated moiety from the native
biological system), which do not contribute to the m/z shift between M and M′. These moieties
need to be accounted for in the native ion forms by the TracExtract
module when the observed isotopologue ratio I(M +
1)/I(M) is compared to the theoretical ratio for
Xn labeling atoms as their presence increases
the theoretical ratio I(M + 1)/I(M). Thus, the observed ratio I(M + 1)/I(M) is corrected for the ratio of nonlabeled atoms I(M′ + 1)/I(M′) (corresponding to all
atoms of the labeling element in the native moiety but not in the
tracer itself) before it is tested against its corresponding theoretical
ratio. This corrected ratio I(M + 1)/I(M) – I(M′ + 1)/I(M′) represents only the number of atoms of the labeling-element
originating from the studied tracer. The ratio I(M′
– 1)/I(M′), however, is derived solely
from the Xn labeling isotope atoms and
must not be calculated differently than in the AllExtract module.
If the observed and calculated theoretical isotopologue ratios deviate
by less than a user-defined tolerance window (the expected relative
isotopologue abundance error of the used HRMS instrument), the ion
pair is accepted. If either of the two isotopologue ratio tests exceeds
the maximum allowed tolerance, the ion pair is rejected. Any MS signal
pair passing these verification criteria is considered to be an ion
of a native and a corresponding labeled metabolite or biotransformation
product.
Biopharmaceuticals
Biotransformation
Carbon-13
Immune Tolerance
Isotopes
Radionuclide Imaging
Most recents protocols related to «Carbon-13»
Example 13
Re(bpy)(CO)3(OH)
An acetone/water mixed solution (4:3 v/v, 70 mL) containing Re(bpy)(CO)3(OTf) (303 mg, 5.21×10−1 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (1.35 g, 24.1×10 mmol) was heated to reflux overnight. The acetone was slowly distilled off under reduced pressure, and a yellow solid thus separated was filtered off and dried under reduced pressure.
Yield: 120 mg (2.71×10−1 mmol), Yield: 51.5%
Full text: Click here
Acetone
Carbon-13
Carbon dioxide
potassium hydroxide
Pressure
15N labeling was performed on 1st August (95 days after blooming). Group 1 of each treatment was supplemented with 20 g of 15N-urea and 100 g of common urea, which were mixed and solutioned with MgSO4 and then fertilized to the soil. The whole plant was destructively sampled on 20th October (180 days after flowering), and then the indexes correlated with 15N were determined.
13C isotope labeling was performed on 17th October (177 days after flowering). Fans, a beaker with 8 g of Ba13CO3 and reduced iron powder, and the labeled whole apple tree were placed into a labeling chamber, which was composed of 0.1-mm-thick Mylar plastic bags and bracket. The light intensity inside was 90% of the natural light intensity. The 13C isotope labeling was performed at 8.30 a.m.; the fan was turned on, and the labeling room was sealed. To maintain a suitable temperature (25°C–35°C), an appropriate amount of ice was placed in the labeling room. To maintain a suitable concentration of CO2, we injected 1 ml hydrochloric acid into the labeling room by a syringe for every 30 min. The whole plant was destructively after 72 h (180 days after flowering), and then the indexes correlated with 13C were determined.
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BAG1 protein, human
Carbon-13
Hydrochloric acid
Iron
Light
Malus domestica
mylar
Plants
Powder
Sulfate, Magnesium
Syringes
Urea
The soil and plant samples were initially collected from the coastal area of Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India. The S. portulacastrum was mostly found on the sandy shores of the backwaters (Figure 1 ). The collected halophyte was successfully established in the soil salinized by paper and pulp mill effluent irrigation at Karur, Tamil Nadu, India. The rhizospheric soil from two soil series, Thulukanur and Vannapatti soil series in the paper mill effluent irrigated area was collected. The samples were collected in sterile plastic bags and transferred to laboratory for further analysis. The organic matter was analyzed by the Walkley-Black method while Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH were analyzed by the saturated paste extract method (Murtaza et al., 2017 (link)). The physico chemical properties are tabulated in Supplementary Table S3 . Soil samples required for the study were collected from the soils of long-term treated paper and pulp mill effluent irrigated area located at 11° 01′24.9″ N and 77° 59′59″ E. Adequate amount of soil was shade dried, large debris was removed and subsequently 10 kg of soil was transferred to perforated pots for secondary evaluation. The pH and EC of the experimental soil were found to be 8.18 and 2.62 dS m−1, respectively (Supplementary Table S3 ). The Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) of the soil was 13.54 per cent with an organic carbon content of 0.63 per cent.
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Carbon-13
chemical properties
Dental Pulp
Electric Conductivity
Halophytes
Marijuana Abuse
Paste
Plants
Sodium
Sterility, Reproductive
Carbon-13-labelled globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3-13C6) was purchased from GelbChem (Seattle, WA, USA). N-glycinated-globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3-Gly) was synthesized in-house [39 (link)], but is also commercially available at Matreya LLC (State College, PA, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from EMD Chemicals Inc. (Darmstadt, Germany). Formic acid (FA) (99+%) was from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ, USA). A.C.S.-grade o-phosphoric acid (H3PO4) (85%) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) (29%), as well as Optima LC/MS-grade H2O and methanol (MeOH), were from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA).
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acetonitrile
Ammonium Hydroxide
Carbon-13
formic acid
globotriaosyl lysosphingolipid
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Methanol
Phosphoric Acids
Chromatograms were acquired with a UPLC I-Class System coupled to a Xevo G2-XS QToF Mass Spectrometer (Waters®, Milford, MA, USA) using a modified protocol described previously [73 (link)]. Samples were injected at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL with an injection volume of 1 µL. The separation was performed using a HSS T3 column, at 40 °C, and at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. A gradient of H2O + 0.1% formic acid (FA) for the mobile phase A, and MeCN + 0.1% FA, for the mobile phase B. The solvent system was as follows: from 99:1 to 0:100 in 11.5 min followed by washing and reconditioning of the column over 3.5 min. The mass range was set from m/z 190 to 1200, the capillary voltage was 3.0 kV, the cone and the desolvation gas flow were at 50 and 1200 L/h, respectively. The source temperature was 150 °C and the desolvation temperature 550 °C, and the sampling cone and source offset were set at 40 V and 80 V, respectively. Data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mode was used to select the five most intense precursor ions of each MS spectrum (excluding the peaks corresponding to the isotopic contribution of the 13C). Those ions were then fragmented using a collision energy (CE) ramp: low CE from 15–25 eV to high CE of 40–60 eV. Solvent (MeOH) and non-inoculated media extracts were injected under the same conditions and used as controls.
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Capillaries
Carbon-13
formic acid
Ions
Retinal Cone
Solvents
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More about "Carbon-13"
Carbon-13 (13C) is a stable isotope of the element carbon, containing one additional neutron compared to the more abundant carbon-12 isotope.
This isotopic variation provides unique insights into a wide range of biological and chemical processes, enabling researchers to study metabolic pathways, molecular structures, and environmental tracing.
The power of 13C analysis lies in its ability to trace the flow of carbon through various systems, allowing scientists to gain valuable insights into complex processes.
This approach is particularly useful in fields such as biochemistry, organic chemistry, and environmental science, where it can be leveraged to study topics like metabolic flux, reaction mechanisms, and ecological dynamics.
To fully harness the potential of 13C analysis, researchers can utilize advanced techniques and tools like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
These analytical methods, combined with AI-driven research protocol optimization from platforms like PubCompare.ai, can streamline the research workflow, enhance reproducibility, and enable more efficient and impactful 13C-based studies.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven approach helps researchers discover the best protocols and products by comparing data from scientific literature, preprints, and patents.
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By leveraging this AI-powered tool, researchers can enhance the reproducibility and efficiency of their 13C-based studies, ultimately leading to more robust and impactful scientific discoveries.
In summary, Carbon-13 (13C) analysis is a powerful tool that enables researchers to unravel the complexities of biological and chemical processes.
By combining advanced analytical techniques with AI-driven research protocol optimization, scientists can unlock the full potential of 13C analysis, leading to breakthroughs in fields like biochemistry, organic chemistry, and environmental science.
This isotopic variation provides unique insights into a wide range of biological and chemical processes, enabling researchers to study metabolic pathways, molecular structures, and environmental tracing.
The power of 13C analysis lies in its ability to trace the flow of carbon through various systems, allowing scientists to gain valuable insights into complex processes.
This approach is particularly useful in fields such as biochemistry, organic chemistry, and environmental science, where it can be leveraged to study topics like metabolic flux, reaction mechanisms, and ecological dynamics.
To fully harness the potential of 13C analysis, researchers can utilize advanced techniques and tools like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
These analytical methods, combined with AI-driven research protocol optimization from platforms like PubCompare.ai, can streamline the research workflow, enhance reproducibility, and enable more efficient and impactful 13C-based studies.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven approach helps researchers discover the best protocols and products by comparing data from scientific literature, preprints, and patents.
This allows for the identification of optimal experimental conditions, reagents, and instrumentation, such as Silica gel, Topspin 2.1, Methanol, Flash EA 1112, Silica gel 60 F254, 400NMR apparatus, ProteinScape™ V3.1, Acetonitrile, and Formic acid.
By leveraging this AI-powered tool, researchers can enhance the reproducibility and efficiency of their 13C-based studies, ultimately leading to more robust and impactful scientific discoveries.
In summary, Carbon-13 (13C) analysis is a powerful tool that enables researchers to unravel the complexities of biological and chemical processes.
By combining advanced analytical techniques with AI-driven research protocol optimization, scientists can unlock the full potential of 13C analysis, leading to breakthroughs in fields like biochemistry, organic chemistry, and environmental science.