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Aqua regia

Q: What are the unique properties of aqua regia?

Aqua regia is capable of dissolving noble metals such as gold and platinum, which are otherwise highly resistant to other acids. This makes it an extremely powerful oxidizing agent, earning it the moniker 'royal water' for its ability to dissolve the 'royal metals'.

Q: What are some challenges in using aqua regia?

Aqua regia is a highly corrosive and dangerous substance that requires careful handling. Proper safety precautions, such as the use of personal protective equipment and proper ventilation, are essentioal when working with aqua regia.

Aqua regia is a highly corrosive liquid composed of a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.
It is capable of dissolving noble metals such as gold and platinum.
Aqua regia has a wide range of applications in chemistry, including the purification of precious metals, analysis of metal content, and the synthesis of certain organic compounds.
Descibed as the 'royal water' for its ability to dissolve the 'royal metals', aqua regia is an important and versatile reagent in the chemical laboratory.

Most cited protocols related to «Aqua regia»

Synthesis of Citrate-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles

All flasks used as reaction vessels were cleaned using freshly prepared aqua regia. Aqua regia was prepared using concentrated hydrochloride acid and concentrated nitric acid with the volume ratio of 4:1 respectively.
In a typical AuNP synthesis, 50 ml of 0.25 mM gold chloride (HAuCl₄) solution was prepared in a flask. Independently, 34.0 mM (1.0 wt.%) trisodium citrate (NaCt) solution was prepared. The flask containing HAuCl₄ solution was heated using a hotplate with constant and vigor- ous stirring. In order to avoid contamination and evaporation of the solvent during the synthesis, a dispos- able Petri dish was used to cover the flask. After the HAuCl₄ solution reached the boiling point under ambient pressure, a specific volume of NaCt solution was rapidly injected into the HAuCl₄ solution. The molar ratio (MR) of NaCt to HAuCl₄ was the primary factor controlled to achieve the desired particle size (Frens G., 1973 (link)). The synthesis was complete when the color of the suspension no longer changed. Typically, the reaction took 2–5 min depending on the MR. The sample was cooled naturally to room temperature.
In a scaled-up AuNP synthesis, the volume of the HAuCl₄ and NaCt solution were proportionally increased. The HAuCl₄ solution was heated and vigorously stirred. The injection of a larger volume of NaCt solution was done using multiple disposable syringes to ensure fast and efficient mixing.

Dong J., Carpinone P.L., Pyrgiotakis G., Demokritou P, & Moudgil B.M. (2020). Synthesis of Precision Gold Nanoparticles Using Turkevich Method. Kona : powder science and technology in Japan, 37, 224-232.

Publication 2020

Acids Anabolism aqua regia Blood Vessel gold chloride gold tetrachloride, acid Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Molar Nitric acid Pressure Solvents Syringes trisodium citrate

Synthesis of Citrate-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles

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Publication 2020

Acids Anabolism aqua regia Blood Vessel gold chloride gold tetrachloride, acid Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Molar Nitric acid Pressure Solvents Syringes trisodium citrate

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles

AgNPs were prepared in water by a chemical reduction method. Reagents for the syntheses were of analytical purity and used without further purification: silver nitrate (AgNO₃, purity 99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich), sodium citrate (C₆H₅Na₃O₇·2H₂O, purity 99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich), tannic acid (C₇₆H₅₂O₄₆, Fluka), deionized water (Deionizer Millipore Simplicity system). All solutions of reacting materials were prepared using deionized water. Before use, all glassware was cleaned in a bath of aqua regia solution and rinsed thoroughly using deionized water. The syntheses were carried out using a constant molar ratio of silver nitrate to sodium citrate and tannic acid. For AgNP syntheses with sodium citrate, the molar ratio of silver nitrate to sodium citrate was 1:7; for AgNP syntheses with tannic acid, the ratio of silver nitrate to tannic acid was 1:2; for AgNP syntheses with a mixture of sodium citrate and tannic acid, the ratio of silver nitrate, sodium citrate and tannic acid was 1:7:2. The concentration of silver ions in all solutions was 100 ppm. The syntheses of AgNPs were carried out both at room temperature and at 100 °C. The syntheses at room temperature were carried out by the addition of a sodium citrate and tannic acid mixture to the aqueous solution of silver nitrate. In the case of syntheses at 100 °C, silver nitrate was first heated to its boiling point under reflux and then a mixture of sodium citrate and tannic acid was introduced to the reaction mixture. The solution was heated for additional 15 min and cooled to room temperature. The conditions of syntheses and chemicals used in the preparation of AgNPs are presented in Table 1.Table 1

The conditions of syntheses and chemicals used in the preparation of AgNPs

Sample	Temperature of the synthesis	Reagents
Sample	Temperature of the synthesis	Silver nitrate	Sodium citrate (SC)	Tannic acid (TA)
Colloid SC	Room temp.	0.0164%; 95.80 g	4%; 4.20 g	X
Colloid SC*	100 °C	0.0164%; 95.80 g	4%; 4.20 g	X
Colloid TA	Room temp.	0.0158%; 99.35 g	X	5%; 0.63 g
Colloid TA*	100 °C	0.0158%; 99.35 g	X	5%; 0.63 g
Colloid SC–TA	Room temp.	0.0165%; 95.15 g	4%; 4.20 g	5%; 0.63 g
Colloid SC–TA*	100 °C	0.0165%; 95.15 g	4%; 4.20 g	5%; 0.63 g

X—reagent was not used in the synthesis procedure

Ranoszek-Soliwoda K., Tomaszewska E., Socha E., Krzyczmonik P., Ignaczak A., Orlowski P., Krzyzowska M., Celichowski G, & Grobelny J. (2017). The role of tannic acid and sodium citrate in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 19(8), 273.

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Publication 2017

Anabolism aqua regia Bath Citrate Colloids Ions Molar Silver Silver Nitrate Sodium Citrate Tannins

Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Additively Manufactured IN 625

For microstructural analysis and tensile tests, prismatic specimens (10 × 10 × 15 mm³) and cylindrical coupons 80 mm long and 11 mm in diameter were manufactured, using a DMG MORI, Lasertec 30 SLM machine (DMG MORI, Bielefeld, Germany) and IN 625 metal powder (15–45 μm particle range) produced by LPW Technology Ltd (Runcorn, UK) as feedstock. The powder’s chemical composition is presented in Table 1, and it was characterized by the following powder size distribution: D₁₀ = 22 μm, D₅₀ = 34 μm, and D₉₀ = 42 μm, experimentally determined by the authors [42 (link)].
All specimens were manufactured on a heated building plate (80 °C) using the same process parameters: 250 W laser power, 750 mm/s laser speed, 40 μm layer thickness, 0.11 mm hatch distance, and 70 µm laser focus. All specimens, for both microstructural analysis and tensile testing, were manufactured using three different scanning strategies, respectively a 45°, 67°, and 90° scanning strategy, rotated by 90° between two successive layers, as schematically shown in Figure 1. The difference between the three scanning strategies used (45°, 67°, and 90°, all with a 90° change of the scanning direction between successive layers) is represented by the angle of the laser path.
The coupons intended for machining tensile test pieces were manufactured on four different building orientations: along X, Y, Z-axis, and tilted at 45° in the XZ plane, as depicted in Figure 2, while the prismatic specimens used for microstructural analysis were built in a vertical position (Figure 3). In all cases, and henceforth in this study, the X-axis is parallel to the front of the machine, while the Z-axis designates the vertical direction.
Two sets, of seven cylindrical coupons each, were manufactured for each building orientation and each scanning strategy. Two prismatic specimens were manufactured using each of the three scanning strategies. One of the specimens was used for microstructural analysis in the as-built condition, while the second was heat treated together with the coupons.
All specimens and coupons were subjected to heat treatment in air using an electrical Nabertherm LH 30/14 chamber furnace (Nabertherm GmbH, Lilienthal, Germany). The heat treatment consisted of stress relieve heat treatment (heating from room temperature until 870 °C, holding for 1 h, and cooling in air to room temperature), and annealing heat treatment (heating from room temperature until 1000 °C, holding for 1 h followed by fast cooling (oil quenching)). The heat treatment regimen used was adapted for AMed IN 625; starting from the typical heat treatment of conventionally manufactured IN 625, the same stress relieving temperature was used, but the temperature for the annealing heat treatment was increased by 20 °C for the AMed IN 625, and the cooling was realized in oil not in water [43 ]. Standard round tensile test pieces were machined from annealed coupons, according to the geometry and dimensions presented in Figure 4.
Monotonic tensile tests were performed at room temperature according to ISO 6892-1:2009 using an electromechanical universal testing machine, Instron 3369 (Instron, Norwood, MA, USA), equipped with a 50 kN load cell. During the tensile test, the strain rate over the parallel length was set to

{\dot{e}}_{L c}

= 0.00025 s⁻¹ until the detection of 0.2% yield strength, then the extensometer was removed and the strain rate over the parallel length was set to

{\dot{e}}_{L c}

= 0.0067 s⁻¹. The tensile properties’ anisotropy was expressed as a function of the values recorded on the Z-axis specimens, using Equation (1) [44 (link)].

\frac{σ_{i 1} - σ_{i 2}}{σ_{i 1}} \cdot 100

where σ_i₁ is the average ultimate tensile strength (UTS)/0.2% yield strength (YS)/elongation/reduction of area value obtained on test pieces manufactured along X-axis or tilted at 45° in the XZ plane. σ_i₂ is average UTS/0.2% YS/elongation/reduction of area value obtained on test pieces manufactured in vertical position, along Z-axis, that showed the lowest strength values.
Microstructural simulations were performed using the ANSYS Additive Suite (ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA), Additive Science module, R1/2020 edition. Due to software limitations, the simulations were realized only on specimens manufactured on the Z-axis by applying all three scanning strategies, and the same manufacturing process parameters as in the case of the experimental procedure, except the laser focus, which for the simulation was 80 µm (the lowest value that can be applied).
For microstructural analysis by finite element cellular automaton method, the IN 718 was selected from the material database as currently, it is the only Ni-based superalloy available in the ANSYS Additive Suite database (ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA) validated for microstructural prediction. The software was developed for IN718 alloy which belongs to the same Ni-Cr superalloys class with the investigated IN 625 alloy. As the software allows the customization of input data, the simulation was done using the actual experimental process parameters used for IN 625 in the current study.
The simulation analysis showed the microstructure evolution as a 1 mm² surface of the XY, XZ, and YZ planes. The experimental microstructural analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using an FEI F50 Inspect (FEI Company, Brno, Czech Republic) and optical microscopy using the microscope, Axio Vert.A1 MAT (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena Germany) with camera (Nikon Digital Microscope Camera DS-Fi3, (Nikon Instruments Inc., Melville, NY, USA), and NIS-Elements software (version 5.02.03, Nikon Instruments Inc., Melville, NY, USA).
Microstructural analysis was performed on metallographically prepared prismatic specimens by grinding, polishing, and etching with Aqua Regia for 20 s. For the grain size measurement the intercept method was used. Optical micrographs captured at 100× magnification were processed using the Scandium software (version 5.2, Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany) by highlighting the grain boundary (red color separation, edge enhance filter, unsharp mask filter) and applying a grid consisting in 5 vertical and 5 horizontal equally spaced lines. The average grain size was determined based on measurements realized on 4 different light optical microscopy images.
Density measurements were made using the Archimedes method, according to ISO 3369 [45 ], and using an analytical balance, Pioneer PX224 (Ohaus Europe GmbH, Nänikon, Switzerland), with a density kit for solids. The relative density was expressed as the percentage of the ratio between the average of 5 measurements made on a prismatic specimen for each scanning strategy used, and the material’s theoretical density calculated based on its chemical composition. The auxiliary liquid used for measurements was ethanol (99.3% purity), and all specimens were degreased before testing using the same alcohol. The measurements were made at 20 °C room temperature, and 19.9 °C ethanol temperature.

Condruz M.R., Matache G., Paraschiv A., Frigioescu T.F, & Badea T. (2020). Microstructural and Tensile Properties Anisotropy of Selective Laser Melting Manufactured IN 625. Materials, 13(21), 4829.

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Publication 2020

Optimizing Titanium Surface Cleaning for Cell Adhesion

Sample pieces of the sintered titanium surface found in the HeartMateII left ventricular assist device were obtained from Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, CA, and used in the experiments described herein.
In preparation for imaging with our scanning electron microscope, Philips XL30 ESEM TMP (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR), samples were dehydrated in an ethanol series, dried in a Pelco CPD2 critical point dryer (Ted Pella Inc., Redding, CA), and coated with Au/Pd (60/40%) in a Hummer 6.2 sputter coater (Anatech Ltd, Springfield, VA). Au/Pd was sputtered from a single alloy source to a film thickness of 6-7 nm. Of note, the resulting film is enrichment in Pd due to the preferential sputtering of Pd over Au due to differences in surface binding energies and recoil densities in the Au/Pd alloy (Betz, 1980 ).
A series of experiments was devised (see Table 1) to find the optimal method of regenerating the titanium surface after Au/Pd coating. The success of the various cleaning protocols was assessed by evaluating the surface chemistry of the titanium samples before and after each experiment with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS was performed on a Kratos Axis Ultra instrument (Chestnut Ridge, NY). Samples were attached to the sample holder via copper tape. They were then inserted into the sample transfer chamber and allowed to reach a pressure of 5.0 × 10^-7 torr. Following this, the samples were transferred to the sample analysis chamber where the measurements were performed. Spectra were obtained at ∼2.0 × 10^-8 torr. A monochromated Al X-ray source at a power of 15 kV and an emission of 10 mA was used to obtain scans. The lens mode used was hybrid, i.e. magnetic and electrostatic. The slot aperture was used for these experiments and a resolution of 160 eV was used for survey scans. Scans were performed with the charge neutralizer on to counteract any sample charging effects and were taken over the range of 5 - 1200 eV with a step eV of 1 and a dwell time of 200 msec. Each scan constitutes an average of 2 individual scans.
The atomic percentages were obtained by determining the area under the primary peaks for the element under consideration. The areas were determined for the C1s at 284.5 eV, O1s at 529.7 eV, N1s at 400.9 eV, Au4f at 84.1 eV, Pd3d at 335.1 eV, Ti2p at 453.8 and the sensitivity factors were C=0.278, O=0.78, N=0.477, Au=6.25, Pd=5.356, Ti=2.001. A linear background subtraction was performed. Analysis was achieved using CasaXPS software.
As a control experiment, a sample piece of bare sintered titanium surface (Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, CA) was analyzed by XPS. This XPS spectrum served as a baseline (Table 1, control, Figure 1a). The titanium surface was then coated with Au/ Pd as described above and imaged with SEM using standard high vacuum imaging at 25kV (Figure 1b). Following, five sintered titanium surfaces (Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, CA) were precoated with bovine fibronectin (10μg/ml) at room temperature for a duration of 12 hours and seeded with 1 × 10⁶ porcine mesenchymal stem cells by incubation in 6 well plates for 24 hours at 37°C (Figure 2a). All samples were fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde (Ricca Chemical Company, Arlington, TX) overnight before sputter coating as described above.
Porcine mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from bone marrow of Yorkshire swine by isolating mononuclear cells by density gradient centrifugation according to our established protocol (Werner and others, 2003 (link)). Cells were then washed with Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (D-PBS), (Gibco, Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, CA) suspended in 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 90% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), (HyClone, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Logan, UT) and plated onto fibronectin coated chamber slides in Endothelial Cell Basal Media-2 (EBM-2), (Lonza, Clonetics, Walkersville, MD) with EGM-2 Single Quots (Lonza, Clonetics, Walkersville, MD) and 10% FBS (HyClone, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Logan, UT). Cells were incubated at 37°C in a water-jacketed incubator at 5% CO₂ for 7 days when nonadherent cells were removed. Cultures were then incubated an additional day before cells were harvested with 0.25% Trypsin/EDTA (Lonza, Clonetics, Walkersville, MD) and replated into T25 flasks in media. Passage 3 and 4 cells were used for our experiments.
The first of the samples coated with biologic material and Au/Pd was submerged in aqua regia (1:3 solution of concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acid) for 5 min at ambient temperature without stirring. No attempts were made to control the temperature; however, the temperature did reach ∼ 30°C upon mixing the acids together and the Ti pieces were immediately immersed into that solution. This was followed by sonication (Fisher Scientific Solid State/Ultrasonic FS-14, Pittsburgh, PA) in deionized water (DI H₂0) for 5 min and the Ti pieces were then dried with (N₂) nitrogen gas. XPS spectra were obtained before and after cleaning.
The second coated sample was also submerged in aqua regia for 5 min, followed by sonication in DI H₂0 for 5 min. It was then treated by ozonolysis (UV-ozone cleaner, UVO-Cleaner Model No. 42, Jelight Company Inc., Irvine, CA) for 45 min.
The third sample was subjected to aqua regia, sonication and ozonolysis and then further sonicated in water saturated with a soap solution (Contrex labware detergent, Decon Labs Inc., King of Prussia, PA). Finally, the sample was sonicated in DI H₂0 for 1 hour and dried with nitrogen gas.
The fourth sample was processed like the third but without the ozonolysis step. The fifth sample processed like the third sample but without submersion in aqua regia. For all of the samples, XPS spectra were obtained before and after cleaning.
In order to determine whether aqua regia exposure would significantly alter the surface structure of titanium microspheres by etching the titanium, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to image titanium samples before and after aqua regia treatment. AFM images were obtained in contact mode using a Digital Instruments Dimension 3100 AFM (Veeco Instruments Inc., Plainview, NY) and a Veeco Probes DNP cantilever. Images were acquired at a scan rate of 2 Hz using 512 samples/line and 512 lines. Each image was second order flattened. The surface area evaluated was 930 μm² on average per titanium sample.

Achneck H.E., Serpe M.J., Jamiolkowski R., Eibest L.M., Craig S.L, & Lawson J.H. (2010). Regenerating Titanium Ventricular Assist Device Surfaces after Gold/ Palladium Coating for Scanning Electron Microscopy. Microscopy research and technique, 73(1), 71-76.

Publication 2010

Most recents protocols related to «Aqua regia»

Aqua Regia Digestion for Cd Analysis

For each sample, 15 mL of aqua regia was transferred to a conical 100 mL flask that had been infiltrated by aqua regia vapors. An additional 6 mL of aqua regia solution was added and a glass funnel was placed at the top. Each flask was heated on an electric hot plate to maintain the aqua regia at a slight boiling state for 2 h. Then, samples were cooled to room temperature and allowed to settle. The extract was then slowly filtered through quantitative filter paper into a 50 mL volumetric flask. The glass funnel, conical flask, and residue were rinsed with a small amount of nitric acid solution at least three times, with the reinstate collected in the volumetric flask. After filtration, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS 1600, Hexin Mass Spectrometry, China) was used to determine Cd concentrations in the digested sample solutions.

Guo K., Zhao Y., Zhang Y., Yang J., Chu Z., Zhang Q., Xiao W., Huang B, & Li T. (2024). Effects of wollastonite and phosphate treatments on cadmium bioaccessibility in pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) grown in contaminated soils. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1337996.

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Publication 2024

Quantitative Analysis of Silica, Gold, and Silver

ICP-OES was performed on PerkinElmer Optima 8000 to quantify the elemental distribution of silica (Si), gold (Au), and silver (Ag). Si, Au, and Ag standards (0, 0.2, 2, 4, and 10 ppm) were prepared from commercially available 1000 ppm Si, Au, and Ag(ii) standard solutions and dissolved in 5% Aqua Regia. SiO₂NP, SiO₂AuNP, and PhaNPs (200 μl) samples were dissolved overnight in 500 μl of 100% Aqua Regia (3 : 1 hydrochloric acid : nitric acid), followed by the addition of 9.5 ml DI water to a final concentration of 5% Aqua Regia. Si, Au, and Ag emission spectra were collected at 251.611 nm, 267.595 nm, and 328.068 nm, respectively. Emission spectra for yttrium (Y), an internal standard, were collected at 371.029 nm.

Olesk J., Donahue D., Ross J., Sheehan C., Bennett Z., Armknecht K., Kudary C., Hopf J., Ploplis V.A., Castellino F.J., Lee S.W, & Nallathamby P.D. (2024). Antimicrobial peptide-conjugated phage-mimicking nanoparticles exhibit potent bactericidal action against Streptococcus pyogenes in murine wound infection models. Nanoscale Advances, 6(4), 1145-1162.

Publication 2024

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles on Cotton

Not available on PMC !

AgNO 3 (99%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; ascorbic acid (99%) and melamine (98.0%) were purchased from Across Organic; sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and sodium citrate dihydrate were purchased from Fisher Scientific, Suwanee, GA, USA; Triton X-100 was purchased from VWR analytics, Radnor, PA, USA; 100% cotton fabrics were purchased from Walmart, Woodstock, GA, USA. All chemicals and solvents were used without further purification. All glassware was cleaned with aqua regia (3:1 v/v HCl (37%)/HNO 3 (65%) solutions) and then rinsed thoroughly with DI H 2 O before use. Caution: aqua regia solutions are dangerous and highly corrosive. This should be used with extreme care. Fresh aqua regia solutions should not be stored in closed containers. The DI water in all experiments was Milli-Q water (18 MΩ cm, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).

Baruah B., & Woods M. (2024). Silver Nanoparticle-Immobilized Cotton Fabric Serves as Flexible Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate for Detection of Toxin. Inorganics, 12(6), 170-170.

Publication 2024

Elemental Analysis of Organ Samples

Using a scalpel, a longitudinal piece of each organ was harvested and weighed. Samples weighed between 0.01 g and 0.26 g. After weighing, the samples were added to a centrifuge tube. 500 μl of Aqua Regia (1 : 3 nitric acid : hydrochloric acid) was added to begin digestion. A glass rod was used to break down the sample into small pieces. The samples were allowed to digest for 1–7 days. Samples were diluted to 5% Aqua Regia with purified DI water. Samples were mixed by vortexing and then filtered through a 1.0 μm Nylon syringe filter before testing. The samples were run on a Perkins Elmer Avio 200 using a 5-point standard curve created from Si, Ag, and Au standards (LabChem). The instrument was blanked using a 5% Aqua Regia and purified DI water solution. The concentrations of elements in each sample were related to the weight of digested samples.

Publication 2024

Quantification of Nanoparticle Compositions

The iron (Fe), gold (Au), and gadolinium (Gd) contents of the obtained nanoparticles were quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Spectrometric (ICP-OES) measurements were performed using an Agilent Technologies 5800 VDV ICP-OES. Fe, Gd, and Au standard solutions were prepared in about 5–10% Aqua regia matrix (HNO₃:HCl, 1:3). A 200 µL sample of each NP solution prepared were digested following the protocol: (1) evaporation to dryness, (2) re-dissolved in 1 mL of concentrated Aqua Regia and evaporated to dryness, (3) addition of 100 µL of 30% H₂O₂ + 100 µL of Milli-Q water are then added and evaporated to dryness and finally retaken in 5 mL of about 5–10% Aqua Regia for ICP measurements. The quantitative determinations were performed using the most accurate wavelength: 342.246 nm for Gd, 259.940 nm for Fe, and 267.594 nm for Au. All the measurements were performed in triplicate.

Ferreira-Filho V.C., Morais B., Vieira B.J., Waerenborgh J.C., Carmezim M.J., Tóth C.N., Même S., Lacerda S., Jaque D., Sousa C.T., Campello M.P, & Pereira L.C. (2024). Influence of SPION Surface Coating on Magnetic Properties and Theranostic Profile. Molecules, 29(8), 1824.

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Publication 2024

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Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate by Merck Group

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More about "Aqua regia"

Aqua regia, also known as 'royal water', is a highly corrosive liquid composed of a mixture of nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
This powerful solvent is capable of dissolving noble metals, such as gold (Au) and platinum (Pt), earning it the moniker 'royal water' for its ability to dissolve the 'royal metals'.
Aqua regia has a wide range of applications in chemistry, including the purification of precious metals, analysis of metal content, and the synthesis of certain organic compounds.
It is an important and versatile reagent in the chemical laboratory, with uses ranging from the extraction and refining of gold and other precious metals to the preparation of various chemical compounds.
Beyond its dissolution capabilities, aqua regia also finds use in the preparation of other chemicals, such as sodium borohydride (NaBH4), silver nitrate (AgNO3), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
These compounds, in turn, have their own diverse applications in areas like water treatment, photography, and pharmaceutical production.
The corrosive nature of aqua regia requires careful handling and safety precautions, but its unique properties make it an indispensable tool in the chemist's arsenal.
Researchers and scientists continue to explore new and innovative uses for this remarkable chemical, furthering the advancement of chemistry and related fields.
Whether you're working with precious metals, analyzing material compositions, or synthesizing organic compounds, understanding the properties and applications of aqua regia can be invaluable in optimizing your research protocols and enhancing the reproducibility of your results.
By leveraging the power of aqua regia and related chemicals, you can streamline your research process and improve the quality of your findings.