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Carborundum

Carborundum is a hard, crystalline compound composed of carbon and silicon, also known as silicon carbide.
It is an extremely hard material used in abrasives, cutting tools, and high-temperature applications.
Carborundum exhibits exceptional thermal and electrical properties, making it a valuable industrial material.
Explore the diverse applications and characteristics of this versatile substance through PubCompare.ai's cutting-edeg technology, which can help optimize your experimental design and identify the most effective carborundum products.

Most cited protocols related to «Carborundum»

Purification of Tobacco Mosaic Virus from Nicotiana benthamiana

Grow Nicotiana benthamiana plants for 6–8 weeks.

Inoculate each leaf by sprinkling a small amount of carborundum over the plants then gently rubbing 100 μL of 0.01 mg/mL TMV in KP buffer per leaf (seeNote 7).

Collect infected leaves 7–10 days post-infection when mosaic patterns present themselves and before the leaves die.

Immediately freeze leaves and store in Ziploc bags at −80 °C (seeNote 8).

When ready, pulverize frozen leaves by squeezing bag (seeNote 9).

Homogenize leaves in 3 volume of prechilled (4 °C) 0.1 M KP buffer (~300 mL), pH 7.4 and 0.2 % (v/v) β-mercaptoethanol (~600 μL).

Filter homogenate through 2 layers of cheesecloth; squeeze cheesecloth to collect all of the filtrate.

Centrifuge the filtrate for 20 min at 11,000 × g (10,500 rpm when using Beckman Coulter JLA-16.250 rotor).

Carefully pour the supernatant through 4 layers of Kimwipes.

To the supernatant (approximately 300 mL) add equal volume of 1:1 chloroform:n-butanol (150 and 150 mL).

Stir for 30 min on ice (avoid foaming by controlling the stirring speed).

Centrifuge for 10 min at 4,500 × g (6,000 rpm when using Beckman Coulter JLA-10.500 rotor).

Carefully collect the aqueous phase (~300 mL, top layer that contains the TMV) using a pipette and store on ice (seeNotes 10 and 11).

Add NaCl to 0.2 M (3.5 g), PEG 8 k to 8 % (w/v) (24 g), Triton-X 100 surfactant to 1 % (v/v) (3 mL) to the collected supernatant and put the mix on ice.

Stir on ice for 30 min, then store in refrigerator for at least 1 h.

Centrifuge for 15 min at 22,000 × g or max speed of centrifuge/rotor) (15,000 rpm when using Beckman CoulterJLA-16.250 rotor) (seeNote 12).

Resuspend the pellet in 15 mL 0.1 M phosphate buffer (~0.05 mL/g leaf) by carefully pipetting up and down or by incubating on a shaker for 4 h to overnight at 4 °C (seeNote 13).

Centrifuge for 15 min at 9,000 × g (9,500 rpm when using Beckman Coulter JLA-16.250 rotor).

Layer the supernatant on a sucrose gradient (see Subheading 2) and centrifuge in a swing bucket rotor for 2 h at 96,000 × g (28,000 rpm when using Beckman Coulter SW 32 Ti rotor).

Collect the light scattering region (seeFig. 3) and dilute with 0.01 M phosphate buffer to fill ultracentrifuge tube.

Centrifuge in a fixed angle rotor for 2.5 h at 160,000 × g (42,000 rpm when using Beckman Coulter type 50.2 Ti rotor).

Discard supernatant and resuspend pellet in 0.01 M KP buffer overnight.

Centrifuge the resuspended pellet for 15 min at 7,500 × g (10,000 rpm when using Beckman Coulter FX241.5P rotor) in a table top centrifuge (e.g., Beckman Coulter Microfuge 16) and save supernatant: pure TMV solution.

Test concentration using UV–Vis absorbance (e.g., Nanodrop). TMV has an A_{260 nm} = 0.3 for a 1 mg/mL solution and 1 cm path length. An A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ ratio equal to 1.2 indicates intact TMV particles.

Test purity using SEC with a Superose 6 10/300GL column by monitoring the absorbance at 260 nm.

Bruckman M.A, & Steinmetz N.F. (2014). Chemical Modification of the Inner and Outer Surfaces of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV). Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 1108, 173-185.

Publication 2014

2-Mercaptoethanol Buffers Butyl Alcohol carborundum Chloroform Freezing Infection Light Nicotiana Phosphates Plant Leaves Plants Sodium Chloride Sucrose Surfactants Triton X-100

Virus Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana

Seedlings of N. benthamiana were grown in a glasshouse and were infected with one of five viruses at 4 weeks of age. Virus inocula were first prepared in N. benthamiana as follows: BBSV and TNV-A^C were mechanically inoculated into N. benthamiana with previously described in vitro transcripts [87] (link), [88] ; BSMV and PVX were agro-inoculated into N. benthamiana according to published methods [65] (link); and BNYVV was propagated on N. benthamiana, and its total RNA was extracted from symptomatic leaves to be used as the inoculum [89] (link). At 7–14 dpi, systemic leaves that had typical symptoms of the corresponding viruses were sampled. These samples were ground in 20 vol. 0.1 M potassium phosphate (K₂HPO₄) buffer (pH 7.4) containing carborundum (as an abrasive). Mechanical inoculations were then undertaken using the sap from systemically infected N. benthamiana leaf tissue for the test. Simultaneously, mock-inoculated plants without infectious homogenate were created as controls.
All the N. benthamiana plants, except those inoculated with BBSV, were maintained in a controlled environmental climate chamber at 24±0.5°C with a photoperiod of 14-hours light (∼75 µmol/m²/s) and 10-hours dark. Plants infected by BBSV, together with four mock-inoculated controls, were grown at 18°C, since relatively low temperatures is required for BBSV to establish systemic infection in N. benthamiana[90] (link). At least 12 plants were inoculated for each virus. On days 7–14, typical symptoms appeared in the upper leaves and the infection was further confirmed by Western blotting using virus-specific antiserum (Figure S2). For each of the five viruses, three biological replicates were collected and subjected to RNA extraction. Each replicate consisted of upper leaf tissue pooled from four N. benthamiana plants.

Liu D., Shi L., Han C., Yu J., Li D, & Zhang Y. (2012). Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies in Virus-Infected Nicotiana benthamiana Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR. PLoS ONE, 7(9), e46451.

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Publication 2012

Biopharmaceuticals Buffers carborundum Climate Cold Temperature DNA Replication Immune Sera Infection Light Plant Leaves Plants potassium phosphate potassium phosphate, dibasic Seedlings Sepsis Tissues Vaccination Virus

Mechanical Inoculation and Host Range Determination of Tomato Virus

Purified viral particles served for mechanical inoculation of laboratory test plants and tomato plants harboring the Tm-2² resistance gene. Symptomatic tomato plants from the initial experiments served for sap-mechanical inoculation assays. Tomato fruit and leaves were ground in 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and inoculated to a variety of potential host plants (pre-dusted with carborundum) for extended host range determination. Host range testing was performed in three sets of experiments (> four plants per species). Inoculation of a range of commercial tomato varieties harboring the Tm-2² resistance gene, as certified by the 'Tomato Genetic Resource Center' (TGRC) http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu/Data/Acc/dataframe.aspx?start=AccSearch.aspx&navstart=nav.html, was performed with 8 replicates.
The virus was maintained on systemically infected tomato plants (harboring the Tm-2² resistance gene) cv’s: Ikram, Odelia, Bruno, Olympiacos, Magi, Tory which served as propagation hosts. In addition to the registered resistance to ToMV by the seed-companies, the authenticity of the presence of Tm-2² was further confirmed by DNA sequencing of the resistance gene in Odelia and Ikram cultivars. All virus-infected plants were kept in an insect-proof growth chamber inside a glasshouse and sprayed regularly with insecticides to prevent any infestation.

Luria N., Smith E., Reingold V., Bekelman I., Lapidot M., Levin I., Elad N., Tam Y., Sela N., Abu-Ras A., Ezra N., Haberman A., Yitzhak L., Lachman O, & Dombrovsky A. (2017). A New Israeli Tobamovirus Isolate Infects Tomato Plants Harboring Tm-22 Resistance Genes. PLoS ONE, 12(1), e0170429.

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Publication 2017

Biological Assay Buffers carborundum Fruit Genes Host Range Insecta Insecticides Lycopersicon esculentum Parasitic Diseases Phosphates Plants Plant Viruses Vaccination Virion Virus

Potato Transgenics for Systemic Immune Response

Potato (S. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum; 2n=4x=48) cv. Rywal plants were obtained from the Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatisation—National Research Institute, Młochów (Poland). Plants expressing the NahG transgene (NahG-Rywal) were generated using the binary plasmid pCIB containing salicylate hydroxylase (NahG), which was generously provided by Syngenta Biotechnology. The plasmid was introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 and used for potato leaf disc transformation (Chen et al., 1994 (link)). Transgenic potato plants were regenerated as described by Mac et al. (2004) (link). Plants of both genotypes were grown for 4 weeks in soil under controlled environmental conditions (16/8 light/dark cycle, 20 °C) as described previously (Szajko et al., 2008 (link)). PVY strain N-Wilga (PVY^N–Wi; accession no. EF558545) was derived from potato cv. Wilga and was multiplied and maintained in tobacco plants, Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun.
PVY inoculation was performed on 4-week-old potato plants. Three bottom leaves were dusted with carborundum powder and rubbed with cheesecloth dipped in a sap prepared from the leaves of the PVY-infected tobacco plants. After 10min, the leaves were washed liberally with tap water. In mock inoculations, water was used instead of the sap.
Viral amplification was monitored by semiquantitative reverse-transcription PCR as described before (Szajko et al., 2008 (link)), but by running only 22 cycles. Separate PCR reactions of potato elongation factor 1-α (EF-1) expression were performed as loading control (Varet et al., 2002 (link)).

Baebler Š., Witek K., Petek M., Stare K., Tušek-Žnidarič M., Pompe-Novak M., Renaut J., Szajko K., Strzelczyk-Żyta D., Marczewski W., Morgiewicz K., Gruden K, & Hennig J. (2014). Salicylic acid is an indispensable component of the Ny-1 resistance-gene-mediated response against Potato virus Y infection in potato. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65(4), 1095-1109.

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Publication 2014

Acclimatization Agrobacterium tumefaciens carborundum Elongation Factor 1alpha Genotype Nicotiana Nicotiana tabacum Plants Plants, Transgenic Plasmids Powder Reverse Transcription salicylate 1-monooxygenase Solanum tuberosum Strains Transgenes Vaccination

Ontogenetic Bone Histology of Equus hemionus

Thin sections from femur, tibia, metatarsus and metacarpus were analyzed in an ontogenetic series of 9 specimens of E. hemionus (Table 1). Only specimen IPS83154 lacks metacarpal bone, totaling 35 the cross-sections studied. As shown in Table 1, the sample includes individuals from different habitats, sex and ages. Sex data were provided by curators while age at death was estimated according to dental eruption pattern of the species (Lkhagvasuren et al., 2013 (link)) and corroborated with the analysis of cementum layers in adult individuals (R Schafberg, pers. comm., 2014). Wild specimens (IPS83876–IPS83877) were collected during the Mongolian-German Biological Expeditions in the Gobi desert (Schöpke et al., 2012 ) and are housed at the Natural History Collections of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (Halle, Germany). Captive individuals (IPS83149–IPS83155) lived in the Hagenbeck Zoo (Hamburg, Germany) and belong to the collections of the Zoological Institute of Hamburg University (Hamburg, Germany).
From the mid-shaft of each bone, we prepared histological slices following standard procedures in our laboratory (Nacarino-Meneses, Jordana & Köhler, 2016 (link)). After measuring and photographing each bone, three centimeters of its mid-shaft were cut and embedded in an epoxy resin (Araldite 2020). This block was later cut into two halves (ISO Met, Biometa) and the exposed surface was polished with carborundum powder to be fixed to a frosted glass with an UV curing glue (Loctite 358). Afterwards, it was cut with a diamond saw (Petrothin, Buehler) up to a thickness of 100–120 microns and polished again with carborundum powder. Finally, a mix of oils (Lamm, 2013 ) was spread over the slice before being sheltered with a cover slip. Longitudinal sections were also prepared from several blocks to corroborate that the identification of bone tissue types does not rely on the orientation of the cutting plane (Stein & Prondvai, 2014 (link)). All thin-sections were observed in a Leica DM 2500P microscope under polarized light with a 1/4λ filter and photographed with the camera incorporated in the microscope. The use of a retardation filter that colors the cross-section, which is not mandatory in this kind of studies, was used to improve the visualization of BGMs and to facilitate the description of bone histology and skeletochronology (Turner-Walker & Mays, 2008 ).
To analyze the histological variability between skeletal elements, bone tissue types and BGMs were studied. The histological descriptions follow the classification of Francillon-Vieillot et al. (1990) and De Margerie, Cubo & Castanet (2002) (link). The terminology proposed by Prondvai et al. (2014) (link) was employed to describe the different components of the fibrolamellar complex (FLC) (a special case of woven-parallel complex for this authors): “fibrous” or woven bone (WB) and “lamellar” or parallel-fibered bone (PFB). Because the femoral bone histology of the Asiatic wild ass has previously been described in detail (Nacarino-Meneses, Jordana & Köhler, 2016 (link)), only descriptions of the bone tissue of tibiae, metacarpi and metatarsi will be detailed in the present work. Regarding growth marks, we have generally used the term “bone growth mark—BGM,” interchangeably for LAGs or annuli, instead of “cyclical growth mark—CGM” because not all the marks identified in the samples have proved to be periodical. Double LAGs or LAGs that split were considered as a single event. BGMs were traced along the cross-sections and superimposition of individuals was performed to identify growth marks that have been erased by the remodeling process or the expansion of the medullary cavity (Woodward, Padian & Lee, 2013 ). Each BGM circumference was measured with ImageJ^® software to estimate the bones’ perimeter at different times during ontogeny and the results were plotted to obtain growth curves for each sample (Bybee, Lee & Lamm, 2006 (link)). The perimeter of the cross-section was also calculated with ImageJ^® software in those animals that are still growing (subadult individuals) to estimate its bone perimeter at the time of death. The perimeter of adult individuals was not determined and only the length of the BGMs identified within the EFS is shown. Because it is generally considered that the presence of EFS indicates the cessation of radial growth in long bones (Huttenlocker, Woodward & Hall, 2013 ), the length of the BGMs located in this bone tissue and the perimeter of the cross-section are almost the same value. Thus, the estimation of the cross-section’s perimeter in adult specimens does not provide relevant information about the growth of the animal. Furthermore, we calculated the size variation per year of each bone in yearling and adult specimens as the difference of BGMs’ perimeters of consecutive annual growth cycles and interpreted it as a proxy of growth rate. Finally, several life history traits were calculated in each bone from the study of CGMs. Age at death of the specimens was determined as the total number of CGMs present in the bone cortex (Castanet et al., 2004 (link)) and compared with the age estimated from teeth. Age at maturity was calculated by counting the CGMs before the deposition of the EFS (Chinsamy & Valenzuela, 2008 ; Marín-Moratalla, Jordana & Köhler, 2013 (link)) and contrasted with literature data.

Nacarino-Meneses C., Jordana X, & Köhler M. (2016). Histological variability in the limb bones of the Asiatic wild ass and its significance for life history inferences. PeerJ, 4, e2580.

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Publication 2016

Most recents protocols related to «Carborundum»

Inoculation of Tomato Plants with TSWV Strains

Not available on PMC !

Two California strains of TSWV, one RB strain carrying the C118Y mutation (CA-C118Y-referred to as CA-RB throughout this paper) and one California WT strain lacking the mutation (CA-WT), were obtained from BASF Vegetable Seeds (Supplementary Table S1). Tomato seedlings (2 to 3 weeks old) were inoculated by mechanically rubbing the virus-containing sap of infected plant leaves onto tomato using carborundum-dusted leaves. Young leaves from TSWV-infected tomato stock plants were ground in an ice-cold mortar with approximately 5 to 10 ml of sodium sulfite solution (63 mg of sodium sulfite per 50 ml of tap water) as a buffer. The ground tissue was applied to plants using sterile cotton applicators by rubbing them onto tomato leaves sprinkled with carborundum to wound the leaf. The inoculated leaves were sprayed with distilled water to remove the remaining carborundum 10 min later. Control plants were mock inoculated with the buffer only. Tomato plants inoculated with the two strains were kept in separate mesh cages to prevent cross contamination.

Shymanovich T., Saville A.C., Mohammad N., Wei Q., Rasmussen D.A., Lahre K.A., Rotenberg D., Whitfield A.E., & Ristaino J.B. (2024). Disease Progress and Detection of a California Resistance-Breaking Strain of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Tomato with LAMP and CRISPR-Cas12a Assays. PhytoFrontiers™, 4(1), 50-60.

Publication 2024

Uniform Sample Surface Polishing

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2024

Lunar Regolith Simulant Microwave Heating

A lunar regolith simulant (FJS-1, Shimizu
Corporation, Median: 70 μm, Table S1) was used for a model regolith sample. The complex dielectric permittivity
of FJS-1 measured by the cavity perturbation method at 2.45 GHz was
ε_r* = 4.79-j0.0871 with no electrical conductivity.
The silicon carbide (SiC) microwave susceptors (carborundum nos. #16
and #100, Kishida Chemical Co. Ltd.) were used for multimode microwave
heating.

Tsubaki S., Fujii S., Yamamoto M., Kanamori H., Hoshino T., Hosoda S, & Wada Y. (2024). Self-Sufficient Production of Lunar Regolith Gravels on the Moon by Ultrarapid Microwave Sintering. ACS Omega, 9(20), 22488-22494.

Publication 2024

Synthesis of rGO-CNF Composite

rGO was obtained
from Carborundum Universal Ltd., India and has the following specifications:
less than 5 layers, bulk density ∼0.001 g/cm³, surface
area ∼500–600 m²/g. rGO was directly used
without any further treatment. CNF (purity >99.9%) was purchased
from
Intelligent Materials Pvt. Ltd. (Nanoshel), India. Deionized (DI)
water (Milli-Q, Millipore) was used for the preparation of the solution.

Nargatti K.I., Ahankari S.S., Dizon J.R, & Subramaniam R.T. (2024). Environmentally Friendly Water-Based Reduced Graphene Oxide/Cellulose Nanofiber Ink for Supercapacitor Electrode Applications. ACS Omega, 9(10), 11730-11737.

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Publication 2024

In-situ Microbial Response to Organic-Inorganic Fertilizer

Not available on PMC !

The carborundum tubes were employed to conduct the in situ field experiment. In 2021, four treatments were selected from the experimental station, including: (1) no fertilizer treatment (CK); (2) single application of chemical fertilizer treatment (NPK); (3) single application of organic fertilizer (M); (4) combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (MNPK). The basic soil properties and fertilizer application rates for each treatment are detailed in Tables 1 and2. In the spring of 2021, undisturbed soil samples from the 0~20 cm soil layer under different treatments were collected. The crops for the season were maize. After removing plant roots and other impurities, the samples were air-dried until the moisture content reached the plastic limit of the soil (approximately 22% to 25% moisture content). The large soil clumps were gently broken along the fragile zone, allowing them to pass through a 2 mm sieve, and then further air-dried at room temperature. A portion of the air-dried soil was retained as a control without any straw addition (0 g of straw added). The airdried soil (120 g) from each treatment was taken and mixed with maize straw (0.5~1 cm, 1.5 g), equivalent to actual crop straw returning to the field. The mixture was then filled into carborundum tubes (38 mm of the inner diameter, 55 mm of the outer diameter, 155 mm of the height, 8.5 mm tube wall thickness, and 140 µm by 70 µm pore size where only water molecules, organic C, and air could penetrate the wall while mycorrhizae and plant roots could not pass) and buried in the corresponding 0~20 cm soil layer of the field for in situ field incubation on 20 May 2021. Each treatment has three repetitions. The distance between each tube was 5 cm. Soil samples were collected at different time points, specifically, at 60 days (20 July 2021), 150 days (20 October 2021), and 360 days (20 May 2022) after incubation. During sampling, the carborundum tubes were inverted and gently shaken to release all the soil samples. A four-point method was used to collect 40 g of soil sample from each tube. The remaining soil was carefully placed back into the carborundum tubes, resealed, and buried back into the corresponding soil layers. After being air-dried, the soil samples were pulverized and sieved for the determination of soil nutrients and other indicators. The basic properties of the 13 C-labeled maize straw are as follows: δ 13 C value of 247‰, carbon content of the maize straw used is 356 g•kg -1 , nitrogen content is 10.2 g•kg -1 , and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is 34.90.

Zhang J., Yuan J., Zhu Y., Kuang E., Han J., Shi Y., Fengqin C., Wei D., & Liu J. (2024). Transformation and Sequestration of Total Organic Carbon in Black Soil under Different Fertilization Regimes with Straw Carbon Inputs. Agriculture, 14(6), 887-887.

Publication 2024

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More about "Carborundum"

Carborundum, also known as silicon carbide (SiC), is a hard, crystalline compound composed of carbon and silicon.
It is an exceptionally durable material with exceptional thermal and electrical properties, making it a highly versatile industrial material.
Carborundum is widely used in abrasives, cutting tools, and high-temperature applications, thanks to its exceptional hardness and wear resistance.
Paladur is a type of high-performance ceramic material that shares some similarities with carborundum, as it is also composed of silicon and carbon.
The S-3400N scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a powerful tool used to analyze the microstructure and surface characteristics of materials like carborundum and Paladur.
In research applications, carborundum may be used in conjunction with other materials and techniques, such as the TRIzol reagent for RNA extraction, the Helios Gene Gun System for particle bombardment, and the DAS-ELISA (Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) for protein detection.
The Isomet saw can be utilized to precisely cut and shape carborundum pieces, while SYBR Green is a fluorescent dye used to detect and quantify DNA, which may be relevant in carborundum-related experiments.
The AmpliCap-Max T7 High Yield Message Maker Kit is a tool that can be used to synthesize high-quality RNA, which could be useful in studies involving carborundum or related materials.
PubCompare.ai's cutting-edge technology can help researchers optimize their experimental design and identify the most effective carborundum products, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of their research.