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Caustics
Caustics
Caustics are the curved, luminous patterns formed on a surface by the reflection or refraction of light from a curved surface or object.
They are often observed in nature, such as the patterns of light on the bottom of a swimming pool or the shimmering effects on the surface of water.
Caustics can also be produced artificially, such as in the design of certain lighting fixtures or optical devices.
Understaning the properties and behavior of caustics is an important area of study in optics and light-based technologies.
They are often observed in nature, such as the patterns of light on the bottom of a swimming pool or the shimmering effects on the surface of water.
Caustics can also be produced artificially, such as in the design of certain lighting fixtures or optical devices.
Understaning the properties and behavior of caustics is an important area of study in optics and light-based technologies.
Most cited protocols related to «Caustics»
Abortion Techniques
Caustics
Curettage
Dilatation
Factor V
Foreign Bodies
Induced Abortions
Misoprostol
Obstetric Delivery
Pregnancy
Safety
Vacuum Curettage
Prior to filtration, the membrane was conditioned with caustic Ultrasil 69 (0.4% v/v, Ecolab Deutschland, Monheim am Rhein, Germany) at 50 °C for 20 min to charge the membrane negatively. Then, 150 L of skim milk (native pH of 6.8 at 10 °C) were heated from 4 °C to the process temperatures of 10 °C and 50 °C, respectively. The filtration plant was flushed with 50 L skim milk without permeate production (permeate valve closed). Pressure was adjusted to the target ΔpTM and the permeate and retentate streams were recirculated. After the start-up procedure, flux was measured continuously and filtration tests were run with one of the following filtration protocols:
Stepwise increasing and subsequently stepwise decreasing ΔpTM
Setting ΔpTM directly to target level and keeping it constant during the experiment
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Caustics
Filtration
Milk, Cow's
Plants
Pressure
rhein
Tissue, Membrane
The reagents were of analytical
grade unless stated otherwise. All analyses were performed on samples
taken from the aerated bioreactor unless stated otherwise. The liquid
was circulated through all sections of the system (i.e., H2S absorber, anaerobic bioreactor and aerated bioreactor) with a flow
of 8 kg/h (streams 1, 2, and 3 inFigure 1 ). Hence, the HRT’s in the different
sections of the process were: 4 min in the absorber bottom, 44 min
in the anaerobic bioreactor and 94 min in the aerated bioreactor.
Therefore, the alkalinity and concentrations of SO42–, S2O32–,
S8 and bacteria were equal throughout the complete system
(which was verified by measurements) and the concentrations measured
in samples of the aerated bioreactor were also representative for
the liquid in the H2S absorber and anaerobic bioreactor.
The composition of the treated gas of the H2S absorber
(sampled every 3 min) was analyzed for H2S, CO2 and N2, using a gas chromatograph (GC) (EnCal 3000, Honeywell,
Morristown, NJ). The GC was equipped with a molsieve and a ppu column
(both 10m), using helium as carrier gas. The molsieve column was operated
at a pressure of 200 kpa and 100 °C. The GC was calibrated weekly.
To determine the HS– removal in the anaerobic
bioreactor, the total sulfide concentration (Stot2–), which is the sum of S2–, HS– and polysulfide-sulfane (Sx2–), was measured in a sample of the anaerobic
reactor by titration with a solution of 0.1 M AgNO3, using
a Titrino Plus Titrator (Metrohm, Herisau, Switzerland). Before titration,
the tested sample was filtered over a 0.45 μm cellulose acetate
membrane filter to remove S8 and bacteria. Two mL of filtered
sample was added to 80 mL 4% (w/v) NaOH, with 1 mL of 30% (w/v) NH4OH to stabilize Stot2–. A comparison between unfiltered and filtered samples did not show
significant differences.
The specific HS– removal
efficiency in the anaerobic
bioreactor (mg S/mg N) was calculated based on the H2S
load, the liquid flows, the measured HS– concentration
and the biomass concentration, according toeq 1 . Here, H2S load
is the mass loading in the H2S absorber
(mg S h–1), and the solution flow is the liquid
flow to the anaerobic reactor (L h–1). [Stot2–]meas is the total measured sulfide concentration (mg
S L–1) and Xb is the biomass concentration (mg N
L–1).
The biomass concentration was measured
as the amount of total organic
N using the Dr. Lange cuvette test LCK138 (Hach Lange, Germany). The
difference between the supernatant (i.e., a sample centrifuged for
10 min at 14 000g) and a noncentrifuged sample
indicated the total amount of N present in the biomass. It was confirmed
that the presence of biologically produced S8 did not affect
the N analyses, provided that the samples were at least 5 times diluted.
Considering the generic stoichiometric chemical equation for HA-SOB,
that is, CH1.8O0.5N0.2,20 (link) the total N amount accounts for 10 mol % of
the total dry weight biomass.
The specific conductivity of the
samples was monitored using an
offline conductivity sensor (LF 340, WTW, Weilheim, Germany). The
alkalinity was measured with titration with 0.1 M HCL to pH 4.3, using
a titrator (Titralab AT1000, Hach Lange, Germany). The method was
verified with an analysis in accordance with WAC/III/A/006.
After removal of cells and S8 by centrifugation for
10 min at 14 000g, the supernatant samples
were analyzed for COD—in duplicate, (Lange cuvette test LCK514,
Hach Lange Germany) at 605 nm, and using a spectrophotometer (Hach
Lange, Germany)—to determine total dissolved S2O32–. In addition, the sample was analyzed
for SO42–, by using a Hach Lange cuvette
test LCK353 and spectrophotometer at 800 nm. These methods were verified
with an ion chromatography method, in accordance with ISO 10304-1.
The concentration of total suspended solids (TSS), consisting of
mainly S8, was analyzed in triplicate. A 5–15 mL
sample (depending on the TSS concentration) was filtered over a predried
(24h, 60 °C) and preweighed GF/C Glass microfiber filter (Whatman).
After drying (60 °C for at least 24h), the filters were weighed
again. The TSS was determined as the difference between the final
weight and initial weight, divided by the sample weight.
As
the formed S8 particles have a tendency to attach
to the reactor wall, it was not possible to calculate the S8 production rate from the analyses. As no products other than S8, SO42– and S2O32– were measured in the reactor,7 (link) the production rate of S8 could be
calculated from the following mass balance: Here, PS8, PSO42– and PS2O32– are the production
rates of S8,
SO42–, and S2O32–, respectively, in mol S-product day–1 and IH2S is the volumetric H2S influent in
mol S day–1. The production rates of both SO42– and S2O32– (not shown) are calculated as follows: The selectivities were calculated
according toeq 4 : Here, effluent is
the total
effluent of the system (L) in time interval Δt (days) (i.e., sample volumes, S8 slurry, and bleed),
[ ] the average concentration (mol
S L–1) over time interval Δt, V the total liquid volume of the system (18.7
L) and Δ[ ] the concentration
changes (mol S L–1) over time interval Δt. The
mathematical equation to determine the caustic use and bleed flow
of a full scale system based on the product selectivities can be found
in theSupporting Information (SI 4) .
The samples for microbial community analysis were conserved immediately
after sampling by addition of ethanol up to 50% (v/v). DNA was extracted
with the MPbio FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil. Subsequently, PCR was used
to amplify the V3 and V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria giving
a 400bp product. The library prep, sequencing and data analysis was
performed via the 16S BioProphyler method,21 using the Illumina PE300 platform and MiSeq sequencer. Within the
BioProphyler method all primer sequences and low quality reads were
deleted from the raw data sets. The obtained sequences were compared
with the online nt database with the aid of the BLAST algorithm. Low
abundance reads were not removed from the data set and no correction
on differences in library size was applied. The reported species name
is the species which is most related to the detected sequence. TheSupporting Information contains the accession
numbers of the sequences with the respective number of reads. The
EMBL-EBI accession number for presented 16S rRNA sequencing set is
PRJEB31478.
grade unless stated otherwise. All analyses were performed on samples
taken from the aerated bioreactor unless stated otherwise. The liquid
was circulated through all sections of the system (i.e., H2S absorber, anaerobic bioreactor and aerated bioreactor) with a flow
of 8 kg/h (streams 1, 2, and 3 in
sections of the process were: 4 min in the absorber bottom, 44 min
in the anaerobic bioreactor and 94 min in the aerated bioreactor.
Therefore, the alkalinity and concentrations of SO42–, S2O32–,
S8 and bacteria were equal throughout the complete system
(which was verified by measurements) and the concentrations measured
in samples of the aerated bioreactor were also representative for
the liquid in the H2S absorber and anaerobic bioreactor.
The composition of the treated gas of the H2S absorber
(sampled every 3 min) was analyzed for H2S, CO2 and N2, using a gas chromatograph (GC) (EnCal 3000, Honeywell,
Morristown, NJ). The GC was equipped with a molsieve and a ppu column
(both 10m), using helium as carrier gas. The molsieve column was operated
at a pressure of 200 kpa and 100 °C. The GC was calibrated weekly.
To determine the HS– removal in the anaerobic
bioreactor, the total sulfide concentration (Stot2–), which is the sum of S2–, HS– and polysulfide-sulfane (Sx2–), was measured in a sample of the anaerobic
reactor by titration with a solution of 0.1 M AgNO3, using
a Titrino Plus Titrator (Metrohm, Herisau, Switzerland). Before titration,
the tested sample was filtered over a 0.45 μm cellulose acetate
membrane filter to remove S8 and bacteria. Two mL of filtered
sample was added to 80 mL 4% (w/v) NaOH, with 1 mL of 30% (w/v) NH4OH to stabilize Stot2–. A comparison between unfiltered and filtered samples did not show
significant differences.
The specific HS– removal
efficiency in the anaerobic
bioreactor (mg S/mg N) was calculated based on the H2S
load, the liquid flows, the measured HS– concentration
and the biomass concentration, according to
is the mass loading in the H2S absorber
(mg S h–1), and the solution flow is the liquid
flow to the anaerobic reactor (L h–1). [Stot2–]meas is the total measured sulfide concentration (mg
S L–1) and Xb is the biomass concentration (mg N
L–1).
The biomass concentration was measured
as the amount of total organic
N using the Dr. Lange cuvette test LCK138 (Hach Lange, Germany). The
difference between the supernatant (i.e., a sample centrifuged for
10 min at 14 000g) and a noncentrifuged sample
indicated the total amount of N present in the biomass. It was confirmed
that the presence of biologically produced S8 did not affect
the N analyses, provided that the samples were at least 5 times diluted.
Considering the generic stoichiometric chemical equation for HA-SOB,
that is, CH1.8O0.5N0.2,20 (link) the total N amount accounts for 10 mol % of
the total dry weight biomass.
The specific conductivity of the
samples was monitored using an
offline conductivity sensor (LF 340, WTW, Weilheim, Germany). The
alkalinity was measured with titration with 0.1 M HCL to pH 4.3, using
a titrator (Titralab AT1000, Hach Lange, Germany). The method was
verified with an analysis in accordance with WAC/III/A/006.
After removal of cells and S8 by centrifugation for
10 min at 14 000g, the supernatant samples
were analyzed for COD—in duplicate, (Lange cuvette test LCK514,
Hach Lange Germany) at 605 nm, and using a spectrophotometer (Hach
Lange, Germany)—to determine total dissolved S2O32–. In addition, the sample was analyzed
for SO42–, by using a Hach Lange cuvette
test LCK353 and spectrophotometer at 800 nm. These methods were verified
with an ion chromatography method, in accordance with ISO 10304-1.
The concentration of total suspended solids (TSS), consisting of
mainly S8, was analyzed in triplicate. A 5–15 mL
sample (depending on the TSS concentration) was filtered over a predried
(24h, 60 °C) and preweighed GF/C Glass microfiber filter (Whatman).
After drying (60 °C for at least 24h), the filters were weighed
again. The TSS was determined as the difference between the final
weight and initial weight, divided by the sample weight.
As
the formed S8 particles have a tendency to attach
to the reactor wall, it was not possible to calculate the S8 production rate from the analyses. As no products other than S8, SO42– and S2O32– were measured in the reactor,7 (link) the production rate of S8 could be
calculated from the following mass balance: Here, PS8, PSO42– and PS2O32– are the production
rates of S8,
SO42–, and S2O32–, respectively, in mol S-product day–1 and IH2S is the volumetric H2S influent in
mol S day–1. The production rates of both SO42– and S2O32– (not shown) are calculated as follows: The selectivities were calculated
according to
the total
effluent of the system (L) in time interval Δt (days) (i.e., sample volumes, S8 slurry, and bleed),
[ ] the average concentration (mol
S L–1) over time interval Δt, V the total liquid volume of the system (18.7
L) and Δ[ ] the concentration
changes (mol S L–1) over time interval Δt. The
mathematical equation to determine the caustic use and bleed flow
of a full scale system based on the product selectivities can be found
in the
The samples for microbial community analysis were conserved immediately
after sampling by addition of ethanol up to 50% (v/v). DNA was extracted
with the MPbio FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil. Subsequently, PCR was used
to amplify the V3 and V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria giving
a 400bp product. The library prep, sequencing and data analysis was
performed via the 16S BioProphyler method,21 using the Illumina PE300 platform and MiSeq sequencer. Within the
BioProphyler method all primer sequences and low quality reads were
deleted from the raw data sets. The obtained sequences were compared
with the online nt database with the aid of the BLAST algorithm. Low
abundance reads were not removed from the data set and no correction
on differences in library size was applied. The reported species name
is the species which is most related to the detected sequence. The
numbers of the sequences with the respective number of reads. The
EMBL-EBI accession number for presented 16S rRNA sequencing set is
PRJEB31478.
Alkalies
Bacteria
Bacterial Proteins
Bioreactors
Caustics
Cells
Cellulose
Centrifugation
Chromatography
Cysteamine
DNA Library
Electric Conductivity
Ethanol
Gas Chromatography
Generic Drugs
Genetic Selection
Helium
Microbial Community
Oligonucleotide Primers
polysulfide
Pressure
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Sulfides
sulfur-32
Titrimetry
A retrospective chart review of 288 adult patients (>18 years of age) who were admitted to Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, for caustic ingestion between June 1999 and July 2006 was conducted. Parameters analysed were age, gender, intent of ingestion, substance ingested and amount, time to expiration, ICU admittance, length of hospital stay, complications, and the severity of mucosal injury as assessed by EGD.
EGD with a standard upper GI endoscope was performed by experienced physicians within 24 hours of ingestion. Endoscopes used were Olympus GIF XQ-230, GIF Q-240X, and GIF Q-260, with diameters of 9.2 mm, 9.4 mm, and 9.2 mm, respectively (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Oral cavity xylocaine spray was used for anaesthesia except in 15 cases, which received ventilation support under general anaesthesia because of respiratory difficulty (n = 11) or unclear consciousness (n = 4). Gentle insufflations and retrovisual methods were performed carefully or avoided in the presence of severe stomach injury. Mucosal damage was graded using a modified endoscopic classification described by Zagar et al [11 (link)] (Table1 ).
Patients were treated with a proton pump inhibitor or H2 antagonist and were maintained without oral intake until their condition was considered stable. Patients received parenteral nutrition during this period. If infection was suspected, antibiotics (a 1st generation cepholasporin and gentamicin) were administered after blood cultures were obtained. If a patient's condition destablized or respiratory difficulty was encountered, they were transferred to the intensive care unit for further evaluation. After discharge, patients were followed in the outpatient clinic for at least 6 months. Any complications observed during follow-up were recorded. Upper GI complications included bleeding, perforation, and stricture formation. Bleeding was defined as melena, hematemasis, and/or coffee-ground vomitus. Perforation was diagnosed by the presence of free air on a plain chest radiograph. Stricture was defined as dysphagia, symptoms of regurgitation, or difficulty in swallowing with confirmation by endoscopy, esophagogram, and/or upper GI radiography. Systemic complications included renal insufficiency, liver damage, diffuse intravascular coagulation, and hemolysis. Liver damage was defined as an elevation in the serum level of alanine aminotransferase or asparatate aminotransferase greater than 3 times the upper normal limit. Renal insufficiency was defined as a plasma creatinine level of >1.4 mg/dL in the absence of other renal diseases. Criteria for disseminated intravascular coagulation and/or hemolysis were prolonged plasma coagulation time, decreased fibrinogen or antithrombin levels, and decreased platelet count.
Demographic data were described by mean and standard deviations for normally distributed continuous variables, median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Wald's Chi-Square tests adjusted for age obtained by generalized estimation equations were used to evaluate for overall survival and complications over grade of mucosal injury. Data subset was subsequently analyzed using logistic regression. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.0 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, US), and P < 0.05 was considered significant.
EGD with a standard upper GI endoscope was performed by experienced physicians within 24 hours of ingestion. Endoscopes used were Olympus GIF XQ-230, GIF Q-240X, and GIF Q-260, with diameters of 9.2 mm, 9.4 mm, and 9.2 mm, respectively (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Oral cavity xylocaine spray was used for anaesthesia except in 15 cases, which received ventilation support under general anaesthesia because of respiratory difficulty (n = 11) or unclear consciousness (n = 4). Gentle insufflations and retrovisual methods were performed carefully or avoided in the presence of severe stomach injury. Mucosal damage was graded using a modified endoscopic classification described by Zagar et al [11 (link)] (Table
Patients were treated with a proton pump inhibitor or H2 antagonist and were maintained without oral intake until their condition was considered stable. Patients received parenteral nutrition during this period. If infection was suspected, antibiotics (a 1st generation cepholasporin and gentamicin) were administered after blood cultures were obtained. If a patient's condition destablized or respiratory difficulty was encountered, they were transferred to the intensive care unit for further evaluation. After discharge, patients were followed in the outpatient clinic for at least 6 months. Any complications observed during follow-up were recorded. Upper GI complications included bleeding, perforation, and stricture formation. Bleeding was defined as melena, hematemasis, and/or coffee-ground vomitus. Perforation was diagnosed by the presence of free air on a plain chest radiograph. Stricture was defined as dysphagia, symptoms of regurgitation, or difficulty in swallowing with confirmation by endoscopy, esophagogram, and/or upper GI radiography. Systemic complications included renal insufficiency, liver damage, diffuse intravascular coagulation, and hemolysis. Liver damage was defined as an elevation in the serum level of alanine aminotransferase or asparatate aminotransferase greater than 3 times the upper normal limit. Renal insufficiency was defined as a plasma creatinine level of >1.4 mg/dL in the absence of other renal diseases. Criteria for disseminated intravascular coagulation and/or hemolysis were prolonged plasma coagulation time, decreased fibrinogen or antithrombin levels, and decreased platelet count.
Demographic data were described by mean and standard deviations for normally distributed continuous variables, median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Wald's Chi-Square tests adjusted for age obtained by generalized estimation equations were used to evaluate for overall survival and complications over grade of mucosal injury. Data subset was subsequently analyzed using logistic regression. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.0 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, US), and P < 0.05 was considered significant.
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Adult
Alanine Transaminase
Anesthesia
Antibiotics
Antithrombin III
Blood Culture
Caustics
Coagulation, Blood
Coffee
Consciousness
Creatinine
Dental Caries
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Dyspnea
Endoscopes
Endoscopy
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Fibrinogen
Gender
General Anesthesia
Gentamicin
Hemolysis
Histamine H2 Antagonists
Infection
Injuries
Insufflation
Kidney Diseases
Liver
Melena
Mucous Membrane
Oral Spray
Parenteral Nutrition
Patient Discharge
Patients
Physicians
Plasma
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Radiography, Thoracic
Renal Insufficiency
Serum
Stenosis
Stomach
Thrombocytopenia
Transaminases
X-Rays, Diagnostic
Xylocaine
ACE protein, human
Antibodies, Antinuclear
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies
Caustics
Cytoplasm
Diagnosis
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Erythema
Injuries
Intubation
Intubation, Intratracheal
Laryngostenosis
Larynx
Lupus Vulgaris
Malignant Neoplasms
Multiple Trauma
Neck
Operative Surgical Procedures
Patients
Polychondritis, Relapsing
Radiotherapy
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Sarcoidosis
Stenosis
Thyroid Gland
Trachea
Tracheal Stenosis
Tracheostomy
Tracheotomy
Vasculitis
Wounds and Injuries
Most recents protocols related to «Caustics»
Participants were stratified by occupational role (supervisor, non‐supervisor) reported while on site at the WTC. Duration on site has been identified as a primary risk factor for CI in this cohort and was included here as ≥15 weeks (the top quintile of exposure durations). Exposure to the dust cloud on the morning of 9/11 has been identified as the most intense and caustic period of particle and gas exposure and has been implicated in the severity of long‐term health outcomes among WTC‐affected populations so we included dust cloud exposure.44 , 45 Probable PTSD was assessed using the 17‐item PTSD Checklist (PCL‐C) for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition.46 The index was created by summing symptoms (Cronbach's α = 0.95), and a cutoff of PCL ≥44 was used to determine WTC‐related probable PTSD (hereafter, PTSD).
6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency
Caustics
Population Group
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Open the protocol to access the free full text link
Caustics
Hospitalization
Smoke
Suicide Attempt
Traffic Accidents
We performed a retrospective analysis of all pediatric patients who were admitted for corrosive ingestion at Pediatric Clinics II, Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, over 10 years. A total of 22 children were diagnosed with corrosive esophagitis. All children undertook upper endoscopy within 24 h of their hospital admission. The esophageal injuries were graded using Zagar endoscopic classification [9 (link),12 (link),13 (link)] scale (Table 1 ).
The inclusion criteria were patients with positive anamnesis and specific symptoms of caustic ingestion, such as dysphagia, nausea, emesis, fever, or drooling of saliva. This study included only symptomatic patients.
Parents have been fully informed regarding the endoscopies. Parental consent regarding endoscopy was acquired for all participants. The exclusion criteria were children with a significant systemic inflammatory response. The endoscopies were performed by the same gastroenterology specialists. The caustic agent has been identified based on anamnesis and toxicological examination. The research was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca (187/2012—1 CD-ROM). Patients with grade 1 endoscopic findings were clinically observed and then discharged from the hospital with a 4-week follow-up. Proton pump inhibitors were prescribed for all patients, whereas corticosteroids and antibiotics were administered to all children with grade 2 and 3 injuries.
The inclusion criteria were patients with positive anamnesis and specific symptoms of caustic ingestion, such as dysphagia, nausea, emesis, fever, or drooling of saliva. This study included only symptomatic patients.
Parents have been fully informed regarding the endoscopies. Parental consent regarding endoscopy was acquired for all participants. The exclusion criteria were children with a significant systemic inflammatory response. The endoscopies were performed by the same gastroenterology specialists. The caustic agent has been identified based on anamnesis and toxicological examination. The research was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca (187/2012—1 CD-ROM). Patients with grade 1 endoscopic findings were clinically observed and then discharged from the hospital with a 4-week follow-up. Proton pump inhibitors were prescribed for all patients, whereas corticosteroids and antibiotics were administered to all children with grade 2 and 3 injuries.
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Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Antibiotics, Antitubercular
Caustics
Child
Corrosives
Deglutition Disorders
Emergencies
Endoscopy
Esophagitis
Fever
Immunologic Memory
Inflammation
Injuries
Nausea
Parent
Patients
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Saliva
Specialists
Vomiting
This study is a cross-sectional study in which 226 individuals who are 18 years or younger facing burn injuries from 2017 to 2018 in Fars province are included the study. Age equal to or less than 18 years of burn victims and report of burn event to pre-hospital emergency service are determined as the inclusion criteria of this study, and those patients not fulfilling these criteria and the patients having underlying diseases were excluded.
Data was collected from patient files provided by the pre-hospital emergency services of Fars province according to the case report form. This form includes information regarding demographic information (age, gender), burn related information (cause, severity, and degree of burn), hospital transfer (outpatient surgery or hospital transfer) and the outcome of the disease (death before reaching to the hospital or alive).
Degree of burns: It classifies into 4 degrees. Depth and intensity of burn lesion increase from 1st to 4th degree. In First-degree or superficial burns, only the epidermis is involved. In second-degree or semi-deep burns, a part of the dermis is involved as well. In third-degree or deep burns, the entire dermis is destroyed and often the underlying subcutaneous tissue is also affected. Finally, in fourth-degree burns, the underlying tissues such as muscles or bones are also affected.
Determination of degree of burn: For determination of the degree of burns, the rule of nine was used, which is attached below [12 (link)]. The rule of nine is more applicable to adults. Head, both upper limbs, both lower limbs, anterior and posterior of the trunk are equivalent to 9,9,18 and 18 percent of the body area respectively.
Cause and type of burns: Heat damage (boiling water and direct contact with hot objects, petrol, flame, gas cylinder explosion, gas heaters or cylinder stoves, fire and Incendiary explosion), electrical and chemical burns (acid, base, caustics)
Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software 25.0 version, and data was presented as mean±standard deviation. The Chi-square test was performed for comparing categorical data. t-test and ANOVA were also used to compare the average of two and more than two groups. Statistical data ≤0.05 was considered significant.
Data was collected from patient files provided by the pre-hospital emergency services of Fars province according to the case report form. This form includes information regarding demographic information (age, gender), burn related information (cause, severity, and degree of burn), hospital transfer (outpatient surgery or hospital transfer) and the outcome of the disease (death before reaching to the hospital or alive).
Degree of burns: It classifies into 4 degrees. Depth and intensity of burn lesion increase from 1st to 4th degree. In First-degree or superficial burns, only the epidermis is involved. In second-degree or semi-deep burns, a part of the dermis is involved as well. In third-degree or deep burns, the entire dermis is destroyed and often the underlying subcutaneous tissue is also affected. Finally, in fourth-degree burns, the underlying tissues such as muscles or bones are also affected.
Determination of degree of burn: For determination of the degree of burns, the rule of nine was used, which is attached below [12 (link)]. The rule of nine is more applicable to adults. Head, both upper limbs, both lower limbs, anterior and posterior of the trunk are equivalent to 9,9,18 and 18 percent of the body area respectively.
Cause and type of burns: Heat damage (boiling water and direct contact with hot objects, petrol, flame, gas cylinder explosion, gas heaters or cylinder stoves, fire and Incendiary explosion), electrical and chemical burns (acid, base, caustics)
Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software 25.0 version, and data was presented as mean±standard deviation. The Chi-square test was performed for comparing categorical data. t-test and ANOVA were also used to compare the average of two and more than two groups. Statistical data ≤0.05 was considered significant.
Acids
Adult
Ambulatory Surgical Procedures
Bones
Burns
Caustics
Chemical Burns
Dermis
Electricity
Epidermis
Explosion
Gender
Head
Human Body
Lower Extremity
Muscle Tissue
neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human
Patients
Subcutaneous Tissue
Upper Extremity
Youth
The mash, now called “beer”, was added to a 9.5 L copper pot still. The copper pot still had a condenser filled with cool water that produced the ethanol condensation after being first evaporated by heating the “beer”. The copper pot still was placed on top of the induction burner for the distillation process to occur, and the temperature was set to 207 °C until the pot still thermometer reached 76 °C. At this point, the heat was reduced to 190 °C to avoid burning the “beer”, and the pot still reached 88 °C in 15–20 more minutes. The still thermometer should stay between 88 and 92 °C for optimal distillation to ensure the beer and grains do not burn. The distillation proceeded until the collection of 700 mL of distillate (“low wines”) was complete. The alcohol concentration by volume of the low wines was measured using an alcohol hydrometer, and the low wines were diluted by adding deionized (DI) water to the desired alcohol concentration (40% v/v) before starting the second distillation to keep uniformity and consistency from batch to batch. The pot still was cleaned first with a mild caustic solution to remove any stillage on the still wall, followed by a water rinse, then a mild citric acid solution, and another rinse, between batches to ensure no mix or contamination affected the process. For the second distillation, a 4 L stainless air still (Turbo Air Still by Still Spirits, Auckland, New Zealand) with an air fan-cooled condenser and electric heating was used. The diluted low wines (800–1000 mL) were added to the air still, and distillation commenced. The first 50 mL (“heads”) were collected in a glass jar; using a different glass jar, the following 300 mL were collected (“hearts”). The “tails” last portion of the distillate was discarded. The “hearts” distillate was stored in 750 mL glass bottles at room temperature. It may be diluted with DI water to reach a similar alcohol by volume from sample to sample before a sensory evaluation.
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Beer
Caustics
Cereals
Citric Acid
Copper
Distillation
Electricity
Ethanol
Head
Heart
Tail
Thermometers
Wine
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More about "Caustics"
Caustics are the striking, luminous patterns created by the reflection or refraction of light through a curved surface or object.
These captivating optical phenomena can be observed in nature, such as the shimmering effects on the surface of water or the intricate light patterns on the bottom of a swimming pool.
Caustics are also produced artificially, for instance in the design of certain lighting fixtures and optical devices.
Understanding the properties and behavior of caustics is a crucial area of study in optics and light-based technologies.
Key subtopics related to caustics include Kapton film, a versatile polyimide material used in various optical applications, and the GIF-Q260J, GIF-Q260, and GIF-Q240X, which are electron microscope imaging tools that can capture the intricate details of caustic patterns.
The XL30 ESEM, or environmental scanning electron microscope, is another instrument used to study the microstructure and composition of materials that exhibit caustic effects.
In addition, Glutaraldehyde solution, a common chemical used in microscopy, and Tween 20, a nonionic surfactant, are sometimes employed in the preparation and analysis of samples related to caustic phenomena.
The ST 40R and Spectrum 100 are also relevant tools and instruments that can be used to further investigate and characterize the optical properties and behavior of caustics.
By exploring these related terms and subtopics, researchers and enthusiasts can gain a deeper understanding of the fascinating world of caustics and how they can be leveraged in various scientific and technological applications.
These captivating optical phenomena can be observed in nature, such as the shimmering effects on the surface of water or the intricate light patterns on the bottom of a swimming pool.
Caustics are also produced artificially, for instance in the design of certain lighting fixtures and optical devices.
Understanding the properties and behavior of caustics is a crucial area of study in optics and light-based technologies.
Key subtopics related to caustics include Kapton film, a versatile polyimide material used in various optical applications, and the GIF-Q260J, GIF-Q260, and GIF-Q240X, which are electron microscope imaging tools that can capture the intricate details of caustic patterns.
The XL30 ESEM, or environmental scanning electron microscope, is another instrument used to study the microstructure and composition of materials that exhibit caustic effects.
In addition, Glutaraldehyde solution, a common chemical used in microscopy, and Tween 20, a nonionic surfactant, are sometimes employed in the preparation and analysis of samples related to caustic phenomena.
The ST 40R and Spectrum 100 are also relevant tools and instruments that can be used to further investigate and characterize the optical properties and behavior of caustics.
By exploring these related terms and subtopics, researchers and enthusiasts can gain a deeper understanding of the fascinating world of caustics and how they can be leveraged in various scientific and technological applications.