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Chromates

Chromates are a class of chemical compounds containing the chromium (VI) oxoanion.
These substances are widely used in industrial processes, such as metal finishing, leather tanning, and pigment production.
Chromates exhibit strong oxidizing properties and can be toxic to humans and the environment if not handled properly.
Researchers studying chromates must carefully review the literature to identify the most reliable and reproducible experimental protocols.
PubCompare.ai is an AI-driven platform that helps scientists locate the best chromates research from published papers, preprints, and patents, while providing insightful comparisons to boost the accuracy and reproducibility of their own work.
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Most cited protocols related to «Chromates»

Golgi staining was performed with the FD Rapid Golgistain™ Kit (FD Neurotechnologies, MD) according to the manufacturer's instructions. In brief, freshly dissected brain was kept in impregnation solution A and B containing potassium dichromate and chromate for two weeks at room temperature. After being replaced with solution C for 48 hours at 4°C, brain tissues were sectioned into 150 µm and fixed to gelatine coated slides. The mixture of solution D, E and distilled water (1∶1∶2 ratio) were used for staining pyramidal neurons for 10 mins, followed by hydration in 50%, 75%, 95% ethanol and absolute ethanol. The brain sections were finally cleared in xylene and covered by coverslip in permount. Five neurons from 150 um-thick sections were analyzed using Neurolucida (MicroBrightField, USA) and selected according to the method described by Woolley et al. [23] (link). Only neurons located in the CA3 region of the dorsal hippocampus were selected for analysis. The selected neurons have to be relatively isolated from neighbouring impregnated neurons to avoid interference with analysis. Cells bodies should be located in the middle part of the section thickness so as to minimize the cut of branch segments. Also, the neurons should be consistently and darkly impregnated along the entire extent of all dendrites. The spine density was estimated by randomly selecting high-magnification tracing of a >10 µm-long terminal segment of the basal/apical dendritic branch. Three to five tertiary apical dendrites and basal dendrites with at least one branch point were selected for counting. The visible spines along the branch segment were counted and data were expressed as number/10 µm.
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Publication 2011
Brain CA3 Field of Hippocampus Cell Body Chromates Dendrites Ethanol Fertilization Gelatins Golgi Apparatus Neurons Potassium Dichromate Pyramidal Cells Tissues Vertebral Column Xylene
On each day when the assays were undertaken a set of controls (normal, moderately deficient, severely deficient, no-enzyme) were taken and spotted onto 3 MM filter paper. A single 1/16 inch diameter disc (FISKARS Hand Punch) was punched out from each blood-spot sample, and placed in a single well of a 96-well flat bottom microplate (Greiner Bio-One). Control spots and an extra bloodspot for no-substrate control were also punched and placed in allocated wells. One well remained empty and served as a "no sample" negative control. 200 μL of working assay was then pipetted and mixed into each well except the substrate negative control well, into which 200 μL of no-substrate assay mix was added. Plates were then incubated for 2 hours at ambient temperature.
96 well plates were first inspected by eye, and then absorbance quantified in a microplate reader (Chromate 4300, Awareness Technology) at OD450-595 . Normal G6PD activity is indicated by dark yellow to orange colouration, while severe and moderate deficiency appearing as almost colourless, and faintly yellow colouration respectively (Figure 1). Although for the purpose of this study only deficient (severe or moderate)/normal status were recorded, it was possible to distinguish intermediate from normal activity by their intermediate yellow colouration and absorbance.
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Publication 2010
Awareness Biological Assay BLOOD Chromates Enzymes Exanthema Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase
Female BALB/cJ mice were obtained from the National Cancer Institute (Frederick, MD) and were 6–8 weeks of age at first Cr(VI) treatment. All experiments were performed in accordance with and under the approval of the George Washington University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, and all animals were treated humanely and with regard for alleviation of suffering. We used fluorescent polystyrene particles (4 μm; Phosphorex, Inc., Fall River, MA) as a control to visualize deposition of particles (Figure 1F). Endotoxin-free basic zinc chromate [ZnCrO4 4Zn(OH)2] was 4.7 μm in size and had a purity of 99–100% (Rockwood Pigments, Beltsville, MD) (Beaver et al. 2009 (link)). Cr(VI) was suspended in sterile 0.9% sodium chloride solution at a concentration of 0.6 mg/mL and prepared as previously described (Beaver et al. 2009 (link)). Animals under a light anesthesia (isoflurane) were intranasally exposed to a 50-μL dose of chromate or saline and sacrificed by exposure to carbon dioxide at indicated time points. To determine the duration of injury and inflammation after Cr(VI) exposure, we conducted a set of experiments up to 21 days after a single Cr(VI) treatment. Repetitive Cr(VI) studies were conducted after the described exposure regimen (Figure 2A) for up to 69 days after the initial Cr(VI) exposure. Lungs of animals from both the single and repetitive exposure experiments were further analyzed for inflammation and injury.
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Publication 2009
Anesthesia Animals Beavers Carbon dioxide Chromates Endotoxins Females Inflammation Injuries Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Isoflurane Light Lung Mus Pigmentation Polystyrenes Rivers Saline Solution Sterility, Reproductive Treatment Protocols zinc chromate
Plasma Alarin and Adipsin levels were examined using the Human Alarin, Adipsin ELISA Kit (Sunred Biological Technology, Shanghai, China) in a plate-washing -incubation CombiWash device (Human Diagnostics, Wiesbaden, Germany) in accordance with the study procedures determined in the kit catalogue, and the absorbance measurement was taken with a Chromate 4300 Microplate Reader (Awareness Technology, Palm City, USA).
Aqueous analyzes were performed according to a previously published methods [15 (link)]. Two Aqueous liquids and blood samples were enriched with increasing amounts of Adipsin or Alarin. The percentage recovery was calculated as follows: recovered value/expected value × 100.
The measurement range human alarin kit was 5 to 1500 pg/mL and the sensitivity was determined by the manufacturer at 4.638 pg/mL. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation for alarin were < 10% and < 12%, respectively. The measurement range of the human Adipsin kit 0.5 to 100 ng/mL and the sensitivity was the determined by the manufacturer at 0.472 ng/mL. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation for Alarin were < 10% and < 12%, respectively.
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Publication 2022
alarin Arecaceae Awareness Biological Assay Biopharmaceuticals BLOOD Chromates complement factor D, human Diagnosis Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Homo sapiens Hypersensitivity Medical Devices Plasma
A putative promoter region was searched upstream of the start codon of chrASO using the BPROM Softberry online software (http://www.softberry.com/berry.phtml?topic=bprom&group=programs&subgroup=gfindb). A DNA fragment corresponding to the 400 bp upstream from the ATG was amplified by PCR using S. oneidensis MR1-R chromosomal DNA, digested with XbaI and SpeI, and ligated upstream of the lacZ gene of vector pACYC184-lacZ, which was previously constructed by cloning the β-galactosidase-encoding gene lacZ from pGE593 into the vector pACYC184 (S1 Table) [30 (link),31 (link)]. The ligation product was transformed into E. coli strain MC1061. The resulting plasmid called pchrASO::lacZ was introduced into S. oneidensis MR1-R by conjugation. Plasmid construction was checked by DNA sequencing. As a control, another fusion, named pmxd450::lacZ, was similarly constructed using a DNA fragment corresponding to the 450 bp upstream from the ATG of mxdA [32 (link)]. S. oneidensis MR1-R strain containing pchrASO::lacZ or pmxd450::lacZ was grown overnight on LB-agar plate. The overnight culture was diluted to an OD600nm = 0.1 in fresh liquid LB medium containing various concentrations of chromate (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mM) and incubated in semi-aerobiosis at 28°C for 16 hours prior to β-galactosidase activity quantification. The β-galactosidase activity was determined by a Miller assay adapted for use with plate reader [33 ]. Briefly, cells were transferred into a microtiter plate and OD600nm was measured using a Tecan Spark 10M microplate reader. Cells were then lysed using lysozyme and PopCulture reagent (Sigma-Aldrich) prior to incubation with Z buffer (62 mM Na2HPO4, 45 mM NaH2PO4, 10 mM KCl, 1 mM MgSO4, 50 mM β-mercaptoethanol). O-nitrophenyl-ß-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) was added to the mix before kinetic quantifications of OD420nm. Slope of the obtained curves were calculated and β-galactosidase activity (arbitrary units) was determined by the following equation:
(1000×slope)/(OD600nm×volumeofreaction(μL)).
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Publication 2017
2-Mercaptoethanol 2-nitrophenylgalactoside, (beta-D)-isomer Aerobiosis Agar Berries Biological Assay BP 400 Buffers Cells Chromates Chromosomes Cloning Vectors Codon, Initiator DNA, A-Form Escherichia coli Galactose GLB1 protein, human Kinetics LacZ Genes Ligation Muramidase Plasmids Strains Sulfate, Magnesium

Most recents protocols related to «Chromates»

As previously reported, brain hemispheres, obtained as described in the animals section, were stained using the FD Rapid Golgi Stain Kit (PK401, FD Neurotechnologies, Columbia, MD, USA) and according to the manufacturer’s instructions [42 (link)]. Tissue slices were impregnated in chromate mixture of Solution A (potassium dichromate and mercuric chloride) and Solution B (potassium chromate). After 24 h, chromate solution was replaced gently without disturbing the tissue, and then left in dark for 15 days. Subsequently, tissue slices were immersed in Solution C for 24 h. After 24 h, Solution C was replaced, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. These brains were sliced in 30 μm sections, mounted three per slide on gelatin-coated slides, sequentially for each animal by FD Neurotechnologies. For further microscopic assessments, the slides were shipped back to our lab after being processed by FD Neurotechnologies. Slides were stored in darkness.
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Publication 2023
Animals Brain Cerebral Hemispheres Chromates Darkness Gelatins Golgi Apparatus Mercuric Chloride Microscopy potassium chromate(VI) Potassium Dichromate Stains Tissues
A block (4 mm thick) containing the AV thalamic nucleus was cut, dried, and kept in a mixture of 3% zinc chromate (CrO4Zn; 11483697, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Dreieich, Germany) and 2% formic acid (CH2O2; 15508664, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Germany) for 7 days. Then, the block was removed from the chromate solution, dried without washing, and immersed in a 0.75% silver nitrate solution (AgNO3; 4500.1, Carl Roth GmbH, Germany) for another 7 days. This method gave the best results regarding the impregnation of axons of Golgi-type II neurons, with impregnation of very few neurons with a very clear background.
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Publication 2023
Axon Chromates Fertilization formic acid Golgi Apparatus Neurons Silver Nitrate Thalamic Nuclei zinc chromate
In the study, samples were taken from the control and patient groups after 12 h of fasting into a tube containing aprotinin (BD Vacutainer SST II Advance, BD, Plymouth, UK). Blood samples were centrifuged at 2000–3000 rpm for 20 min and plasma containing Metallothionein-1 was placed in small volume tubes for analysis and stored at −20 °C until the study day.
Plasma Metallothionein-1 levels were studied using the Human Metallothionein-1 ELISA Kit (Bioassay Technology Laboratory, catalog no: E4358hu, Shanghai, China) in accordance with the study procedures specified in the kit catalog; absorbance measurement was made using a Chromate 4300 Microplate Reader (Awareness Technology, Palm City, FL, USA) device. The minimum detection limit of Metallothionein-1 was 0.24 ng/mL. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation for plasma Metallothionein-1 were <8% and <10%, respectively.
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Publication 2023
Aprotinin Arecaceae Awareness Biological Assay BLOOD Chromates Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Homo sapiens Medical Devices Metallothionein I Patients Plasma
As for the collection of blood samples, antecubital venous blood samples (approximately 10 mL) were obtained from all patients included in this study on the morning of the operation day. The blood samples collected from each participant were put into ethylenediamine tetraacetic (EDTA) tubes with added aprotinin and taken to the laboratory within 30 min. The blood samples taken for the measurement of afamin level were centrifuged in Nüve (Nüve Sanayi Malzemeleri İmalat ve Ticaret A.Ş, Ankara, Turkey) NF800 centrifuge devices at 4000 rpm for 10 min, and following the separation of the serum part, the serum samples were transferred to Eppendorf tubes and stored at −80 °C until the study day. Insulin (fasting), HgbA1c, TSH, T4, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, and VLDL serum values within the scope of this study were taken during the preoperative evaluation one week before the surgery. Antecubital venous samples (approximately 25 mL) were collected at 6 months postoperatively while the patients had an empty stomach. The serum part of the blood samples collected for the measurement of the afamin level was separated and stored at −80 °C. Insulin (fasting), HgbA1c, TSH, T4, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, and VLDL values were evaluated routinely in the hospital laboratory. Afamin levels were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Afamin was stored at room temperature for about half an hour with Human Afamin ELISA kits manufactured by AFG Scientific (catalog number EK 714650, AFG Bioscience LLC, USA). After washing with an Awareness brand Stat Fax 2600 device, afamin levels were evaluated with an Awareness brand ChroMate 4300 device and immunoassay 450 wavelength method. The values were measured according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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Publication 2023
Aprotinin Awareness BLOOD Cholesterol Chromates Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Ethylenediamines Homo sapiens Immunoassay Insulin Medical Devices Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Serum Specimen Collections, Blood Stomach Surgery, Day Triglycerides Veins
Supernatants collected from platelets treated with LL-37 or the control condition (Section 4.2) and the secretion of BPI, MPO, HNP1 (R & D System), and Azu (Sino Biological, Beijing, China) were quantified by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay) using an optical density. A capture antibody was used for each antimicrobial molecule and incubated overnight. Subsequently, blocking was performed using bovine albumin (BSA) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for one hour. Next, 100 µL of the sample was placed in each well per condition and left to incubate for two hours. Afterwards, the wells were washed with PBS buffer (Phosphate buffered saline) three times, and a detection antibody was added, followed by a secondary antibody coupled to HRP (rabbit peroxidase), according to the instructions from each supplier of the ELISA Kits. Readings were performed at 450 nm using a microplate reader (Model 4300, Awareness Technology Inc. Chromate, Palm City, FL, USA) with the Leica Suite 345 X software application (LAS-X, Leica-Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany).
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Publication 2023
Arecaceae Awareness Biopharmaceuticals Blood Platelets Chromates Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Enzyme Assays Hypertensive Nephropathy Immunoglobulins Immunosorbents isononanoyl oxybenzene sulfonate Microbicides Peroxidase Phosphates Rabbits Saline Solution Secretions, Bodily Serum Albumin, Bovine

Top products related to «Chromates»

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The Chromate 4300 is a piece of laboratory equipment designed for the analysis and detection of chromium compounds. It utilizes a spectrophotometric method to measure the concentration of chromium in various samples. The core function of the Chromate 4300 is to provide accurate and reliable results for chromium analysis in a laboratory setting.
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The ChroMate microplate reader is a versatile laboratory instrument designed for absorbance-based assays. It can perform measurements across multiple wavelengths and supports a range of microplate formats. The core function of the ChroMate is to accurately quantify the optical density of samples in a microplate format, enabling common analytical techniques such as ELISA, cell-based assays, and colorimetric assays.
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The Chromate 4300 Microplate Reader is a laboratory instrument designed for high-throughput absorbance measurements. It is capable of reading microplates with multiple wells, providing efficient data collection for various biochemical and cell-based assays.
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The ChroMate is a compact, automated microplate reader designed for a variety of spectrophotometric analyses. It features a high-performance monochromator that enables precise wavelength selection across a wide range, allowing for absorbance, fluorescence, and luminescence measurements. The ChroMate provides reliable and reproducible results, making it a versatile tool for diverse applications in research and clinical laboratories.
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The Quantikine High Sensitivity Human assay is a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay designed to measure low concentrations of target analytes in cell culture supernates, serum, and plasma. The assay provides a precise and sensitive method for the quantification of the specified analyte.
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More about "Chromates"

Chromium (VI) compounds, also known as chromates, are a class of chemical substances that contain the chromium (VI) oxoanion.
These highly oxidizing substances are widely utilized in various industrial processes, such as metal finishing, leather tanning, and pigment production.
Researchers studying chromates must carefully review the relevant literature to identify the most reliable and reproducible experimental protocols.
PubCompare.ai is an innovative AI-driven platform that helps scientists and researchers locate the best chromates research from published papers, preprints, and patents.
By providing insightful comparisons, the platform boosts the accuracy and reproducibility of chromates-related studies.
This includes research involving related terms and technologies, such as the Chromate 4300 microplate reader, the ChroMate microplate reader, the Quantikine High Sensitivity Human assay, and the SpectraMax M5 multi-mode microplate reader.
Experince the future of scientific research with PubCompare.ai, where you can streamline your chromates-related investigations and enhance the quality of your work.
The platform's advanced capabilities can help you navigate the complexities of chromates research, ensuring that you have access to the most reliable and up-to-date information available.