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Chromic oxide

Chromic oxide, also known as chromium(III) oxide, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cr2O3.
It is a green crystalline solid that finds various applications in industry, including as a pigment, catalyst, and refractory material.
Chromic oxide is an important compound in the field of chromium chemistry and has been extensively studied for its unique physical and chemical properties.
It is commonly used in research and development across a range of disciplines, from materials science to environmental chemistry.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the key characteristics and applications of chromic oxide, offering researchers a helpful starting point for their investigations in this area of study.

Most cited protocols related to «Chromic oxide»

A standard digestibility study, in which the digestibility of a component in test feedstuff is determined, requires measuring the ingested amount of that component and the voided amount of given component of test feedstuff. The total collection and index methods have been widely used to determine the digestibility of components in swine and poultry diets. The total collection method requires an accurate measure of feed intake and fecal output for determining the amount of the component ingested and voided via feces, respectively. With these measurements, the digestibility of the component can be calculated as follows:
where Cinput and Coutput are the amount of component ingested and voided via the feces, respectively.
In a total collection study for swine, pigs are individually housed in crates and thereafter they are adapted to their crates and feed being given before fecal sample collection. The adaptation period usually lasts for 3 to 7 days before a collection period of 4 to 6 days (Adeola, 2001 ). During the adaptation period, a feeding level is adjusted to avoid feed refusal which results in additional work such as orts collection during the collection period as well as drying and analyzing the orts after the collection period. A level of feeding at 3 times maintenance (197 kcal/kg BW0.60; NRC, 2012 ) or approximately 3% to 4% of body weight (BW) per d is suggested as the sufficient level of feeding for the digestibility study with total collection method. During the collection period, colored markers such as ferric oxide, chromic oxide, and indigo carmine are commonly used for the identification of fecal output from a given ingested feed (Adeola, 2001 ; Kim et al., 2006 (link); Son et al., 2013 ). Once pigs are adjusted to the crates and feed, the collection period begins and ends with feeding the first and the last marked feed, respectively. In this period, the feces that voided between the first and second appearances of the marker are collected as the representative output that is associated with the fed quantities given in the collection period.
In a balance study, it is difficult to identify urine that belongs to specific feed because marker does not appear in the urine, thus the urine collection is generally conducted based on time. The quantitative urine collection starts from the day of the first marked feed offered and ends at the day of the last marked feed. With measurement of components in the urine, the metabolizability of the component can be calculated as follows:
where Curine is the amount of component voided via the urine.
In a digestibility study for poultry, the total collection method is not common for determining the fecal digestibility, because feces and urine are voided together in the form of excreta and it is difficult to separate the feces from the excreta and measure digestibility. There was an attempt to avoid this confounding effect of urine on the fecal digestibility using surgical technique such as colostomy (Okumura, 1976 (link)), however there are problems with the artificial anus including skin regrowth, intestinal stasis and hardening of fecal material (Paulson, 1969 ). Thus, the total collection method in poultry usually involves collecting excreta (feces+urine). Sibbald (1976) (link) developed the precision-fed rooster assay and McNab and Blair (1988) (link) later suggested some modification. In this assay, adult cockerels or roosters were fasted for 48 h prior to being fed test ingredients. During the fasting period, all birds are tube-fed 2 doses of 25 to 30 g of glucose (as an aqueous solution) at 8 and 32 h post-feed withdrawal, which partly alleviates the effects of starvation. At 48 h post-feed withdrawal, all birds are tube-fed 25 to 30 g of their assigned test ingredients that are in distilled water and ground through a 0.5 mm screen prior to feeding. Birds for determining endogenous losses are fed 50 g of glucose. The total collection of excreta is conducted for 48 h after feeding of test ingredients or glucose for endogenous losses determination. During 48-h collection period, all birds are given 50 ml of water by tube about 32 h after feeding to overcome any effects induced by low water intake.
Publication 2014
The total collection method involves laborious quantitative records of feed intake and output whereas the index method can avoid these laborious procedures, but greatly relies on accurate chemical analysis of index compound in the feed and fecal output. In the use of an index, there are inherent fundamental assumptions which include that index compound should be i) completely inert in the gastrointestinal tract, ii) completely and regularly excreted, and iii) uniformly mixed with the digesta or fecal material. Thus, the amount of index compound in the feed and the amount voided in the output should be uniform over equal periods of time (Adeola, 2001 ). Several index compounds including chromic oxide, titanium dioxide and insoluble ash are commonly used for the determination of digestibility (Jagger et al., 1992 (link); Betancourt et al., 2012 ; Kim et al., 2012 (link); Olukosi et al., 2012 (link)) and are added to the diet at 0.1% to 0.5%. With the index method, digestibility is calculated as follows:
where CIinput and CIoutput are the concentration of index compound in feed and feces, respectively; CCinput and CCoutput are the concentration of component in feed and feces, respectively.
Publication 2014
chromic oxide Diet Feces Feed Intake Gastrointestinal Tract Obstetric Labor titanium dioxide
Individual pigs and amount of feed additions and refusals in each pen were
weighed and recorded to measure average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed
intake (ADFI), and ratio between ADG and ADFI (G:F) of pigs. Diarrhea of each
pig was checked and its visual score was recorded by 3 independent evaluators
with a score from 1 to 5 (1 = normal hard feces; 2 = slightly soft feces; 3 =
soft, partially formed feces; 4 = loose, semi-liquid feces; and 5 = watery,
mucous-like feces) each day for the first 2 weeks of this experiment [16 (link)]. Frequency of diarrhea was calculated
by counting pen days with average diarrhea score from individual pigs in each
pen of 4 or greater [17 (link),18 (link)]. Whole blood samples were collected
from the jugular vein of randomly selected 2 pigs in each pen using EDTA tubes
(Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) containing
anticoagulant on day 1, 3, 7, and 14 after weaning. For the last week of the
experiment period, pigs were fed respective dietary treatments containing 0.2%
chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Fecal samples were collected from
randomly selected 2 pigs in each pen by rectal palpation daily for the last 3
days after the 4-d adjustment period. The collected fecal samples were pooled
and stored at −20°C until analysis. Diet samples were also
collected and stored at −20°C until analysis. Randomly selected 2
pigs in each pen were anesthetized by an intra-muscular injection of a 2-mL
suxamethonium chloride (Succicholine®, Ilsung Pharm. Co. Ltd.,
Seoul, Korea) at the end of this experiment. After anesthesia, pigs were
euthanized by CO2 gas [19 (link)].
Ileal digesta samples were collected from distal ileum before the ileocecal
junction [11 ]. The collected ileal
digesta samples were stored at −20°C until analysis. Sections of
ileum of 3 cm length were collected, washed gently with distilled water, and
fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological analysis [20 (link),21 (link)].
Publication 2020
Anesthesia BLOOD Chlorides chromic oxide Diarrhea Diet Digital Rectal Examination Edetic Acid Feces Formalin Ileum Intramuscular Injection Jugular Vein Mucus Pigs Specimen Collection Therapy, Diet
Male C57BL/6J mice (age 4 weeks) were purchased from Harlan (Horst, The Netherlands) and were housed in the light and temperature-controlled animal facility (12/12 (light/dark), 20°C) of Wageningen University. They had free access to water and received standard laboratory chow (RMH-B, Arie Blok BV, Woerden, The Netherlands) for two weeks, followed by the low-fat diet for three weeks to adapt to the purified diets. All experiments were approved by the Ethical Committee on animal testing of Wageningen University. To investigate the effect of dietary fat on development of obesity and insulin resistance and on small intestinal gene expression in C57BL/6J mice, we used low-fat (reference) and high-fat diets that are based on 'Research Diets' formulas D12450B/D12451, with adaptations regarding type of fat (palm oil in stead of lard) and carbohydrates to mimic the fatty acid and carbohydrate composition of the average human diet in Western societies (Research diet services, Wijk bij Duurstede, The Netherlands). Thus, the high-fat diet mimics the ratio of saturated to monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acids (40:40:20) in a human diet. The complete composition of the diets is given in Additional file 1. It should be noted that in these diets the energy density of all nutrients, except fat and starch, is equal.
At the start of the diet intervention, the mice were divided into two groups and were fed a powdered high- or a low-fat purified diet. After 2, 4, and 8 weeks of diet intervention, 6 mice per diet group, per time point were sacrificed after they were anaesthetized with a mixture of isofluorane (1.5%), nitrous oxide (70%) and oxygen (30%). All mice were sacrificed in the postprandial state and diurnal variability was avoided by harvesting small intestines at the same time of the day for both diet groups. The small intestines were divided into three equal parts along the longitudinal axis (proximal, middle and distal part of the small intestine). Small intestinal epithelial cells were scraped, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C until RNA isolation. Body weight was recorded weekly. The mice that were sacrificed after 8 weeks of diet intervention were all subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at week 7. Therefore, after 6-hours fasting, all mice received 0.5 ml of a 20% glucose solution via an oral gavage and blood glucose was measured after 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 150 minutes using Accu-Chek blood glucose meters (Roche Diagnostics, Almere, The Netherlands). To determine food intake, non-absorbable chromic oxide was supplemented to the diets for one week (week 5 of diet intervention). At the end of this week feces was quantitatively collected during 48 hours and fecal chromic oxide levels were determined as previously described [15 (link)]. These fecal chromic oxide levels were then used to calculate the energy intake per mouse per day on a high-fat and low-fat diet. An outline of this study design is presented in Additional file 2.
For immunohistochemical analysis, an identical low-fat and high-fat diet intervention study was performed for 2 weeks (n = 12 per diet). Small intestines were again excised, divided into three equal parts, cut open longitudinally, and washed with PBS. Thereafter, the small intestinal parts were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin.
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Publication 2008
AAO templates having periodic 3D nanotubular network templates have been prepared by a two-step anodization of aluminum,35 being the second anodization process a pulsed anodization. To begin with, ultrapure (99.999%) aluminum foils (Advent Research Materials, England), were cleaned and degreased by sonication in acetone, water, isopropanol, and ethanol. Foils were then electropolished in a solution of perchloric acid/ethanol (1/3) under a constant voltage of 20 V for 4 min. After that, the first anodization was achieved for 24 h. A 0.3 M sulphuric acid (Panreac AC Química, Spain) solution was used under a voltage of 25 V and at 0 °C. Then, the first anodic layer was removed by chemical etching in a mixture of phosphoric acid (7 wt. %) and chromic oxide (1.8 wt. %). A pulsed anodization process was then carried out in the conditions specified along the text. Afterwards, the underlying Aluminum substrate was etched with an acidic solution of CuCl2 at 1 °C and the barrier layer was dissolved using a 10 wt. % aqueous H3PO4 solution at 30 °C. Finally, the samples were submerged into a 5 wt. % aqueous H3PO4 solution at 30 °C in order to create the transversal nanochannels.
Publication 2014
Acetone Acids Aluminum chromic oxide cupric chloride Ethanol Isopropyl Alcohol Perchloric Acid phosphoric acid Sulfuric Acids

Most recents protocols related to «Chromic oxide»

To analyze digestibility, the diets were supplemented with chromic oxide as an inert marker. Fecal samples were collected from the fiberglass tanks through filtration (Whatman No. 2); they were freeze-dried and placed in plastic bags at −40 °C for analysis. Next, 65% HNO3 (Fulka, Muskegon, MI, USA) was mixed with 3 mL of 30% H2O2 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and used for sample digestion in a microwave (Multiwave Go; Anton Paar, Graz, Austria). The total chromic oxide concentration in the samples was determined through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy.
The apparent digestibility of dry matter of protein (ADp) was calculated as follows:
where d is the diet, f is the feces, C is the chromic oxide concentration, and NX is the nutrient concentration.
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Publication 2024
Not available on PMC !
The length of time between feeding and the cessation of feces production was measured using diets that had been stained with two distinct colours: red (carmine 1%) and green (chromic oxide 1%). The following calculation was used to calculate the evacuation rate: --Evacuation rate (g food h -1 ) = food consumed (g)/ evacuation time (min)/ 60
Publication 2024
Not available on PMC !
The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of the experimental diets was analysed using chromic oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ) as an inert marker at 1 g/kg of the diet. The concentrations of the nutrients considered and the concentration of chromium in the experimental diets and in GIF tilapia faeces were estimated respectively to determine the ADC.
Publication 2024
The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the diets were conducted according to Felix and Brindo (14) , by incorporation of 1% chromic oxides indicator in each diet. Fishes were acclimated to the experimental diets during the first couple of days and no feces were collected. The experiment lasted for three weeks. Diets were given daily at 9:00 am, and one hour after food consumption uneaten feed and feces were removed by siphoning. Feces collected from triplicate treatments on 20-min intervals were pooled, dried by air and stored for further analysis. The amount of chromic oxide present in the feeds and fecal samples was estimated by digestion with concentrated nitric and perchloric acids, and the absorption was measured in the atomic absorption at 357.9 nm. The ADCs were calculated according following equations:
Total apparent digestibility (ADS total) % = 100 -(100 × (% indicator in food/ % indicator in feces))
Nutrient apparent digestibility % = 100 -(100× (% indicator in food/ % indicator in feces) × (% nutrient in feces/ % nutrient in food))
Publication 2024
All animals were subjected to a digestibility trial of 12 days, in April 2014. Fecal output was estimated using chromic oxide (CrO 3 ) as a marker, following Smith & Reid (1955) . The marker was packed in a paper cartridge that was provided, daily, orally, in a single dose (10 g animal - 1 ), in the morning of each day, between 06h30 and 08h00. After seven days of adaptation, feces samples were collected on the 8th (16h00), 9th (14h00), tenth (12h00), 11th (10h00), and 12th (08h00) days.
Feces were collected once per day, in the paddock where the animals grazed. Soon after spontaneous defecation, samples of feces were collected from the ground with care so as to avoid contamination by foreign bodies and identi ed. The feces were then frozen at -10 ºC and later processed and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to measure the chromium content according to method INCT-CA M005/1, as per Detmann et al. (2012).
To determine individual supplement intake, titanium dioxide (15 g/animal) was mixed with the supplement immediately before its supply, following the same fecal collection scheme described for chromic oxide. The titanium concentration was determined according to method INCT-CA M-007/1 described by Detmann et al. (2012) . Readings were taken with an absorption spectrophotometer at the Laboratory of Physiology of the Department of Basic and Instrumental Studies at the State University of Southwest Bahia. The individual intake of concentrate was estimated by dividing the total TiO 2 excretion by its respective concentration in the concentrate.
Voluntary roughage intake was estimated using the internal marker indigestible NDF (iNDF). The marker was obtained after rumen incubation, in duplicate, of 0.5-g samples of forage, concentrate, and feces previously ground to 2 mm, inside non-woven fabric bags ("TNT", grammage of 100 g m - 2 , 5 × 5 cm), for 288 h, following method INCT-CA F-009/1 described by Detmann et al. (2012) .
Total DM intake (kg day - 1 ) was estimated as follows:
where FO = fecal output (kg day - 1 ), obtained using chromic oxide, MFe = concentration of the iNDF marker in the feces (kg kg - 1 ); MS = concentration of the iNDF marker in the supplement (kg kg - 1 ); SDMI = supplement dry matter intake (kg); and MFo = concentration of the iNDF marker in the forage (kg kg - 1 ).
Publication 2024

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Chromic oxide is a green crystalline inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cr2O3. It is a primary component in various types of laboratory equipment and instruments.
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More about "Chromic oxide"

Chromic oxide, also known as chromium(III) oxide or Cr2O3, is a versatile inorganic compound with a wide range of industrial and research applications.
This green crystalline solid is an important compound in the field of chromium chemistry, offering unique physical and chemical properties that have been extensively studied.
One of the key applications of chromic oxide is as a pigment, where it is used to add a vibrant green color to various products, from paints and coatings to ceramics and glass.
Its refractory properties also make it a valuable material in the production of high-temperature-resistant items, such as refractory bricks and linings.
In the realm of catalysis, chromic oxide plays a crucial role, serving as a catalyst in numerous chemical processes.
Researchers often utilize chromic oxide in their investigations, leveraging its capabilities in areas like materials science, environmental chemistry, and beyond.
To optimize your chromic oxide research, consider utilizing tools like PubCompare.ai, which can help you locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This AI-driven platform also enables you to identify the most effective methods and products, streamlining your research process and enhancing reproducibility.
When working with chromic oxide, it's important to be mindful of safety considerations.
Proper handling and storage procedures, as well as the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), are essential.
Researchers may also need to consider the potential environmental impact of chromic oxide and take appropriate measures to mitigate any concerns.
Overall, chromic oxide is a versatile and widely studied compound that plays a vital role in a variety of industries and research fields.
By understanding its properties, applications, and best practices for research, you can unlock the full potential of this fascinating material.