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Fly Ash

Fly ash is a fine, powdery material that is a by-product of the combustion of coal in power plants.
It is composed primarily of silica, alumina, and iron oxide, and has a range of applications in the construction and cement industries.
Fly ash can be used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete, helping to improve its strength, durability, and resistance to chemical attack.
It can also be used in the production of bricks, blocks, and other building materials.
Reseachers can leverage PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to streamline their fly ash research, locating protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and utilizing AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
This can help optimize fly ash research and enhance reproducibility and accuracy.

Most cited protocols related to «Fly Ash»

1
Synthesis and Properties of Geopolymers
The commercial cement CEM I 42.5R from the cement plant Górażdże Cement S.A. (Heidelberg Cement Group, Chorula, Poland) was used for the experiments. According to manufacturer protocol, in appropriate proportions, after very fine grinding and homogenization, the raw material was heated (cyclone heat exchangers) and then sintered (rotary furnace; raw material temperature 1450 °C, flame and gas temperatures 2000 °C). The material remained in the high-temperature zone for approx. 30 min. The temperature of cement clinker at the exit of the furnace was approx. 900–1300 °C. Then it was subjected to intensive cooling, down to a temperature of about 100 °C. As a result, the cement clinker (in the form of hard sintered lumps) was obtained. The product, with the addition of gypsum, was ground in a ball mill to a very fine powder (CEM I Portland cement). This cement meets the standard requirements according to PN-EN 197-1 [57 ], and the properties described in the Declaration of Performance No. 1487-CPR-027-02. Cement conforms to the IBDiM Technical Recommendation No. RT/2010-02-0060/1.
The fly ash (FA) from the combined heat and power plant in Skawina (Skawina CHP Coal Power Plant, Skawina, Poland) and metakaolin (MK) KM 60 (Keramost, Kadaň, Czech Republic) were used as raw materials for geopolymers production. The pulverization process of FA was used to uniform the chemical composition and particle size, as FA was collected from different mechanical and electrostatic precipitators and zones. MK was prepared via the dehydroxylation of kaolin to remove the chemically bonded hydroxyl ions, according to the procedure described earlier [58 (link),59 (link),60 (link)]. The raw materials were mixed with commercial quartz sand with a chemical composition: 90.0–90.3% SiO2, max. 0.2% Fe2O3, 0.08–0.1% TiO2, 0.4–0.7% Al2O3, 0.17% CaO, 0.01% MgO.
Marczyk J., Ziejewska C., Gądek S., Korniejenko K., Łach M., Góra M., Kurek I., Doğan-Sağlamtimur N., Hebda M, & Szechyńska-Hebda M. (2021). Hybrid Materials Based on Fly Ash, Metakaolin, and Cement for 3D Printing. Materials, 14(22), 6874.
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Publication 2021
calcium-enriched mixture cement chemical composition Coal Cyclonic Storms Dental Cements Electrostatics Fever Fly Ash Gypsum hydroxide ion Kaolin Plants Powder Quartz
2
Concrete Mixture Optimization: A Comprehensive Study
Considering the complexity of the study and its division into the study of the technological parameters of the concrete mixture, and the verification of the results achieved by the characteristics of the obtained concrete, a complete list of the materials and research methods used are presented.
When conducting experiments for the preparation of cement pastes and self-compacting concrete mixtures, Portland cement PC 500-D0-N produced by Holcim (Rus) LLC (Volsk, Russia) was used as a binder. The chemical and mineralogical composition of Portland cement clinker is presented in Table 1 and Table 2, and the physical and mechanical properties of cement are presented in Table 3.
As mineral additives, the following are accepted: fly ash from the Novocherkassk State District Power Plant (Novocherkassk, Russia) and micro-silica grade MS-85 produced by ZIPo LLC (Lipetsk, Russia). The chemical composition and physical and mechanical characteristics of fly ash are given in Table 4; the chemical composition of micro-silica is presented in Table 5.
Granite crushed stone produced by Pavlovsknerud JSC (Pavlovsk, Russia) was used as a coarse aggregate, and quartz sand (Mf = 2.2) produced by Arkhipovsky Quarry JSC (Arkhipovskoe village, Russia) and quartz sand (Mf = 1.2) produced by Quartz Sands LLC (Semenov, Russia). Physical and mechanical properties of aggregates are presented in Table 6.
The following are accepted as chemical additives: sodium hydroxide produced by OOO “KHIMEKS” (Moscow, Russia); superplasticizer C-3 manufactured by Component LLC (Vladimir, Russia). The qualitative characteristics of the additives used are presented in Table 7 and Table 8.
Stel’makh S.A., Shcherban’ E.M., Beskopylny A., Mailyan L.R., Meskhi B., Beskopylny N, & Zherebtsov Y. (2022). Development of High-Tech Self-Compacting Concrete Mixtures Based on Nano-Modifiers of Various Types. Materials, 15(8), 2739.
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Publication 2022
Calculi chemical composition Dental Cements Fly Ash granite Minerals Pastes Physical Examination Quartz Silicon Dioxide Sodium Hydroxide
3
Slag and Macadam Stabilized with Cement and Fly Ash
The materials used for slag and macadam stabilized with cement and fly ash mixture are as follows:

Cement: P·O 42.5 R Ordinary Portland Cement obtained from Ningxia Horse Racing Cement Co., Ltd., Yinchuan, China;

Fly ash: grade III fly ash produced by Thermal Power Plant in Xixia District, Yinchuan, China;

Slag: slag produced by Thermal Power Plant in Xixia District, Yinchuan, China;

Macadam: macadam from Helan Mountain, Yinchuan, China;

Water: tap water.

The main mineral and chemical compositions of the slag and fly ash were detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The XRD test results of the slag and fly ash are shown in Figure 2, and the XRF test results of slag, fly ash, and cement are shown in Table 1. The tests were conducted to evaluate the crushing value, apparent density, packing density, and water absorption rate of 0–4.75 mm slag and graded macadam with four grades of particle size, as shown in Table 2. The performance indicators of the cement are shown in Table 3.
Table 1 shows that the main components of the fly ash and slag are SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 with small amounts of alkaline oxides such as CaO and K2O. The mass fraction of SiO2 and Al2O3 in the fly ash is relatively large, accounting for ~78% of the total mass, and the loss-on-ignition is less than 10%, which meets the standard for pavement base filling materials. The mass fraction of SiO2 and Al2O3 in the slag is ~70%, and the alkaline oxide accounts for ~14% of the total. Therefore, the slag has high activity and is weakly alkaline. The slag is composed mainly of glass matrix and nCaO·SiO2. Under the action of water, these alkaline oxides react with SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 to show hydraulic gelling properties [19 (link),20 (link),21 (link),22 ]. Slag and fly ash are suitable as pavement base materials when considering the chemical reaction process and the specimen strength formation mechanism. The slag has a crushing value of 38.4%, which is 19.5% greater than the average crushing value of macadam. Additionally, the water absorption of slag is much higher than that of macadam, which is determined by the porous and uncompacted structure of slag. Table 2 shows that the water absorption and crushing value of macadam are smaller than those of slag, indicating that the compactness of crushed stone is higher than that of slag and has better road performance.
Li H., Yan P., Tian J., Sun H, & Yin J. (2021). Study on Mechanical and Frost Resistance Properties of Slag and Macadam Stabilized with Cement and Fly Ash. Materials, 14(23), 7241.
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Publication 2021
Calculi chemical composition Chemical Processes Dental Cements Equus caballus Fluorescence Fly Ash Minerals Oxides Roentgen Rays X-Ray Diffraction
4
Synthesis of Engineered Geopolymeric Composites
Sodium hydroxide (97%), sodium aluminate (90%), calcium chloride (90%), potassium chloride (99.5%), hydrogen potassium phosphate (99.5%), and urea (99.4%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Hydrochloric acid (35%), magnesium chloride (99.99%), sodium chloride (99.6%), sodium sulfate (99.2), trisodium citric acid (99.2%), sodium oxalate (99.99%) and ammonium chloride (99.99%) were purchased from VWR prolab chemicals (Pennsylvania, USA). Creatine (98%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Massachusetts, USA). Clinoptilolite was received from Pratley Perlite Mining Company (Gauteng, South Africa), coal fly ash was supplied by Duvha Thermal Power Plant (Mpumalanga, South Africa). All chemicals were AR grade and used as received without any further purification.
Makgabutlane B., Nthunya L.N., Musyoka N., Dladla B.S., Nxumalo E.N, & Mhlanga S.D. (2020). Microwave-assisted synthesis of coal fly ash-based zeolites for removal of ammonium from urine. RSC Advances, 10(4), 2416-2427.
Publication 2020
Calcium chloride Chloride, Ammonium Citric Acid clinoptilolite Coal Coal Ash Creatine Fly Ash Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen Magnesium Chloride Perlite Plants Potassium Chloride potassium phosphate sodium aluminate Sodium Chloride Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Oxalate sodium sulfate Urea
5
Geopolymer Pastes: Fly Ash and Metakaolin
Within the scope of this study, 18 different geopolymer paste types were investigated to analyze the influence of the substitution of fly ash for metakaolin (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt.%) as well as various l/s ratios (0.49, 0.54 and 0.60), where “l” comprises the total weight of potassium silicate solution and “s” the weight of metakaolin and fly ash. The labeling of the mixtures contains both the mass content of fly ash in the powder mixture and the l/s ratio. For example, “FA10.49” has a mass fraction of fly ash of 10% (accordingly 90% of metakaolin) and an l/s ratio of 0.49. “MK.49” contains only metakaolin with an l/s ratio of 0.49. The geopolymers were produced by dry mixing metakaolin and fly ash in a first step before adding potassium silicate solution, and subsequently mixing for 10 minutes with a standard planetary mortar mixer (E092-01N, Mixmatic). Pastes where cast in prism molds (160 mm × 40 mm × 40 mm) and vibrated until no more air bubbles could be seen on the surface. Specimens were demolded after 1 day and wrapped in aluminum adhesive tape in order to avoid moisture loss and stored at 21 °C and a relative humidity of 50% up to the date of characterization.
Vogt O., Ukrainczyk N., Ballschmiede C, & Koenders E. (2019). Reactivity and Microstructure of Metakaolin Based Geopolymers: Effect of Fly Ash and Liquid/Solid Contents. Materials, 12(21), 3485.
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Publication 2019
Aluminum CD3EAP protein, human Fly Ash Fungus, Filamentous Humidity Paste Pastes Potassium Powder prisma Silicates Vision

Most recents protocols related to «Fly Ash»

1
Synthesis of SiC Whiskers Reinforced Geopolymer
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

5 g of pure SiC whiskers with a diameter of 0.1 to 2.5 μm and a length of 2 to 50 μm were added to a 95 wt. % aqueous solution of AMP-95 and dispersed by using an ultrasonic washing machine, followed by drying.

5 g of the above obtained SiC whiskers, 200 g of high-calcium mineral powder, 150 g of Class F fly ash, and 150 g of metakaolin were mixed and dispersed by a ball mill using zirconium oxide beads having a diameter of 5 mm at a rotation speed of 150 rpm for 25 min, to give a milled material.

To a concrete mixer, the milled material, 187.5 g of a sodium water glass solution (2 modulus; 60 wt. % water content), and 87.5 g of deionized water were added and stirred at a high speed of 120 rpm for 3 min to form a slurry.

The slurry was poured into a mold and then placed into a concrete curing box for curing at 95±5% relative humidity and 23±0.5° C. for 24 h and then for 7 days in the curing box at the same conditions after removal from the mold. Finally, a SiC whiskers reinforced geopolymer material (i.e., an uncalcined geopolymer-based refractory material) was obtained.

US11873247B2. Uncalcined geopolymer-based refractory material and method for its preparation (2024-01-16). Shenzhen University [CN]. Inventors: Yuan Fang [CN], Feng Xing [CN], Aoxuan Wang [CN].
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Patent 2024
Calcium, Dietary Fly Ash Fungus, Filamentous Humidity Minerals Powder Sodium Suby's G solution Ultrasonics Vibrissae zirconium oxide
2
Specific Gravity of Cement and Pozzolans
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

The specific gravity of portland cement is 3.1. The specific gravity of pozzolans varies from 2.05 to 2.65. Table 6 below shows the specific gravity for portland cement, hyaloclastite, pumice, dacite, rhyolite, fly ash, matakaolin and nano silica.

TABLE 6
Specific Gravity comparison
Product typeSpecific Gravity
Portland Cement3.10
Hyaloclastite2.8-3.0
Pumice2.3-2.6
Dacite2.6-2.7
Rhyolite2.7-2.8
Fly Ash2.03-2.6 
Metakaolin2.5-2.6
Nanosilioca2.20

When pozzolans are used to replace portland cement, the ratio of replacement takes into consideration specific gravity. Since all pozzolans have a lower specific gravity than portland cement, the pozzolan's replacement weight must be adjusted according to the difference in the density. Accordingly, known pozzolan replacement ratios are often greater than 1 and sometimes as high as 1.3. Hyaloclastite in accordance with the present invention has a specific gravity of 2.90-3.0. Therefore, the replacement ratio of hyaloclastite in accordance with the present invention for portland cement can be one-to-one, thereby saving material and costs.

US11858847B2. Hyaloclastite pozzolan, hyaloclastite based cement, hyaloclastite based concrete and method of making and using same (2024-01-02). None [US]. Inventors: Romeo Ilarian Ciuperca [US].
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Patent 2024
Dental Cements Fly Ash Gravity pumice Silicon Dioxide
3
Synthesis of SiC Whiskers Reinforced Geopolymer
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

5 g of pure SiC whiskers with a diameter of 0.1 to 2.5 μm and a length of 2 to 50 μm were added to a 95 wt. % aqueous solution of AMP-95 and dispersed by using an ultrasonic washing machine, followed by drying.

5 g of the above obtained SiC whiskers, 200 g of high-calcium mineral powder, 150 g of Class F fly ash, and 150 g of metakaolin were mixed and dispersed by a ball mill using zirconium oxide beads having a diameter of 5 mm at a rotation speed of 150 rpm for 25 min, to give a milled material.

To a concrete mixer, the milled material, 187.5 g of a sodium water glass solution (2 modulus; 60 wt. % water content), and 87.5 g of deionized water were added and stirred at a high speed of 120 rpm for 3 min to form a slurry.

The slurry was poured into a mold and then placed into a concrete curing box for curing at 95±5% relative humidity and 23±0.5° C. for 24 h and then for 7 days in the curing box at the same conditions after removal from the mold. Finally, a SiC whiskers reinforced geopolymer material (i.e., an uncalcined geopolymer-based refractory material) was obtained.

US11866368B2. Uncalcined geopolymer-based refractory material and method for its preparation (2024-01-09). Shenzhen University [CN]. Inventors: Feng Xing [CN], Yuan Fang [CN], Aoxuan Wang [CN].
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Patent 2024
Calcium, Dietary Fly Ash Fungus, Filamentous Humidity Minerals Powder Sodium Suby's G solution Ultrasonics Vibrissae zirconium oxide
4
3D Printed Cement-Based Composites
Portland cement (CEM I 52.5 R according to EN 197-1) was provided by OPTERRA Zement GmbH, Karsdorf, Germany. Very fine quartz sand (BCS 413, 0.06–0.2 mm) provided by Strobel Quarzsand GmbH, Germany and two fine natural river sands (0–1 and 0–2 mm) from Kieswerk Ottendorf-Okrilla GmbH & Co. KG, Laußnitz, Germany complying with EN 12620/13139 [25 (link)] were used as aggregates. Micro silica suspension (50 wt% aqu. Suspension, EM-SAC 500 SE, Elkem), fly ash (class F, Steament H-4, STEAG), and a high range water reducing admixture (Gelnium Master SKY 593, BASF) were also used. The mix proportions are presented in Table 1. Particle size distributions of the aggregates can be referred to in [23 (link)].

Mix proportion for all 3D printed samples (kg/m3)

MaterialContent
Portland cement378.4
Micro silica suspension206.4
Fly ash206.4
Fine sand (0.06–0.2 mm)316.3
Sand (0–1 mm)278.0
Sand (0–2 mm)717.3
Water (w/c = 0.42)133.7
Water reducing admixture10.32
Bran-Anleu P., Wangler T., Nerella V.N., Mechtcherine V., Trtik P, & Flatt R.J. (2023). Using micro-XRF to characterize chloride ingress through cold joints in 3D printed concrete. Materials and Structures, 56(3), 51.
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Publication 2023
Dental Cements Fly Ash Quartz Rivers Silicon Dioxide
5
Correlation Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Parameters
The correlation of all parameters with each other (pairwise correlation) can be seen in Fig. 1. Also, Fig. 2 illustrates the correlation between input parameters and the CS of SFRC.

pair-wise correlation between variables.

Correlation between numeric variables.

The correlation coefficient ( R ) is a statistical measure that shows the strength of the linear relationship between two sets of data. Equation (1) is the covariance between two variables ( COVXY ) divided by their standard deviations ( σX , σY ). R shows the direction and strength of a two-variable relationship. The linear relationship between two variables is stronger if R is close to + 1.00 or − 1.00. RXY=COVXYσXσY
As can be seen in Fig. 2, it is obvious that the CS increased with increasing the SP (R = 0.792) followed by fly ash (R = 0.688) and C (R = 0.501). Whereas, it decreased by increasing the W/C ratio (R = − 0.786) followed by FA (R = − 0.521). However, the CS of SFRC was insignificantly influenced by DMAX, CA, and properties of ISF (ISF, L/DISF). The same results are also reported by Kang et al.18 (link).
Pakzad S.S., Roshan N, & Ghalehnovi M. (2023). Comparison of various machine learning algorithms used for compressive strength prediction of steel fiber-reinforced concrete. Scientific Reports, 13, 3646.
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Publication 2023
Fly Ash Vision

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Sodium hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and is a strong base. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a reagent.
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4
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More about "Fly Ash"

pulverized fuel ash, supplementary cementitious material, pozzolanic properties, calcium silicate hydrate, geopolymers, soil stabilization, ceramic materials, adsorbents, polymer composites, X-ray diffraction, bentonite, sulfuric acid, X-ray fluorescence, hydrochloric acid, scanning electron microscopy