The largest database of trusted experimental protocols
> Chemicals & Drugs > Inorganic Chemical > Lithium Carbonate

Lithium Carbonate

Lithium Carbonate: A critical compound for research and clinical applications.
This inroganic salt plays a vital role in the treatment of bipolar disorder, neurological conditions, and various other medical uses.
Optimize your Lithium Carbonate research with PubCompare.ai, which helps you identify the most effective methods and products from the literature, preprints, and patents.
Enhance reproducibility and accuracy by locating the best protocols, and streamline your research process.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven comparisons provide the insights you need to advance your Lithium Carbonate studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Lithium Carbonate»

Demographic and clinical data from 17 therapeutic trials comprising 4752 records in PRO-ACT were included in the analysis on the basis of at least two time-separated assessments of disability (25 (link)). The majority of PRO-ACT records contain only original ALSFRS, rather than revised (ALSFRS-R) scores. Therefore, for harmonization, 882 records were converted from ALSFRS-R to ALSFRS by collapsing across the respiratory subscore (discounting orthopnoea). A total of 42,584 assessments across a mean individual maximum time-span of 11.1 (5.4) months were analysed, averaging 8.8 (3.6) assessments per person.
Time elapsed from symptom onset was recorded for over 99% of the included participants, thus defining reported disease duration. The δALSFRS (points decline per month) could therefore be calculated as either drop in ALSFRS from 40 divided by disease duration, or by subtraction of time-separated ALSFRS assessments divided by the inter-visit time-interval. Calculated δALSFRS was then used to extrapolate back to the date at which ALSFRS = 40, i.e. no disability.
This approach was then validated using FVC data and ALSFRS-R scores. 4168 records in PRO-ACT include at least two FVC measurements separated by at least one month. The smaller portion of PRO-ACT records with ALSFRS-R was supplemented by 217 individual longitudinal data records from the Lithium Carbonate in ALS (LiCALS) study, resulting in 1709 individual records suitable for analysis, that demonstrated incremental disability over a median time-interval of 11.0 months.
Within the PRO-ACT database 1863 individual records included mortality data, and from this subset only 464 remained alive at the last census. Hazard curves were constructed from both the entire population and the mortality subset to represent time-dependent risk of death or significant disability (defined as ALSFRS < = 21, the median final assessment ALSFRS across participants).
Trial drop-out mitigation methods appraised included the re-assignment of missing values with either (1) imputed values of ALSFRS based on linear extrapolation using δALSFRS calculated from the first assessment to the last available assessment, or (2) ALSFRS values carried forward unchanged from the last available assessment for that participant, with or without (3) assignment of ALSFRS = 0 if the participant died prior to the planned assessment.
Data were analysed using Matlab and SPSS 21. Paired t-tests compared alternative measures for individual patients and Spearman’s rho was used for correlations to minimize the effect of non-normative data. Mean value was followed by standard deviation in parenthesis.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2016
Disability Evaluation Disabled Persons Lithium Carbonate Patients Respiratory Rate Therapeutics
Stearic acid and SPAN 80 were purchased from Merck (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Arachidic acid, Tween 60, Tween 80, poly(vinyl alcohol), L-lysine monohydrochloride, lithium carbonate, dansyl chloride, methylamine hydrochloride, triethylamine and sodium acetate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Miglyol 812 was purchased from Caelo (Caesar & Loretz GmbH, Hilden, Germany). Precirol ATO 5 and Compritol 888 ATO were kindly provided by Gattefossé (Saint Priest Cedex, France). L-Phenylalanine ethyl-ester hydrochloride was purchased from Fluka (Fluka Chemie GmbH, Buchs, Switzerland), acetic acid was obtained from VWR Chemicals (VWR International S.A.S., Fontenay-sous-Bois, France) and acetonitrile and methanol were obtained from Honeywell (Honeywell Riedel-de Häen AG, Seelze, Germany). Aqueous solutions were prepared with double-deionized water (Arium Pro, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany).
Full text: Click here
Publication 2020
Acetic Acid acetonitrile arachidic acid Cedax Compritol ATO 888 dansyl chloride L-phenylalanine ethylester Lithium Carbonate Lysine Methanol methylamine hydrochloride miglyol 812 Polyvinyl Alcohol precirol ATO 5 Sodium Acetate Span 80 stearic acid triethylamine Tween 60 Tween 80
The studies were approved by the Northwestern University Institutional Review Board, and all donors gave informed written consent. RA and NL synovial tissues were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded, and sectioned in the pathology core facility of Northwestern University. Synovial tissues were immunoperoxidase-stained using Vector Elite ABC Kits (Vector Laboratories), with diaminobenzidine (Vector Laboratories) as a chromogen. Slides were deparaffinized in xylene for 20 min at room temperature, followed by rehydration by transfer through graded alcohols. Antigens were unmasked by first incubating slides in boiling citrate buffer for 15 min, followed by type II trypsin digestion for 30 min at 37°C. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubation with 3% H2O2 for 5 min. Nonspecific binding of avidin and biotin was blocked using an avidin/biotin blocking kit (Vector Laboratories). Nonspecific binding of antibodies to the tissues was blocked by pretreatment of tissues with 5% horse serum. Tissues were incubated with rabbit or goat polyclonal antibodies to human CCL19 or CCL21 (1:100, and 1:67 respectively; R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), or an IgG control antibody (Beckman Coulter). Slides were counterstained with Harris hematoxylin and treated with lithium carbonate for bluing. Each slide was evaluated by a blinded observer (14 (link)–17 (link)) (A.M.M.). Tissue sections were scored for lining and endothelial staining (on a 0–5 scale). Cell staining was scored on a 0–5 scale where 0=no staining, 1=few cells stained, 2=some (less than half) cells stained, 3= around half of the cells were stained positively 4= majority or more than half of the cells were positively stained and 5= all cells were positively stained. Scored data were pooled, and the mean ± SEM was calculated in each data group, (n=9–15).
Publication 2011
Alcohols Antibodies Antigens Avidin azo rubin S Biotin Buffers CCL19 protein, human CCL21 protein, human Cells Citrates Cloning Vectors Digestion Donors Endothelium Equus caballus Ethics Committees, Research Formalin Goat Hematoxylin Homo sapiens Immunoglobulin G Immunoperoxidase Techniques Lithium Carbonate Paraffin Peroxidase Peroxide, Hydrogen PRSS2 protein, human Rabbits Rehydration Serum Synovial Membrane Tissues Xylene
A problem for neuroimaging studies of subjects with BD is the potential confounding effect of psychotropic medication load because it is difficult to recruit medication-free subjects with BD into such studies.53 (link) We aimed to examine the potential effect of psychotropic medication load, reflecting the number and dosage of different medications, on FA in subjects with BD. We used a strategy that has been developed for measuring this.53 (link)-56 For antidepressants and mood stabilizers, we categorized each medication into low-dose or high-dose groupings as previously performed.57 (link) We considered individuals as taking low doses if at levels 1 and 2 of these previous criteria and individuals as taking high doses if at levels 3 and 4. We added a no-dose subtype for those not taking these medications. We converted antipsychotics to chlorpromazine hydrochloride dose equivalents, coding them as 0 (no medication), 1 (equal to or below the chlorpromazine dose equivalent), or 2 (above the chlorpromazine dose equivalent) relative to the mean effective daily dose of chlorpromazine as defined previously.58 (link) Benzodiazepine dose was coded as 0, 1, or 2 relative to the midpoint of the recommended daily dose range for each medication recommended in the Physicians’ Desk Reference. We generated a composite measure of medication load by summing all individual medication codes for each medication category for each individual participant. Remitted subjects with BD and depressed subjects with BD did not differ significantly in medication load (Table 1).
We aimed to examine the potential effects of different classes of psychotropic medications on FA in subjects with BD because specific medications, including mood stabilizers such as lithium carbonate and sodium valproate, are associated with neurotrophic effects in subjects with BD.59 (link) Among subjects with BD, 11 subjects (5 depressed and 6 remitted) were taking lithium, 17 subjects (8 depressed and 9 remitted) were taking antipsychotics, 22 subjects (12 depressed and 10 remitted) were taking mood stabilizers, 15 subjects (7 depressed and 8 remitted) were taking antidepressants, and 12 subjects (7 depressed and 5 remitted subjects) were taking benzodiazepines. No significant difference was noted between these subgroups in proportions taking vs those not taking lithium or each psychotropic medication class (eTable 1; http://www.archgenpsychiatry.com).
Publication 2008
Antidepressive Agents Antipsychotic Agents Benzodiazepines Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine Lithium Lithium Carbonate Mood Pharmaceutical Preparations Physicians Psychotropic Drugs Sodium Valproate
Six weeks after treatment, twenty-four rats (n=6/group) were chosen randomly, anesthetized, and intracardially perfused with 50 ml 0.9% NaCl, followed by 150 mL of 4% paraformaldehyde solution. The T9-T12 spinal cord segments centered on and enclosing the injured site were collected and post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4℃ overnight. Then, the spinal cords were embedded in paraffin for serial longitudinal sectioning (n=3/group) and serial transverse sectioning (n=3/group).
Longitudinal sections of spinal cord were stained with H&E staining and were observed by the light microscope (Olympus B61, Tokyo, Japan).
LFB staining was performed to visualize the myelin in spinal cord. Briefly, the longitudinal sections were immersed in alcohol (95%) for 5 minutes and LFB (0.1%) at 65℃ overnight. The sections were displaced into aqueous lithium carbonate (0.05%) and rinsed several times with alcohol (70%) and then in double-distilled water, after washing in alcohol (95%) again. Finally, the slices were counterstained with cresy violet (0.1%) and were hyalinased with xylene and mounted with neutral balsam. The LFB-positive area of white matter was analyzed by Image-Pro Plus 5.0 software.
For Masson staining, the longitudinal sections were mordanted in potassium dichromate (10%) and trichloroacetic acid (10%) for 30 min, nuclei were stained with hematoxylin for 20 min, then were differentiated with hydrochloric acid and ethanol for 15 s, returned to blue with weak ammonia for 15 s, and stained with Masson solution (Cell Signaling Technology, USA) for 1 min. After rinsing with acetic acid (1%), the sections were dehydrated with ethanol, deleted with xylene I and II for 10 min to render these sections transparent and then were sealed in resin. Then the sections were photographed using a light microscope (Olympus B61, Tokyo, Japan) to observe collagen deposition.
For immunohistochemistry staining, transverse sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with GFAP antibody (GA5, #3670, 1:100, Cell Signaling Technology, USA) and neurofilament-H (NF, RMdO 20, #2836, 1:200, Cell Signaling Technology, USA) and these sections were observed by the light microscope (Olympus B61, Tokyo, Japan) and analyzed using the Image-Pro Plus 5.0 image.
Publication 2019
Acetic Acid Aftercare Ammonia Cell Nucleus Collagen Debility Ethanol Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Hydrochloric acid Immunoglobulins Light Microscopy Lithium Carbonate Myelin Sheath NEFH protein, human Normal Saline Paraffin Embedding paraform Potassium Dichromate Rattus norvegicus Resins, Plant Spinal Cord Trichloroacetic Acid Viola White Matter Xylene

Most recents protocols related to «Lithium Carbonate»

Example 10

Lithium is extracted from a brine using coated ion exchange particles. The brine is an aqueous chloride solution containing 100,000 mg/L Na, 200 ppm Li, and other species including Ca, Mg, and B. The coated ion exchange particles are comprised of an ion exchange material and a coating material. The ion exchange material is Li2MnO3 and the coating material is titanium dioxide. The particles are comprised of 95 wt. % active material and 5 wt. % of coating material. The particles have a mean diameter of 200 microns. The particles are created by first synthesizing Li2MnO3 via a solid state method and then the coating is deposited from a Ti-propoxide precursor onto the surface of the Li2MnO3 material.

The ion exchange particles are loaded into an ion exchange reactor shown in FIG. 10. The ion exchange reactor comprises a cone-bottom tank with a thinner cylindrical column connected and mounted at the bottom of the cone-bottom tank (1001), a polypropylene 100 um mesh mounted at the bottom of the column (1002) to allow fluid to be pumped into and out of the tank through the mesh while the ion exchange particles are retained inside the tank, an overhead stirrer (1003), a pH controller (1004), an internal filter comprising a polypropylene 100 micron pore size mesh (1005), and a spraying system (not shown) at the top of the tank with one or more nozzles positioned to spray water to wash ion exchange particles off the sides of the tank and down to the bottom of the tank.

The particles are loaded into the tank as a dry material. 1.5 N sulfuric acid is pumped into the tank and stirred with the ion exchange particle to yield a lithium sulfate eluate solution. During acid treatment, the particles absorb hydrogen while releasing lithium. The coating allows diffusion of hydrogen and lithium respectively to and from the active material while providing a protective barrier that protects the active material. After 40 minutes, the eluate solution is collected from the tank through the mesh, dewatered, purified using sodium carbonate precipitation and resin ion exchange beads to remove trace Mg/Ca, and processed into lithium carbonate through addition of sodium carbonate solution at 90 degrees Celsius.

After treatment in acid, the protonated particles are treated with brine wherein the particles absorb lithium while releasing hydrogen. The brine is pumped into the tank and stirred with the ion exchange particles, and the particles are converted from a protonated state to a lithiated state with a lithium-enriched composition. An aqueous solution of NaOH is added to the tank to maintain the pH of the brine at 6. After 4 hours, the spent brine is removed from the tank through the meshes. The ion exchange particles form a settled bed in the column. The ion exchange particles are washed continuously with water, which flows through the column to efficiently remove residual brine from the ion exchange particles. After washing, the residual wash water is drained from the bottom of the column through the mesh, leaving a moist bed of the ion exchange particles at the bottom of the column with minimal entrainment of brine and minimal entrainment of water.

The lithiated material is then treated again with acid to yield lithium in solution as described previously. The cycle of protonation and lithiation is repeated to extract lithium from the brine and yield a lithium sulfate solution. Degradation of the ion exchange particles is limited due to the coating providing a protective barrier.

Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acids Aftercare brine Chlorides Diffusion Hydrogen Ion Exchange Lithium Lithium Carbonate lithium sulfate Polypropylenes Resins, Plant Retinal Cone sodium carbonate Sulfuric Acids titanium dioxide
The rats were anesthetized by spontaneous sevoflurane inhalation and were sacrificed by decapitation. The entire triceps of the lower leg were removed, fixed in 10% formalin for 1 month, and macerated with 3% potassium hydroxide solution containing 0.2% hydrogen peroxide for 3 weeks. The macerated muscles were subsequently decalcified in Sihler's solution I (one part of glacial acetic acid, two parts of glycerine, and 12 parts of 1% aqueous chloral hydrate) for 3 weeks, stained with Sihler's solution II (one part of Ehrlich's haematoxylin, two parts of glycerine, and 12 parts of 1% aqueous chloral hydrate) for 4 weeks, destained in Sihler's solution I for 3–24 h, neutralized in 0.05% lithium carbonate solution for 2 h, and then hyalinised using glycerine gradients [40, 60, 80, and 100% (1 week in each concentration)]. The location of the intramuscular nerve-branch-dense region was observed under an X-ray view box and then photographed. The relative location of the INDR and its center along the muscle belly length in percentile measures was determined using a micrometer.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Acetic Acid Decapitation Formalin Glycerin Hematoxylin Hydrate, Chloral Inhalation Leg Lithium Carbonate Muscle Tissue Nervousness Peroxide, Hydrogen potassium hydroxide Radiography Rattus norvegicus Sevoflurane
Periodic DFT calculations were performed with Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP)[39, 40, 41, 42] using the projected augmented‐wave (PAW) method.[43, 44] The Perdew‐Burke‐Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange‐correlation functional[45] and the plane wave basis set with the cutoff energy of 450 eV were employed to solve the Kohn‐Sham equation. The convergence criteria of electron and ion optimizations were set to 10−5 and 0.02 eV Å−1, respectively. A Gaussian smearing with σ of 0.05 eV was used. London dispersion forces were included using the D3 approach with Becke‐Jonson damping.[46, 47] The carbon nanosheet substrate was represented by a 6 × 33 graphene supercell with 72 C atoms separated by 20 Å vacuum region. The NCNS and TeAC@NCNS models were constructed by replacing one C with one N and two C with two Te, respectively. The energy of C and Li2CO3 species were derived from bulk graphite and lithium carbonate models. The Brillouin zone was sampled using a 2 × 2 × 1 Monkhorst‐Pack type k‐point grid. The atomic charge population was calculated with the Bader analysis method.[48] The thermodynamic corrections were performed with VASPKIT code[49] and the structures were visualized with VESTA software package.[50]
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Carbon Dietary Fiber Electrons Graphene Graphite Lithium Carbonate Vacuum
Male C57BL/6 mice of 10–12 weeks of age, with weights of 20–22 g were obtained from the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia. All the animals were housed in an environment with a constant room temperature (23 °C), natural day/night light cycle, and standard laboratory food and water were provided. Mice were randomly divided into eleven experimental groups (n = 5/group: control group with intact tumor and lithium treatment groups; Figure 1). For tumor induction, cultured cells of B16 were subcutaneously injected into the right inguinal area of the mice (1 × 106 cell). After tumor growth was induced, the mice were treated by administering lithium carbonate: a single dose of 300 mg/kg (Li-300 groups) or 400 mg/kg (Li-400 groups) per os. The volume of lithium carbonate delivery was 50 µL; it was administered at once. After 15 min, 30 min, 90 min, 180 min and 7 days of lithium administration the mice were sacrificed. The normal skin samples were obtained at a distance of 2 mm from the tumor’s surgical margin. To assess the toxic effect of LC, a comparison was carried out between the body weights of mice from experimental and control groups at all time points.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
A 300 Animals Body Weight Cells Cultured Cells Cytological Techniques Food Groin Lithium Lithium Carbonate Males Mice, Inbred C57BL Mus Neoplasms Obstetric Delivery Skin Surgical Margins
Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) was obtained from the “Novosibirsk Rare Metals Plant” (Siberia, Russia). Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Epon was obtained from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany). In this work, lithium carbonate was chosen since there is a long-term experience of its use in clinical practice, in particular for the treatment of psychiatric diseases [11 (link),12 (link),13 (link),14 ].
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
EPON Lithium Carbonate Mental Disorders Metals Osmium Tetroxide Plants

Top products related to «Lithium Carbonate»

Sourced in United States, Germany
Lithium carbonate is a white, crystalline compound that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It has the chemical formula Li2CO3 and a molecular weight of 73.89 g/mol. Lithium carbonate is a source of the lithium ion, which has various applications in research and analysis.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Macao
Luxol fast blue is a staining dye commonly used in histological and neuroanatomical research. It is a soluble copper-based dye that selectively stains the myelin sheath of nerve fibers, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the myelination in tissue samples.
Sourced in United States, Canada, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Gabon, China
Permount is a mounting medium used in microscopy to permanently mount specimens on glass slides. It is a solvent-based, xylene-containing solution that dries to form a clear, resinous film, securing the specimen in place and providing optical clarity for microscopic examination.
Sourced in Germany
Lithium carbonate solution is a laboratory reagent used in various analytical and experimental procedures. It is an aqueous solution containing lithium carbonate, a salt of the element lithium and carbonic acid. The core function of this product is to provide a source of lithium ions in a liquid form, which can be utilized in different chemical analyses and research applications.
Sourced in Belgium
Lithium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula Li2CO3. It is a white, odorless, and crystalline solid that is used in various industrial and medical applications.
Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe
Cresyl violet acetate is a synthetic organic compound commonly used as a biological stain in histology and microscopy. It is a purple crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. Cresyl violet acetate is primarily used for the staining and identification of Nissl substance in nerve cells and neurons.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, India, Spain, Switzerland, Poland, Canada, China, Sao Tome and Principe, Australia, Belgium, Singapore, Sweden, Netherlands, Czechia
Triethylamine is a clear, colorless liquid used as a laboratory reagent. It is a tertiary amine with the chemical formula (CH3CH2)3N. Triethylamine serves as a base and is commonly employed in organic synthesis reactions.
Sourced in Germany, United States, Brazil, Japan, Netherlands, France, Spain, Italy, Switzerland
Entellan is a mounting medium for microscopy samples. It is designed to provide a transparent, long-lasting seal for the mounting of specimens on microscope slides.
Sourced in United States, Germany
Cytoseal is a fast-drying, permanent, and high-refractive index mounting medium designed for use with microscopy samples. It is formulated to provide excellent clarity and long-term preservation of fluorescent and immunohistochemical stains.
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, China, United Kingdom, Canada
Dansyl chloride is a fluorescent labeling reagent commonly used in analytical chemistry. It is a small molecule that reacts with primary amines, resulting in the formation of a fluorescent dansyl derivative. Dansyl chloride is employed in various analytical techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence spectroscopy, to facilitate the detection and quantification of labeled compounds.

More about "Lithium Carbonate"

Lithium Carbonate is a critical inorganic salt with diverse clinical and research applications.
It plays a crucial role in the treatment of bipolar disorder, a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings.
Additionally, Lithium Carbonate has been explored for its potential in managing various neurological conditions, including mood disorders, depression, and suicidal behavior.
Beyond its psychiatric and neurological uses, Lithium Carbonate has a wide range of other medical applications.
It has been studied for its potential in treating conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and even certain types of cancer.
Researchers are actively exploring the efficacy of Lithium Carbonate in these areas, seeking to unlock its full therapeutic potential.
To optimize your Lithium Carbonate research, consider utilizing PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform that can help you identify the most effective methods and products from the literature, preprints, and patents.
PubCompare.ai can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of your studies by helping you locate the best protocols, streamlining your research process and providing the insights you need to advance your Lithium Carbonate-related investigations.
When conducting Lithium Carbonate research, you may also encounter related compounds and techniques, such as Luxol fast blue, a staining method used to visualize myelin in the central nervous system, and Permount, a mounting medium used to preserve tissue samples.
Additionally, Lithium carbonate solution, Cresyl violet acetate, and Triethylamine are among the other chemicals and reagents that may be relevant to your studies.
To further enhance your research, consider exploring the use of Entellan, a rapid-drying mounting medium, and Cytoseal, a permanent mounting medium, which can help preserve and protect your Lithium Carbonate-related samples.
Dansyl chloride, a fluorescent labeling reagent, may also be of interest for certain Lithium Carbonate-related experiments.
By leveraging the insights and tools available, you can streamline your Lithium Carbonate research, improve reproducibility, and unlock new discoveries in this dynamic field of study.