Manganese sulfate

Here, we test the new methods described above on a wide range of real SAD, MAD and SIRAS merged diffraction data sets. For our tests, only the intensities or structure-factor amplitudes, along with the sequence for a protein monomer, the number of substructure atoms expected per monomer and the f′ and f′′ values for the substructure atoms were input. CRANK used AFRO and CRUNCH2 for substructure detection, BP3 for substructure phasing and SOLOMON with MULTICOMB for density modification. Three cycles of Buccaneer iterated with REFMAC were used for automated model building with iterative refinement. The default options or parameters were used in all programs. The defaults set by CRANK depend upon the particular experiment: for SAD data, AFRO uses the multivariate |F_A| value calculation and MULTICOMB uses the multivariate SAD function for phase combination in density modification, while Buccaneer uses the SAD function implemented in REFMAC. For SIRAS data, AFRO calculates |F_A| from either the anomalous signal or using isomorphous differences by determining which signal is greater. BP3 uses the uncorrelated SIRAS function described previously (Pannu et al., 2003 ▶ ) and SOLOMON uses MLHL phase combination in MULTICOMB, while Buccaneer uses the multivariate SIRAS function in REFMAC. Finally, for MAD data AFRO chooses the wavelength with the greatest anomalous signal and calculates multivariate F_A values from it. Similar to SIRAS data, SOLOMON uses MLHL phase combination in MULTICOMB to perform density modification and Buccaneer uses the MLHL likelihood function in REFMAC for model refinement.
In the test cases below, the previous version of CRANK, version 1.3, is tested with the current version, version 1.4. The main differences between the two versions are the development version of AFRO that calculates multivariate |F_A| values given SAD data and the use of MULTICOMB for phase combination in density modification, which were both introduced in version 1.4.
In total, we report results from 116 real data sets from several different sources listed in Appendix A. The data sets cover a wide range of resolutions (from 0.94 to 3.29 Å) and anomalous scatterers, including selenium, sulfur, chloride, sulfate, manganese, bromide, calcium and zinc. Of the 116 data sets, 63 are MAD data sets, 46 are SAD data sets and seven are SIRAS data sets.

Continuous cultures were established using published methods [54] (link) with the exception of the phosphate-limited media, which contained the following (per liter): 100 mg calcium chloride, 100 mg sodium chloride, 500 mg magnesium sulfate, 5 g ammonium sulfate, 1 g potassium chloride, 500 µg boric acid, 40 µg copper sulfate, 100 µg potassium iodide, 200 µg ferric chloride, 400 µg manganese sulfate, 200 µg sodium molybdate, 400 µg zinc sulfate, 1 µg biotin, 200 µg calcium pantothenate, 1 µg folic acid, 1 mg inositol, 200 µg niacin, 100 µg p-aminobenzoic acid, 200 µg pyridoxine, 100 µg riboflavin, 200 µg thiamine, 10 mg potassium phosphate, and 5 g glucose.
Experiments were started by initially growing cultures in 300mL of the appropriate defined media in batch phase. Once the cultures reached saturation, chemostat flow was initiated. Cultures were grown at a dilution rate of 0.17 volumes/hour. Daily samples were taken from the overflow in order to determine optical density at 600 nm, cell count and viability; perform microscopy; and make archival glycerol stocks. We confirmed that all evolved haploid clones maintained the same mating type as the founder by backcrossing the evolved strain to the isogenic ancestral strain of the opposite mating type. Clones from three of the twelve evolved diploid populations exhibited reduced sporulation efficiency, but did not mate inappropriately.

To examine the possible role of PM components (i.e., transition metals, ions, and crustal soil tracers) on the city-to-city variation of PM₁₀ mortality risk estimates, we analyzed the association between the key FPM components from the FPM speciation network and the NMMAPS PM₁₀ daily mortality risk estimates. The speciation data were obtained from the U.S. EPA Air Quality System (AQS) for the years 2000–2003 (U.S. EPA 2003 ). The NMMAPS PM₁₀ mortality risk estimates (updated estimates using generalized linear modeling) for the 90 largest U.S. MSAs (for the time-series analysis that was conducted for 1987–1994) were obtained from the JHSPH Internet-based Health and Air Pollution Surveillance System (IHAPSS) website (JHSPH 2003 ). Although there were more than 40 FPM species, we focused on the 16 key components that were most closely associated with major source categories: aluminum, arsenic, Cr, copper, elemental carbon, Fe, manganese, Ni, nitrate, organic carbon, lead, selinium, silicon, sulfate, V, and zinc. First, for each FPM monitor, quarterly averages were computed from 24-hr average values (of at least every 6th-day schedule) when > 50% of scheduled samples were available. Second, an annual average for each FPM monitor was computed (but only when the four complete quarter averages were available). Third, the annual average values were then averaged across available monitors for each MSA. The resulting MSA-averaged FPM component values were then matched with the 60 NMMAPS MSAs that had FPM speciation data. Most of the annual speciation data were highly skewed. Therefore, we examined both raw and log-transformed data. The PM₁₀ mortality risk estimates (expressed as percent excess deaths per 10-μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀) were then regressed on each of the FPM components, with weights based on the SE of the PM₁₀ risk estimates.

In this study, 10 g of PG were placed in a ball milling jar with a ball-to-material ratio of 10:1, and the milling was conducted at a rotation speed of 300 rev./min (rpm) for 30 min. Under the same experimental conditions, the composition of the raw materials was altered, with varying relative quantities of EMR to PG, specifically 10 wt% (EMR to 90 wt% PG), 15 wt%, 20 wt%, 25 wt%, and 30 wt%, while maintaining the total material (EMR + PG) in the ball mill at 10 g. Ball milling experiments were performed to obtain precursor whiskers with different proportions. In addition, separate ball milling experiments were carried out by individually adding manganese sulfate monohydrate (ranging from 0.5 wt% to 4 wt%) and ammonium sulfate (ranging from 0.25 wt% to 2 wt%) to PG. These experiments aimed to investigate the roles of Mn²⁺and NH₄⁺ during the doping process on the whiskers.

The PG was collected from a phosphate gypsum residue site in Jingmen, Hubei Province, China. The EMR was derived from an electrolytic manganese factory in Guangxi province in China. The chemical compositions of PG and EMR measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) are shown in Table 1. The content of calcium sulfate dihydrate in EMR and PG is 51.60% and 83.38%, respectively, as determined by the testing method outlined in Fig. S1 and the standard GB/T 23456-2018. Analytical pure anhydrous ethanol and glycerol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Beijing, China). Distilled water was used in all processes.Table 1

Chemical compositions of PG and EMR (wt%).

Chemical compositions	SO3	CaO	SiO2	Al2O3	P2O5	Fe2O3	MgO	MnO	Others
PG	40.099	28.45	9.166	1.568	1.206	0.685	0.222		18.604
EMR	26.733	10.664	18.544	1.985	0.172	5.877	2.882	5.203	27.94

Redistilled solvents and Milli-Q water (>18
MΩ cm) were used for substrate cleaning and preparation of solutions.
An FEP (30 μm, DAIKIN) film was used for triboelectrification
with liquid droplets. Sodium chloride (99.5%), sodium iodide (99.5%),
sodium nitrate (99%), sodium bicarbonate (99.5%), sodium carbonate
(99.5%), sodium sulfite (98%), sodium sulfate (99%), magnesium sulfate
(99%), potassium chloride (99.5%), potassium ferricyanide (99.5%),
calcium chloride (97%), chromic nitrate (99%), manganese(II) chloride
(99%), manganese(II) sulfate (99%), ferric nitrate (98.5%), nickel(II)
chloride (99%), copper sulfate (99%), copper(II) nitrate (99%), zinc
nitrate (99%), zinc acetate (98%), hydrochloric acid (37%), sulfuric
acid (98%), nitric acid (68%), potassium hydroxide (99.9%), and sodium
hydroxide (97%) were purchased from Macklin. Ethanol (99.7%) and acetone
(99.5%) were obtained from Yong Da Chemical.