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Oxide, Aluminum

Oxide, Aluminum: A chemical compound composed of aluminum and oxygen, with the formula Al2O3.
Aluminum oxide is a hard, ceramic material that is widely used in various applications, including abrasives, catalysts, refractory materials, and as a component in electrical and electronic devices.
It is known for its high melting point, chemical stability, and excellent insulating properties.
Aluminum oxide can be produced in a variety of forms, including crystalline and amorphous structures, and is an important material in materials science and engineering.

Most cited protocols related to «Oxide, Aluminum»

1
Phytohormone Analysis by HPLC-MS
Cited 28 times
Cytokinins (zeatin, Z, and zeatin riboside, ZR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) were extracted and purified according to the method of Dobrev and Kaminek (2002) (link). One gram of fresh plant material (leaf or root) was homogenized in liquid nitrogen and placed in 5 ml of cold (–20 °C) extraction mixture of methanol/water/formic acid (15/4/1 by vol., pH 2.5). After overnight extraction at –20 °C solids were separated by centrifugation (20 000 g, 15 min) and re-extracted for 30 min in an additional 5 ml of the same extraction solution. Pooled supernatants were passed through a Sep-Pak Plus †C18 cartridge (SepPak Plus, Waters, USA) to remove interfering lipids and plant pigments and evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 5 ml of 1 M formic acid and loaded on an Oasis MCX mixed mode (cation-exchange and reverse phase) column (150 mg, Waters, USA) preconditioned with 5 ml of methanol followed by 5 ml of 1 M formic acid. To separate different CK forms (nucleotides, bases, ribosides, and glucosides) from IAA and ABA, the column was washed and eluted stepwise with different appropriate solutions indicated in Dobrev and Kaminek (2002) (link). ABA and IAA were analysed in the same fraction. After each solvent was passed through the columns, they were purged briefly with air. Solvents were evaporated at 40 °C under vacuum. Samples then dissolved in a water/acetonitrile/formic acid (94.9:5:0.1 by vol.) mixture for HPLC/MS analysis. Analyses were carried out on a HPLC/MS system consisting of an Agilent 1100 Series HPLC (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a μ-well plate autosampler and a capillary pump, and connected to an Agilent Ion Trap XCT Plus mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) using an electrospray (ESI) interface. Prior to injection, 100 μl of each fraction extracted from tissues or a similar volume of xylem sap were filtered through 13 mm diameter Millex filters with 0.22 μm pore size nylon membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). 8 μl of each sample, dissolved in mobile phase A, was injected onto a Zorbax SB-C18 HPLC column (5 μm, 150×0.5 mm, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), maintained at 40 °C, and eluted at a flow rate of 10 μl min−1. Mobile phase A, consisting of water/acetonitrile/formic acid (94.9:5:0.1 by vol.), and mobile phase B, consisting of water/acetonitrile/formic acid (10:89.9:0.1 by vol.), were used for the chromatographic separation. The elution programme maintained 100% A for 5 min, then a linear gradient from 0% to 6% B in 10 min, followed by another linear gradient from 6% to 100% B in 5 min, and finally 100% B maintained for another 5 min. The column was equilibrated with the starting composition of the mobile phase for 30 min before each analytical run. The UV chromatogram was recorded at 280 nm with a DAD module (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive mode with a capillary spray voltage of 3500 V, and a scan speed of 22 000 m/z s−1 from 50–500 m/z. The nebulizer gas (He) pressure was set to 30 psi, whereas the drying gas was set to a flow of 6.0 l min−1 at a temperature of 350 °C. Mass spectra were obtained using the DataAnalysis program for LC/MSD Trap Version 3.2 (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Germany). For quantification of Z, ZR, ABA, and IAA, calibration curves were constructed for each component analysed (0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mg l−1) and corrected for 0.1 mg l−1 internal standards: [2H5]trans-zeatin, [2H5]trans-zeatin riboside, [2H6]cis,trans-abscisic acid (Olchemin Ltd, Olomouc, Czech Republic), and [13C6]indole-3-acetic acid (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories Inc., Andover, MA, USA). Recovery percentages ranged between 92% and 95%.
ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) was determined after conversion into ethylene by gas chromatography using an activated alumina column and a FID detector (Konik, Barcelona, Spain). ACC was extracted with 80% (v/v) ethanol and assayed by degradation with alkaline hypochlorite in the presence of 5 mM HgCl2 (Casas et al., 1989 ). A preliminary purification step was performed by passing the extract through a Dowex 50W-X8, 50–100 mesh, H+-form resin and later recovered with 0.1 N NH4OH. The conversion efficiency of ACC into ethylene was calculated separately by using a replicate sample containing 2.5 nmol of ACC as an internal standard and used for the correction of data.
Albacete A., Ghanem M.E., Martínez-Andújar C., Acosta M., Sánchez-Bravo J., Martínez V., Lutts S., Dodd I.C, & Pérez-Alfocea F. (2008). Hormonal changes in relation to biomass partitioning and shoot growth impairment in salinized tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59(15), 4119-4131.
Publication 2008
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid Abscisic Acid acetonitrile Capillaries Centrifugation Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Chromatography cis-acid Cold Temperature CREB3L1 protein, human Cytokinins DNA Replication Dowex Ethanol Ethylenes formic acid Gas Chromatography Glucosides High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Hypochlorite indoleacetic acid Isotopes Lipids Mass Spectrometry Mercuric Chloride Methanol Nebulizers Nitrogen Nucleotides Nylons Oxide, Aluminum Pigmentation Plant Leaves Plant Roots Plants Pressure Radionuclide Imaging Resins, Plant Sep-Pak C18 Solvents Strains Tissue, Membrane Tissues Vacuum Xylem Zeatin zeatin riboside
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium Porphyrins
Cited 17 times
All solvents and reagents were obtained from commercial sources and used as received. Palladium porphyrins Pd-1-OBu and Pd-1-OH were synthesized as described previously (43 ). Column chromatography was performed on Selecto silica gel (Fisher) or aluminum oxide (neutral, Brockmann I, ~150 mesh, 58 Å). Preparative gel permeation chromatography was performed on S-X1 (Biorad) beads, using THF as a mobile phase, unless otherwise stated. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker DPX-400 spectrometer. Mass spectra were obtained on a MALDI-TOF Voyager-DE RP BioSpectrometry workstation, using α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid as the matrix.
Detailed description of synthetic procedures, 1H and 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF, absorption and emission spectra and Stern-Volmer oxygen quenching plots can be found in Supporting Information.
Quartz fluorometric cells (Starna, Inc., 1 cm optical path length) were used in optical experiments. Optical spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 35 UV–vis spectrophotometer. Steady-state fluorescence and phosphorescence measurements were performed on a SPEX Fluorolog-2 spectrofluorometer (Jobin-Yvon Horiba), equipped with an infrared-enhanced R2658P PMT (Hamamatsu). Emission spectra were obtained using solutions with absorption at the excitation maximum of approximately 0.05 OD. Quantum yields of emission of all of the synthesized compounds were measured relative to the fluorescence of tetraphenylporphyrin φfl = 0.11 in deoxygenated C6H6 (37 ).
The system for oxygen titrations was described previously (43 , 61 (link)). Time-resolved phosphorescence measurements were performed using an in-house-constructed phosphorometer (57 ), modified for time-domain operation. For phosphorescence measurements, solutions were deoxygenated by argon bubbling (Airgas, grade 5.5), while monitoring changes in the phosphorescence lifetimes. Aqueous solutions were deoxygenated by a glucose/glucose oxidase/catalase enzymatic system (5 (link)) or by prolonged purging with argon.
Lebedev A.Y., Cheprakov A.V., Sakadžić S., Boas D.A., Wilson D.F, & Vinogradov S.A. (2009). Dendritic Phosphorescent Probes for Oxygen Imaging in Biological Systems. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 1(6), 1292-1304.
Publication 2009
Argon Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Catalase Cells Chromatography Coumaric Acids Enzymes Fluorescence Fluorometry Gel Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Oxidase, Glucose Oxide, Aluminum Oxygen Palladium Phosphorescent Measurements Porphyrins Quartz Silica Gel Solvents Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization tetraphenylporphyrin Titrimetry Vision
3
Effects of Storage Solutions on Tooth Hardness
Cited 15 times
Caries free, permanent premolars were extracted for periodontological purposes after the approval of the Ethics Committee. Teeth with fully developed root apices were included in the present study. After calculus and soft tissue removal by curettes, 12 nonsterile teeth were immediately put into one of the following storage solutions: De-ionized water (pH ~6.5), 0.2% glutaraldehyde (pH ~4.8), HBSS (HBSS, with phenol red, with calcium and magnesium, pH ~7.5, Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO, USA), 0.1% NaOCl (pH ~10), and 0.1% thymol (pH ~9.1). Only thymol solution, 0.1% was prepared in our laboratory.
Solutions were not replenished during the 12 months storage, which limits the dissolution of the inorganic fraction of teeth.[11 12 (link)] Six teeth from each group were taken out of the storage solution at the 2nd month of the storage, and the other six teeth were taken out at the 12th month. Teeth with the vestibular surfaces facing up were horizontally embedded in polyester resin. To prepare a flat surface which exposes enamel and dentin together, teeth crowns were ground 2 mm on their vestibular surface using 180, 220, 320, 500, 800, 1000, 1200 grit silicon carbide papers under copious water-cooling, followed by polishing with 0.05 μm alumina slurry using a low-speed metallurgical polisher.
After transferring teeth to the Vickers Hardness Testing Machine (Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) six indentations on enamel and six indentations on dentin were done by a pyramid diamond indenter tip with 100 g load for 15 s. On enamel and dentin, the indentations were started 200 μm away from dentino-enamel junction and made toward the coronal surface on enamel and towards apical end on dentin, with keeping approximately 200 μm distance between the indentations.
Means of the hardness values (HV) for enamel and dentin were separately calculated per sample, and data was processed using SPSS 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). First, normalization of the data was evaluated, and statistically homogenous data distribution was verified using one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and two-way ANOVA was used.
Aydın B., Pamir T., Baltaci A., Orman M.N, & Turk T. (2015). Effect of storage solutions on microhardness of crown enamel and dentin. European Journal of Dentistry, 9(2), 262-266.
Publication 2015
Bicuspid Calcium, Dietary Calculi Dental Caries Dental Enamel Dentin Diamond Ethics Committees Glutaral Hemoglobin, Sickle Homozygote Magnesium neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human Oxide, Aluminum Polyesters Resins, Plant Thymol Tissues Tooth Tooth Apex Tooth Crowns Tooth Root Vestibular Labyrinth
4
Tissue Clearing and Storage Protocol
Cited 14 times
FDISCO clearing consisted of two steps: dehydration and refractive index matching. Tissues were dehydrated with THF solutions (mixed with dH2O, pH adjusted to 9.0 with triethylamine) at a series of concentrations 50, 70, 80, and 100 volume % (twice or thrice). Pure DBE (108014, Sigma-Aldrich) was used as a refractive index matching solution to clear tissue after dehydration. All steps were performed at 4°C with slight shaking. During clearing, the tissues were placed in glass chambers covered with aluminum foil in the dark. The incubation time of each step depended on the tissue type and size (table S1).
For bone clearing, mouse tibias were decalcified with 0.1 M EDTA-2Na (dissolved in 0.01 M PBS) for 2 to 3 days at 37°C with slight shaking and then washed with PBS several times prior to THF treatment. For whole-body clearing, mouse hair was removed before perfusion, and the whole body was washed with PBS several times at 37°C to remove residual blood after PFA fixation.
After FDISCO clearing, the tissues were stored in DBE in airtight glass chambers at 4°C in the dark. As tissue transparency might decrease during long-term storage after clearing, prior to repeated imaging, the tissues should be transferred to 100 volume % THF for several hours and then incubated again in DBE until the tissues were transparent. The peroxides in THF and DBE were removed by column absorption chromatography with basic activated aluminum oxide (20001861, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd., China) (24 (link)). The clearing agents were freshly prepared. All other clearing protocols, including BABB, 3DISCO, uDISCO, FluoClearBABB, Ethanol-ECi, CUBIC, and PACT, were performed following the original papers (16 (link), 17 (link), 22 (link), 23 (link), 26 (link)–28 (link)).
Qi Y., Yu T., Xu J., Wan P., Ma Y., Zhu J., Li Y., Gong H., Luo Q, & Zhu D. (2019). FDISCO: Advanced solvent-based clearing method for imaging whole organs. Science Advances, 5(1), eaau8355.
Publication 2019
Aluminum BLOOD Bones Chromatography Cuboid Bone Dehydration Edetic Acid Ethanol Hair Histocompatibility Testing Human Body Mus Oxide, Aluminum Perfusion Peroxides Tibia Tissues triethylamine
5
Atomic Force Microscopy of Demineralized Bone
Cited 11 times

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Publication 2009
Bones Cells Collagen Cyanoacrylates Decalcification Technique Diamond Edetic Acid Fibrillar Collagen Immune Tolerance Minerals Mus Neoplasm Metastasis Oxide, Aluminum Radionuclide Imaging Radius Reading Frames Silicon Steel Vibration

Most recents protocols related to «Oxide, Aluminum»

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Fabrication of Quadruple Microelectrodes
Not available on PMC !

Example 12

The quadruple microelectrodes with a gap of ˜500 μm were patterned by photolithography. The microelectrodes are made of Au (90 nm)/Cr (10 nm) thin films. The Au nanowires were electrodeposited into nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide and the length of Au nanowires was controlled by the amount of electric charges passing through the circuit.

US11858816B2. Dendritic materials with hierarchical porosity (2024-01-02). BOARD OF REGENTS, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM [US]. Inventors: Weigu Li [US], Donglei Fan [US].
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2
Dehydrogenation of Terpenes to Cymene
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

Dehydrogenation of terpenes to cymene was evaluated in the fixed bed reactor system depicted in FIG. 2. A mixture of terpenes, primarily rich in Limonene and phellandrene was fed into the reactor at 0.5 mL/min, in the presence of nitrogen at 10 ml/min with a temperature of 300° C. in the reactor. The reactor was packed with 12 g of 5% Palladium on Alumina catalyst. The resulting product show >96% of para cymene.

US11873277B2. Circular economic methods for fragrance ingredients (2024-01-16). International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. [US]. Inventors: Sunitha R. Tadepalli [US], Paul Daniel Jones [US], Geatesh K. Tampy [US], John P. Cherkauskas [US].
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3
Catalytic Cracking of Arab Light Crude
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

An Arab light crude oil with an API gravity of 33.0 and a sulfur content of 1.6 wt. % was fractionated in a distillation column to form a light stream and a heavy stream. Properties of the feed crude oil stream and the resulting fractions (based on their percent composition in the crude oil fractions) are given in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1
Stream NameBoiling RangeNi (ppm)V (ppm)S (wt. %)N (ppm)
Hydrocarbon3.414.521.6444
Feed
Light StreamLess than<1<10.213
370° C.
Heavy StreamGreater than 4.414.21.4431
370° C.

Details of the un-hydrotreated heavy stream are shown below in Table 2, where the heavy stream is designated EX-1(A).

The same Arab light crude oil used in Example 1 was directly cracked in the same cracking reactor and under the same conditions as was used in Example 3(A), results are designated CE-1. Specifically, the temperature was 675° and the TOS was 75 seconds.

TABLE 4
3(A)3(B)3 (Combined)CE-1
(wt. %)(wt. %)(wt. %)(wt. %)
Dry Gas9.876.438.0610.80
Light Olefins39.1151.6743.4634.89
Ethylene11.8210.0610.6910.41
Propylene18.3425.7621.0516.51
Butylene8.9615.8411.727.96
Gasoline Range33.1224.6028.3824.21
Products
Coke4.926.615.5113.86
Conversion91.1494.4689.8687.38

As can be seen in Table 4, the combined yields of total light olefins from the present methods are significantly higher than the yields from the comparative methods. Further, each of examples 3(A), 3(B), and 3(Combined) show significantly decreased levels of coke formation relative to the comparative example CE-1.

Example 2

The heavy stream from Example 1 was hydrotreated in a three-stage hydrotreater. The reaction conditions were: a weighted average bed temperature of 400° C., a pressure of 150 bar, a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.5 h−1, an Hz/oil ratio 1200:1(v/v), an oil flowrate of 300 ml/h, and an H2 flowrate of 360 L/h.

The first stage of the hydrotreater used a KFR-22 catalyst from Albemarle Co. to accomplish hydro-demetallization (HDM). The second stage of the hydrotreater used a KFR-33 catalyst from Albemarle Co. to accomplish hydro-desulfurization (HDS). The third stage of the hydrotreater used a KFR-70 catalyst from Albemarle Co. to accomplish hydro-dearomatization (HDA). The first, second, and third stages were discrete beds placed atop one another in a single reaction zone. The heavy stream flowed downward to the first stage, then to the second stage, and then to the third stage. Properties of this hydrotreated heavy stream are shown in Table 2 below and are designated EX-2.

TABLE 2
EX-1(A)EX-2
Kinematic viscosity at 100° C. (mm2/s)6
Density (g/ml)0.9650.8402
Nitrogen (ppm)120868.5
Sulfur (wt. %)3.10.007
Ni (ppm)10<1
V (ppm)32<1
Aromatics68.625.6

The hydrotreated heavy stream from Example 2 was fed to the advanced cracking evaluation unit. A TOS of 75 seconds, a residence time of from 1 to 2 seconds, and a temperature of 645° C. was used. Characterization of the product is given in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5
CE-13(B)
Temp. ° C.645645
T.O.S.(s)7575
Steaming Cond.810° C. for 6 hours
CAT/OIL6.488.00
Conversion (%)82.7794.46
Yields (wt. %)
H2 (wt. %)0.600.93
C1 (wt. %)4.823.71
C2 (wt. %)2.741.79
C2═ (wt. %)8.0710.06
C3 (wt. %)2.262.25
C3═ (wt. %)17.1625.76
iC4 (wt. %)0.671.58
nC4 (wt. %)0.550.69
t2C4═ (wt. %)2.393.92
1C4═ (wt. %)1.672.78
iC4═ (wt. %)3.596.01
c2C4═ (wt.%)1.903.14
1,3-BD (wt. %)0.010.63
Total Gas (wt. %)46.4463.25
Gasoline (wt. %)18.0924.60
LCO (wt. %)9.843.95
HCO (wt. %)7.381.59
Coke (wt. %)18.246.61
Groups (wt. %)
H2—C2 (dry gas)16.2416.49
C3—C4 (LPG)30.1946.77
C2═−C4═ (Light34.7952.30
olefins)
C3═+C4═26.7142.24
C4═ (Butenes)9.5516.48
Molar Ratios
mol/mol)
C2═/C23.156.03
C3═/C37.9711.97
C4═/C48.067.52
iC4═/C4═0.380.36
iC4═/iC45.513.94

As can be seen in Table 5, utilizing a hydrotreated heavy stream as the feed to the catalytic reactor results in higher conversion; greater yield of C2, C3, and C4 olefins; greater yield of gasoline; and significantly decreased coke formation, among other advantages.

Example 3

The respective fractions of Arab light crude were cracked at the conditions described below. A catalyst with the composition shown in Table 3 below as used in all of the reactions.

TABLE 3
ComponentWeight %Notes
ZSM-520Phosphorus impregnated at 7.5 wt. %
P2O5 on zeolite
USY21Lanthanum impregnated at 2.5 wt. %
La2O3 on zeolite
Alumina8Pural SB from Sasol
Clay49Kaolin
Silica2Added as colloidal silica Ludox TM-40

An Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) unit was used to simulate a commercial FCC process. The reaction was run two times with fresh catalyst to simulate two separate FCC reaction zones in parallel.

Prior to each experiment, the catalyst is loaded into the reactor and heated to the desired reaction temperature. N2 gas is fed through the feed injector from the bottom to keep catalyst particles fluidized. Once the catalyst bed temperature reaches within ±2° C. of the reaction temperature, the reaction can begin. Feed is then injected for a predetermined time (time-on-stream (TOS)). The desired catalyst-to-feed ratio is obtained by controlling the feed pump. The gaseous product is routed to the liquid receiver, where C5+ hydrocarbons are condensed and the remaining gases are routed to the gas receiver. After catalyst stripping is over, the reactor is heated to 700° C., and nitrogen was replaced with air to regenerate the catalyst. During regeneration, the released gas is routed to a CO2 analyzer. Coke yield is calculated from the flue gas flow rate and CO2 concentration. The above process was repeated for each of Examples 3(A) and 3(B). The weight ratio of catalyst to hydrocarbons was 8.

It should be understood that time-on-stream (TOS) is directly proportional to residence time.

The light stream from Example 1 was fed to the advanced cracking evaluation unit. A time-on-stream (TOS) of 75 seconds, a residence time of from 1 to 2 seconds, and a temperature of 675° C. was used.

The hydrotreated heavy stream from Example 2 was fed to the advanced cracking evaluation unit. A TOS of 75 seconds, a residence time of from 1 to 2 seconds, and a temperature of 645° C. was used. Characterization is shown in both Table 4 and Table 5.

The streams of Examples 3(A) and 3(B) were combined to form a single stream. The single stream simulates the output of processing a whole crude according to the methods of the present disclosure.

Example 3(Combined) is a weighted average of Examples 3(A) and 3(B). Example 3(A) represented 53 wt. % of Example 3(Combined). Example 3(B) represented 44 wt. % of Example 3 (Combined).

US11866659B1. Multi-zone catalytic cracking of crude oils (2024-01-09). Saudi Arabian Oil Company [SA]. Inventors: Mansour Ali Al-Herz [SA], Ali Al Jawad [SA], Qi Xu [SA], Aaron Akah [SA], Musaed Salem Al-Ghrami [SA].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Adjustment Disorders Alkenes Arabs butylene Catalysis Clay Cocaine Distillation ethylene GAS6 protein, human Gravity Hutterite cerebroosteonephrodysplasia syndrome Hydrocarbons Kaolin Lanthanum Light Molar Neoplasm Metastasis Nitrogen Oxide, Aluminum Petroleum phosphoric anhydride Phosphorus Pressure propylene Regeneration Silicon Dioxide Simulate composite resin Sulfur Viscosity Vision Zeolites
4
Cracking and Hydrotreating of Arab Light Crude Oil
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

An Arab light crude oil with an API gravity of 33.0 and a sulfur content of 1.6 wt. % was fractionated in a distillation column to form a light stream and a heavy stream. Properties of the feed crude oil stream and the resulting fractions (based on their wt. % composition in the crude oil) are given in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1
Boiling Ni VS N
Stream NameRange(ppm)(ppm)(wt. %)(ppm)
Hydrocarbon4.414.21.6444
Feed
Light StreamLess than <1<10.8136
540° C.
Heavy StreamGreater than4.414.20.8308
540° C.

The same Arab light crude oil used in Example 3 was directly cracked in the same cracking reactor and under the same conditions as was used in Example 3.

TABLE 4
EX-3CE-1
Constituent(wt. %)(wt. %)
H20.680.72
C16.476.86
C23.103.23
C2 = (ethylene)10.8510.41
C31.671.65
C3 = (propylene)18.2016.51
iC40.460.42
nC40.410.56
t2C4 =2.221.93
1C4 =1.651.40
iC4 =3.573.09
c2C4 =1.791.54
1,3-BD1.110.99
Butenes9.227.96
Total Gas52.1749.31
Dry Gas10.2410.80
Total Light Olefins38.2734.89
Gasoline27.9224.21
LCO8.439.43
HCO2.043.20
Coke9.4413.86
Total Gas + Coke61.6163.17

As can be seen in Table 4, the yield of total light olefins from the inventive EX-3 is significantly higher than the yield of light olefins in the comparative CE-1. Additionally, EX-3 shows significantly lower coke formation than the comparative CE-1.

Example 2

The heavy stream from Example 1 was hydrotreated in a three-stage hydrotreater. The reaction conditions were: a weighted average bed temperature of 400° C., a pressure of 150 bar, a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.5 h−1, an H2/oil ratio 1200:1 (v/v), an oil flowrate of 300 ml/h, and an H2 flowrate of 360 L/h.

The first stage of the hydrotreater used a KFR-22 catalyst from Albemarle Co. to accomplish hydro-demetallization (HDM). The second stage of the hydrotreater used a KFR-33 catalyst from Albemarle Co. to accomplish hydro-desulfurization (HDS). The third stage of the hydrotreater used a KFR-70 catalyst from Albemarle Co. to accomplish hydro-dearomatization (HDA). The first, second, and third stages were discrete beds placed atop one another in a single reaction zone. The heavy stream flowed downward to the first stage, then to the second stage, and then to the third stage. Properties of this hydrotreated heavy stream are shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2
Kinematic viscosity at 100° C.67.6 mm2/s
Density at 60° C.0.9 g/cm3
Sulfur (wt. %)0.36
Ni (ppm)1
V (ppm)3
Fe (ppm)<1
Na (ppm)<10

Example 3

A catalyst with the composition shown in Table 3 below as used in all of the reactions.

TABLE 3
ComponentWeight %Notes
ZSM-520Phosphorus impregnated at 7.5 wt. % P2O5
on zeolite
USY21Lanthanum impregnated at 2.5 wt. % La2O3
on zeolite
Alumina8Pural SB from Sasol
Clay49Kaolin
Silica2Added as colloidal silica Ludox TM-40

An Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) unit was used to simulate a down-flow FCC reaction zone with multiple inlet points. The ACE unit emulates commercial FCC process.

Prior to each experiment, the catalyst is loaded into the reactor and heated to the desired reaction temperature. N2 gas is fed through the feed injector from the bottom to keep catalyst particles fluidized. Once the catalyst bed temperature reaches within ±2° C. of the reaction temperature, the reaction can begin. Feed is then injected for a predetermined time (time-on-stream (TOS)). The desired catalyst-to-feed ratio is obtained by controlling the feed pump. The gaseous product is routed to the liquid receiver, where C5+ hydrocarbons are condensed and the remaining gases are routed to the gas receiver. After catalyst stripping is over, the reactor is heated to 700° C., and nitrogen was replaced with air to regenerate the catalyst. During regeneration, the released gas is routed to a CO2 analyzer. Coke yield is calculated from the flue gas flow rate and CO2 concentration. The above process was repeated for each of Examples 3(A) and 3(B).

The light stream from Example 1 was combined with the hydrotreated heavy stream from Example 2 to form a combined feed stream. The combined feed stream was fed to the ACE unit. A time-on-stream (TOS) of 75 seconds and a temperature of 675° C. was used. Fresh catalyst was steamed deactivated at 810° C. for 6 hours to resemble the equilibrium catalyst in the actual process. The steam deactivated catalyst was used in this reaction. It should be understood that TOS is directly proportional to residence time.

US11866663B1. Multi-zone catalytic cracking of crude oils (2024-01-09). Saudi Arabian Oil Company [SA]. Inventors: Mansour Ali Al-Herz [SA], Ali Al Jawad [SA], Qi Xu [SA], Aaron Akah [SA], Musaed Salem Al-Ghrami [SA].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
43-63 Adjustment Disorders Alkenes Arabs BD-38 butylene Catalysis Clay Cocaine Distillation ethylene Gravity Hydrocarbons Kaolin Lanthanum Light Neoplasm Metastasis Nitrogen Oxide, Aluminum Petroleum phosphoric anhydride Phosphorus Pressure propylene Regeneration Silicon Dioxide Steam Sulfur Viscosity Vision Zeolites
5
Fabrication and Oxidation of MoSi2-based Ceramics
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

Mixtures of molybdenum, silicon and chromium powders were prepared and heated in Ar to form MoSi2 and Mo0.85Cr0.15Si2, respectively. The reaction products were milled to an average particle diameter of 5 μm. Silicide powder was subsequently mixed with 5 wt. % bentonite (bentolite L) and water to form a paste for extrusion. Respective composition was extruded into 9 mm diameter rods, which were subsequently dried and pre-sintered in hydrogen for 1 h at 1375° C. Final sintering to achieve full density was then performed by resistance heating in air to 1500° C. for 5 minutes.

Samples of each composition were ground to remove the protective SiO2 scale that was formed during final sintering. Samples were placed individually on alumina sample holders to collect potential oxidation products and include them in the weight measurements. The samples were placed in laboratory air in an electrical furnace heated to 450° C. employing FeCrAl heating elements and utilized with ceramic fiber insulation. Sample and holder were weighted to monitor individual weight changes as function of exposure time.

The combination (Mo,Cr)Si2-based terminal portions on MoSi2-based portions together with MoSi2-based heating zone material displayed significantly improved resistance.

US11866371B2. Heating element comprising chromium alloyed molybdenum disilicide and the use thereof (2024-01-09). Sandvik Intellectual Property AB [SE]. Inventors: Erik Ström [SE], Petter Lindblom [SE].
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Patent 2024
Bentonite Chromium Electricity Fibrosis Hydrogen Molybdenum Oxide, Aluminum Pastes Powder Rod Photoreceptors Silicon

Top products related to «Oxide, Aluminum»

1
Sodium hydroxide (naoh) by Merck Group
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Sodium hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and is a strong base. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a reagent.
2
Methanol by Merck Group
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Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.
3
Hydrochloric acid (hcl) by Merck Group
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Hydrochloric acid is a commonly used laboratory reagent. It is a clear, colorless, and highly corrosive liquid with a pungent odor. Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas.
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The SDT Q600 is a simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) instrument that can perform both thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements on a single sample. The instrument is capable of analyzing a wide range of materials and can provide information on their thermal properties, such as thermal stability, phase transitions, and heat flow.
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Aluminum oxide by Merck Group
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Aluminum oxide is a ceramic material that is commonly used as a laboratory equipment. It is a hard, chemically inert, and thermally stable substance. Aluminum oxide is known for its high melting point, high compressive strength, and resistance to corrosion. It is often used as a substrate material, abrasive, or insulating component in various laboratory applications.
9
Methyl methacrylate by Merck Group
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Methyl methacrylate is a colorless, volatile liquid used as a raw material in the production of various polymers and copolymers. It serves as a key component in the manufacture of acrylic-based materials, such as acrylic sheets, adhesives, and coatings.
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Ethanol by Merck Group
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Ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a key component in various scientific applications, serving as a solvent, disinfectant, and fuel source. Ethanol has a molecular formula of C2H6O and a range of industrial and research uses.

More about "Oxide, Aluminum"

Aluminum oxide, commonly known as alumina, is a versatile and widely-used chemical compound composed of aluminum (Al) and oxygen (O), with the chemical formula Al2O3.
This hard, ceramic material is renowned for its exceptional properties, including high melting point, excellent chemical stability, and outstanding insulating capabilities.
Alumina finds application in a diverse range of industries, serving as an essential component in abrasives, catalysts, refractory materials, and electrical/electronic devices.
Aluminum oxide can be produced in various forms, including crystalline and amorphous structures, each with unique characteristics and applications.
The material's exceptional hardness makes it a popular choice for use as an abrasive, while its chemical stability and high melting point make it an ideal candidate for refractory applications.
In the field of catalysis, alumina serves as a support material, enhancing the performance of catalytic processes.
Beyond its core applications, aluminum oxide is also closely related to other important chemicals and materials.
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as caustic soda, is often used in the production of alumina through the Bayer process.
Methanol (CH3OH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) may also be utilized in various steps of alumina processing and purification.
Thermal analysis techniques, such as SDT Q600, are commonly employed to characterize the properties of aluminum oxide and other materials.
In the realm of polymer science and engineering, alumina finds applications as a filler or reinforcing agent in materials like toluene, styrene, tetrahydrofuran, and methyl methacrylate.
The addition of alumina can enhance the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of these polymeric systems.
Ethanol (C2H5OH) may also be used in the synthesis or processing of aluminum oxide-based materials.
By leveraging the insights gained from the MeSH term description and the metadescription, this comprehensive overview of aluminum oxide and its related materials and applications provides a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals seeking to optimize their oxide and aluminum-focused studies and projects.
PubCompare.ai, a leading AI-driven platform, can assist in this endeavor by enabling the identification of the best protocols and products from literature, pre-prints, and patents, ultimately streamlining the research process and ensuring reproducible, accurate results.