Antibodies and Reagents—Anti-human GPVI monoclonal antibody
(mAb) 204-11 has been described previously
(25 (
link)). Anti-Syk polyclonal Ab
(pAb) (26 (
link)) was kindly provided
by J. B. Bolen (DNAX, CA). Anti-phospho-Syk (Tyr
525/526) pAb and
anti-Myc mAb were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (New England
Biolabs UK Ltd., Herts, UK). T7-Tag mAb was purchased from Novagen
(Nottingham, UK). Anti-phosphotyrosine mAb 4G10, anti-FcR γ-chain pAb,
and normal rabbit IgG were purchased from Upstate Biotechnology (Milton
Keynes, UK). Anti-human CLEC-2 mAb was purchased fromR&D Systems Inc.
(Minneapolis, MN). Anti-PECAM-1 mAb AB468 was from Autogen-Bioclear
(Wiltshire, UK). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit
secondary Ab and enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (ECL) were purchased from
Amersham Biosciences. Mouse IgG1 monoclonal was purchased from Abcam
(Cambridge, UK). Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-mouse IgG
secondary antibody was purchased from Sigma. Collagen was obtained from
Nycomed Austria GmbH (Linz, Austria). Rhodocytin was purified from the venom
of
Calloselasma rhodostoma (27 (
link)). The Src kinase
inhibitors used were, PP1, purchased from BioSource Europe (Nivelles,
Belgium); PP2, purchased from Calbiochem (Nottingham, UK); and PD0173952, a
gift from Pfizer Global Research and Development (Ann Arbor, MI). The Syk
kinase inhibitor, R406, was a kind gift of Dr. D. Simmons (Cellzome UK Ltd.,
Cambridge). FcR γ-chain “knock-out” mice were bred as
heterozygotes as described
(28 (
link)). 10 m
m Pervanadate was freshly prepared on the day for use by mixing sodium
orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide in phosphate-buffered saline to final
concentrations 10 m
m, then left for 5 min at room temperature and
kept on ice. Other reagents were from previously described sources
(6 (
link),
8 (
link),
24 ).
Constructs—The human pRc/GPVI, pEF6/FcR γ-chain,
pEF6/CLEC-2, and mutant CLEC-2 (Y7F) expression plasmids have been previously
described (8 (
link)). The human
pcDNA3/-G6b-B (kindly given by Prof R. D. Campbell, Oxford, UK) has been
described (9 (
link)) and the human
pcDNA3/PECAM-1 (kindly given by C. D. Buckley, Birmingham, UK) has also been
described (29 (
link)). The NFAT
luciferase reporter containing three copies of the distal NFAT site from the
interleukin-2 promoter has been described
(30 (
link)).
Making Myc-tagged FcR γ
-Chain—The c-Myc
epitope tag (EQKLISEEDL) was fused at the amino terminus of FcR γ-chain
by using pEF6/FcR γ-chain as a template and the primers: forward
(5′-GAA CAA AAA CTC ATC TCA GAA GAG GAT CTG CTG GGA GAG CCT CAG
CTC-3′) and reverse (5′-CAG ATC CTC TTC TGA GAT GAG TTT TTG TTC
GGC CGC TGC TTG TTC AAC-3′), and subcloned into pEF6.
Site-directed Mutagenesis of G6b-B—Site-directed mutagenesis
of G6b-B was performed by a QuikChange® Site-directed Mutagenesis Kit
(Stratagene, Cambridge, UK). The primers G6b-B-Y211F-forward (5′-CCG AGC
CTG CTC TTT GCG GAT CTG GAC-3′) and G6b-B-Y211F-reverse (5′-GTC
CAG ATC CGC AAA GAG CAG GCT CGG-3′) were used for tyrosine to
phenylalanine mutation in G6b-B (Y211F) using wild-type human pcDNA/G6b-B as a
template. The primers G6b-B-Y237F-forward (5′-GAT GCC TCC ACC ATC TTT
GCA GTT GTA GTT TG-3′) and G6b-B-Y237F-reverse (5′-CAA ACT ACA ACT
GCA AAG ATG GTG GAG GCA TC-3′) were used for tyrosine to phenylalanine
mutation in G6b-B (Y237F) using wild-type human pcDNA/G6b-B as a template and
they were also used for tyrosine to phenylalanine mutation in G6b-B
(Y211F/Y237F) using mutant pcDNA/G6b-B (Y211F) as a template. All sequences
were verified by sequencing.
Cell Culture—Wild-type (WT), Syk-deficient
(31 (
link)), SHP1 and SHP2
double-deficient (32 (
link)) (kindly
donated by L. Meyaard, Utrecht, The Netherlands), SHIP-deficient
(33 (
link)) (kindly donated by D. K.
Newman, Milwaukee, WI) DT40 chicken B cells were grown in RPMI supplemented
with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% chicken serum, 100 units/ml penicillin, 100
μg/ml streptomycin, 50 μ
m β-mercaptoethanol, and 20
m
m glutamine.
Luciferase Assay—The NFAT reporter assay was performed as
described (8 (
link),
24 ). The indicated amount of
DNA of each construct and 15 μg of NFAT-luciferase reporter construct were
transfected by electroporation at 350 V and 500 microfarads into 2 ×
10
7 cells of WT, Syk-deficient, and SHP1/SHP2-deficient DT40 cells.
Twenty hours after transfection, live cells were counted by trypan blue
exclusion, and samples divided for luciferase assay (2 × 10
6 cells/ml), flow cytometry (5 × 10
5 cells/sample), and Western
blotting (1 × 10
6 cells/sample). Collagen was used at 10
μg/ml and rhodocytin was used at 50 n
m. Luciferase activity was
measured with a Centro LB960 microplate luminometer (Berthold Technologies,
Germany). All results were compared with basal in mock-transfected cells.
Flow Cytometry—Cell surface expression of transfected cells
was analyzed by flow cytometry using 1 μg/ml, GPVI mAb, PECAM-1 mAb, and
Myc mAb to detect CLEC-2 and FcR γ-chain, T7-Tag mAb to detect G6b-B, or
mouse IgG followed by staining with 4 μg/ml fluorescein
isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody, and assessed on a
FACScalibur (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA). Data were analyzed using
CellQuest software.
Human and Mouse Platelets—Washed preparations of human and
mouse platelets were prepared as previously described
(5 (
link),
8 (
link)). Platelets were resuspended
in a modified Tyrodes-HEPES buffer at concentrations of 4 ×
10
8/ml (human) or 2 × 10
8/ml (mouse). Platelets
were prewarmed to 37 °C for 5 min and incubated with inhibitors or solvent
controls for up to 10 min.
Immunoprecipitation and Western Blotting—Transfected cells
(1 × 10
8/ml) were incubated for 30 min in RPMI at 37 °C
before stimulating. After stimulation, transfected cells or platelets were
lysed with ice-cold 2× lysis buffer (2% Triton X-100, 2% dodecyl
maltoside, 4 m
m 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride, 20
μg/ml aprotinin, 20 μg/ml leupeptin, 2 μg/ml pepstatin, 10
m
m sodium orthovanadate, pH 7.5) and insoluble material was removed
by centrifugation. For immunoprecipitation, lysates were precleared with
protein A (G)-Sepharose beads for 30 min at 4 °C and mixed with 2 μg of
the indicated antibodies and protein A-Sepharose beads (protein G-Sepharose).
The mixture was rotated for 2 h at 4 °C. Whole cell lysates or
immunoprecipitated lysates were added to 2× Laemmli sample buffer.
Samples were separated by SDS-PAGE on 10 or 4–12% BisTris gels
(Invitrogen) and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Western
blotting was carried out as described previously
(24 ).
Statistical Analysis—Experiments were performed on at least
three occasions and results are shown as mean ± S.E. with the exception
of the representative Western blots and flow cytometry histograms. Statistical
significance was determined using Student's
t test.
Mori J., Pearce A.C., Spalton J.C., Grygielska B., Eble J.A., Tomlinson M.G., Senis Y.A, & Watson S.P. (2008). G6b-B Inhibits Constitutive and Agonist-induced Signaling by Glycoprotein VI and CLEC-2. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283(51), 35419-35427.