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Quartz

Quartz is a common and abundant crystalline form of silicon dioxide (SiO2) found in many types of rock.
It is a hard, durable mineral with a wide range of applications in industry, construction, and scientific research.
Quartz crystals are prized for their unique optical and piezoelectric properties, making them useful in electronics, optics, and various technologies.
In the context of scientific research, quartz is commonly used in analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and quartz crystal microbalances to characterize materials and study chemical and physical processes.
Researchers leveraging quartz-based methods must carefully select and validate their experimental protocols to ensure reproducibility and accuracy in their findings.

Most cited protocols related to «Quartz»

Soybean Tissue Harvesting for Transcriptome Analysis

Cited 93 times

The seeds were derived from introgressing G. soja (PI468916) into G. max (A81-356022). Specifically, the BC₅F₅plant P-C609-45-2-2 was heterozygous for the LG I protein QTL introgression from G. soja. These seeds were planted directly into pots containing Bradyrhizobium japonicum-inoculated soil and supplemented with full nutrient fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14) in growth chambers at the University of Minnesota. Chambers were set initially to a photoperiod of 14/10 and thermocycle of 22°C/10°C and monitored to mimic Illinois field growing conditions. Relative humidity settings were 50-60%, and light intensity was measured at 550-740 μE m^-2sec^-1. All harvests occurred at 1400 hours and consisted of samples pooled from a minimum of three plants [52 (link)]. Samples were harvested from plants in parallel and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen before storage at -80°C. Open flowers and young leaf tissue samples were collected simultaneously. Pods and seeds were harvested by seed weight and pod lengths that correspond to approximated Days After Flowering (DAF) as specified. The one-cm pod was processed intact (approximately 7-DAF), while the four and five cm pods (approximately 10-13 DAF and 14-17 DAF) were divided into seed and pod-shell components. Seed 21-DAF, Seed 25-DAF, Seed 28-DAF and Seed 35-DAF had seed weights between 10 and 25 milligrams, 25 and 50 milligrams, 50 and 100 milligrams, 100 and 200 milligrams, and greater than 200 milligrams, respectively.
Root and nodule tissues were harvested from plants grown in growth chambers set to 16-hr photoperiods with light intensities ranging from 310-380 μE m^-2sec^-1. Seeds were imbibed for three days, planted in quartz sand and fertilized with a full nutrient solution. Root tissue was harvested after 12 days. Nodules were harvested at 20-25 days after inoculation; for these samples, plants were fertilized for the first seven days with nutrient solution containing 3.5 mM NO₃and subsequently fertilized every other day with a full nutrient solution lacking nitrogen.
Soybean tissue samples were ground with liquid nitrogen by mortar and pestle. Total RNA was isolated by a modified TRIzol^®(Invitrogen) protocol [53 (link)]. DNA was removed by digest with on-column RNase-free DNase (Qiagen), and RNA was purified and concentrated by RNeasy column (Qiagen). RNA quality was evaluated by gel electrophoresis, spectrophotometer and Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer.

Severin A.J., Woody J.L., Bolon Y.T., Joseph B., Diers B.W., Farmer A.D., Muehlbauer G.J., Nelson R.T., Grant D., Specht J.E., Graham M.A., Cannon S.B., May G.D., Vance C.P, & Shoemaker R.C. (2010). RNA-Seq Atlas of Glycine max: A guide to the soybean transcriptome. BMC Plant Biology, 10, 160.

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Publication 2010

Bradyrhizobium japonicum Deoxyribonucleases Electrophoresis Freezing Heterozygote Humidity Light Marijuana Abuse Nitrogen Nutrients Plant Embryos Plant Leaves Plant Roots Plants Quartz Ribonucleases Soybeans Synapsin I Tissues trizol Vaccination

Cellulose Crystallinity Determination by XRD and NMR

Cited 63 times

The CI of the eight celluloses was measured by two different techniques: XRD and solid-state ¹³C NMR. XRD was performed on a four-circle goniometer (XDS-2000 Polycrystalline Texture Stress (PTS) goniometer; Scintag, Scintag Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) using CuKα radiation generated at 45 kV and 36 mA. The CuKα radiation consists of Kα1 (0.15406 nm) and Kα2 (0.15444 nm) components, and the resultant XRD data has both components present; the CuKα radiation is filtered out from the data using a single-channel analyzer on the output from the semiconductor detector, and does not contribute to the data. The source slits were 2.0 mm and 4.0 mm at a 290 mm goniometer radius, and the detector slits were 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm at the same radius. Dried cellulose samples (approximately 0.5 g) were mounted onto a quartz substrate using several drops of diluted glue. This diluted glue is amorphous when it is dry, and adds almost no background signal (lower line in Figure 1a). Scans were obtained from 5 to 50 degrees 2θ in 0.05 degree steps for 15 seconds per step.
To calculate the CI of cellulose from the XRD spectra, three different methods were used. First, CI was calculated from the height ratio between the intensity of the crystalline peak (I₀₀₂- I_AM) and total intensity (I₀₀₂) after subtraction of the background signal measured without cellulose [17 (link)-19 (link)] (Figure 1a). Second, individual crystalline peaks were extracted by a curve-fitting process from the diffraction intensity profiles [20 (link),21 (link)]. A peak fitting program (PeakFit; www.systat.com) was used, assuming Gaussian functions for each peak and a broad peak at around 21.5° assigned to the amorphous contribution (Figure 1b). Iterations were repeated until the maximum F number was obtained. In all cases, the F number was >10,000, which corresponds to a R²value of 0.997. Third, ball-milled cellulose (Figure 2c) was used as amorphous cellulose to subtract the amorphous portion from the diffraction profiles [15 (link)] (Figure 1c). After subtracting the diffractogram of the amorphous cellulose from the diffractogram of the whole sample, the CI was calculated by dividing the remaining diffractogram area due to crystalline cellulose by the total area of the original diffractogram.
Solid-state ¹³C NMR spectra were collected at 4.7 T with cross-polarization and magic angle spinning (MAS) in a 200 MHz spectrometer (Avance; Bruker, Madison, WI, USA). Variable amplitude cross-polarization was used to minimize intensity variations of the non-protonated aromatic carbons that are sensitive to Hartmann-Hahn mismatch at higher MAS rotation rates [22 ]. The ¹H and ¹³C fields were matched at 53.6 kHz, and a 1 dB ramp was applied to the proton rotating-frame during the matching period. Acquisition time was 0.051 seconds, and sweep-width was 20 kHz. MAS was performed at 6500 Hz. The number of scans was 10,000 to 20,000 with a relaxation time of 1.0 seconds. The CI was determined by separating the C4 region of the spectrum into crystalline and amorphous peaks, and calculated by dividing the area of the crystalline peak (87 to 93 ppm) by the total area assigned to the C4 peak (80 to 93 ppm) [23 (link)] (Figure 3a, Figure 3b).

Park S., Baker J.O., Himmel M.E., Parilla P.A, & Johnson D.K. (2010). Cellulose crystallinity index: measurement techniques and their impact on interpreting cellulase performance. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 3, 10.

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Publication 2010

Carbon Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Cellulose Neoplasm Metastasis Protons Quartz Radionuclide Imaging Radiotherapy Radius Reading Frames

Single-Molecule Immunofluorescence Imaging

Cited 46 times

Flow chambers were prepared on mPEG passivated quartz slides doped with biotin PEG^{15 (link)}. Biotinylated antibodies were immobilized by incubating ~10 nM of antibody for 10 min on NeutrAvidin (Thermo) coated flow chambers. Prism type total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscope was used to acquire the single molecule data^{40 (link)}. Samples with fluorescent protein tag were serially diluted to obtain well-isolated spots on the surface upon 20 min of incubation over immobilized antibody surface. All dilutions were made immediately before addition to the flow chamber in 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 50 mM NaCl buffer with 0.1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (New England Biolabs), unless specified. Unbound antibodies and sample were removed from the channel by washing with buffer twice between successive additions. For immunofluorescence detection, immunoprecipitated complexes were incubated with a different antibody against prey protein (~10 nM) for 20 min and fluorescent-dye-labeled secondary antibody (2–5 nM) for 5 min before imaging. Single molecule analysis was performed using scripts written in Matlab.

Jain A., Liu R., Ramani B., Arauz E., Ishitsuka Y., Ragunathan K., Park J., Chen J., Xiang Y.K, & Ha T. (2011). Probing Cellular Protein Complexes via Single Molecule Pull-down. Nature, 473(7348), 484-488.

Publication 2011

Antibodies Biotin Buffers Exanthema Fluorescent Antibody Technique Fluorescent Dyes Immunoglobulins Microscopy, Fluorescence monomethoxypolyethylene glycol neutravidin prisma Proteins Quartz Reflex Serum Albumin, Bovine Single Molecule Analysis Sodium Chloride Technique, Dilution Tromethamine

Single-Molecule Immunofluorescence Imaging

Cited 46 times

Publication 2011

Mosquito Embryo Microinjection and Transgenesis

Cited 45 times

A. gambiae mosquitoes were maintained in standard insectary conditions (28°, 75–80% humidity, 12-hr/12-hr light/dark cycle). Larvae were raised in deionized water and fed finely ground TetraMin fish food. Embryo microinjection was performed essentially as described (Fuchs et al. 2013 (link); Pondeville et al. 2014 (link)). Freshly laid eggs were directly aligned against the edge of a nitrocellulose membrane kept wet with overlaying filter paper soaked with demineralized water. A mix of plasmids totaling 400 ng/µl of DNA (0, 1 mM NaHPO₄ buffer pH 6.8, 5 mM KCl, 60 ng/µl helper plasmid, and generally 85 ng/µl of each of four distinct transgenesis plasmids) was injected under a Nikon Eclipse TE2000-S inverted microscope using an Eppendorf Femtojet injector and TransferMan NK2 micromanipulator. Injections were performed using the compensation pressure of the device, which was kept at 6000 hPa to promote a constant moderate flow of the DNA solution out of the quartz capillary. Microinjected eggs were left undisturbed on the injection slides, which were placed diagonally in a container with 1-cm-deep demineralized water, the part of the filter paper most distant from the eggs was dipped in water so that eggs remained wet by capillarity (Figure 1). Adult mosquitoes that survived microinjection were separated according to sex and crossed en masse to an excess of fresh wild-type adults. Neonate progeny larvae from several successive gonotrophic cycles were screened by spotting groups of 50–80 onto the wells of a 24-well teflon-coated diagnostic slide (Erie Scientific, Menzel GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany) under a Zeiss Axiovert 200M fluorescence microscope. When a fluorescent larva was detected, it was carefully isolated from the remainder larvae with the cut tip of a P200 pipette.

Volohonsky G., Terenzi O., Soichot J., Naujoks D.A., Nolan T., Windbichler N., Kapps D., Smidler A.L., Vittu A., Costa G., Steinert S., Levashina E.A., Blandin S.A, & Marois E. (2015). Tools for Anopheles gambiae Transgenesis. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics, 5(6), 1151-1163.

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Publication 2015

Adult Buffers Capillaries Capillarity Culicidae Diagnosis DNA, A-Form Eggs Embryo Fishes Food Humidity Infant, Newborn Larva Medical Devices Microinjections Microscopy Microscopy, Fluorescence Nitrocellulose Plasmids Pressure Quartz Teflon Tissue, Membrane

Most recents protocols related to «Quartz»

Enhancing Chalcopyrite Leaching with Thiourea

Not available on PMC !

Example 1

The effect of Tu on the electrochemical behavior of a chalcopyrite electrode was studied in a conventional 3-electrode glass-jacketed cell. A CuFeS₂electrode was using as working electrode, a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as reference, and a graphite bar was used as counter-electrode. The CuFeS₂electrode was polished using 600 and 1200 grit carbide paper. All experiments were conducted at 25° C. using a controlled temperature water bath. The electrolyte composition was 500 mM H₂SO₄, 20 mM Fe₂SO₄and 0-100 mM Tu. Before starting any measurement, solutions were bubbled with N₂for 30 minutes to reduce the concentration of dissolved 02. Open circuit potential (OCP) was recorded until changes of no more than 0.1 mV/min were observed. After a steady OCP value was observed, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was conducted at OCP using a 5 mV a.c. sinusoidal perturbation from 10 kHz to 10 mHz. Linear polarization resistance (LPR) tests were also conducted using a scan rate of 0.05 mV/s at ±15 mV from OCP.

Linear potential scans were conducted at electrode potentials ±15 mV from the OCP measured at each Tu concentration. All scans showed a linear behavior within the electrode potential range analyzed. An increase in the slope of the experimental plots was observed with increasing Tu concentration. The slope of these curves was used to estimate the value of the polarization resistance (Ret) at each concentration. These values were then used to estimate the values of the dissolution current density using equation 1:

$\begin{matrix} i_{dissol} \approx \frac{RT}{{nFR}_{ct}} & Eq . (1) \end{matrix}$

FIG. 3 shows the effect of Tu on the dissolution current density and mixed potential of the CuFeS₂electrode, and indicates that a maximum dissolution current density was achieved when Tu concentration is 30 mM. Increasing Tu concentration to 100 mM resulted in a decrease in the current density and mixed potential of the CuFeS₂electrode. Moreover, after immersing the CuFeS₂electrode in the 100 mM Tu solution, a copper-like film was observed on the surface of the electrode, which film could only be removed by polishing the electrode with carbide paper.

FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing the effect of initial Tu or FDS concentration on the electrochemical dissolution of a chalcopyrite electrode in sulfuric acid solution at pH 2 and 25° C. A concentration of 10 mM Tu in the leach solution resulted in a six fold increase in dissolution rate compared to no Tu, and a concentration of 5 mM FDS resulted in a six fold increase relative to 10 mM Tu. A concentration of 10 mM Tu in leach solution also containing 40 mM Fe(III) resulted in a thirty fold increase in dissolution rate compared to 40 mM Fe(III) alone.

A column leach of different acid-cured copper ores was conducted with Tu added to the leach solution. A schematic description of the column setup is shown in FIG. 5. The column diameter was 8.84 cm, the column height was 21.6 cm, and the column stack height was 15.9 cm. The irrigation rate was 0.77 mL/min or 8 L/m²/h. The pregnant leach solution emitted from these columns was sampled for copper every 2 or 3 days using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS).

The specific mineralogical composition of these ores are provided in Table 1. The Cu contents of Ore A, Ore B, and Ore C were 0.52%, 1.03%, and 1.22% w/w, respectively. Prior to leaching, ore was “acid cured” to neutralize the acid-consuming material present in the ore.

That is, the ore was mixed with a concentrated sulfuric acid solution composed of 80% concentrated sulfuric acid and 20% de-ionized water and allowed to sit for 72 hours. For one treatment using Ore C, Tu was added to the sulfuric acid curing solutions.

The initial composition of the leaching solutions included 2.2 g/L Fe (i.e. 40 mM, provided as ferric sulfate) and pH 2 for the control experiment, with or without 0.76 g/L Tu (i.e. 10 mM). The initial load of mineral in each column was 1.6 to 1.8 kg of ore. The superficial velocity of solution through the ore column was 7.4 L m⁻²h⁻¹. The pH was adjusted using diluted sulfuric acid. These two columns were maintained in an open-loop or open cycle configuration (i.e. no solution recycle) for the entire leaching period.

The results of leaching tests on the Ore A, Ore B and Ore C are shown in FIGS. 6, 7, and 8, respectively. The presence of Tu in the lixiviant clearly has a positive effect on the leaching of copper from the chalcopyrite. On average, the leaching rate in the presence of Tu was increased by a factor of 1.5 to 2.4 compared to the control tests in which the leach solutions did not contain Tu. As of the last time points depicted in FIGS. 6 to 8, copper extractions for columns containing Ore A, Ore B, and Ore C leached with a solution containing sulfuric acid and ferric sulfate alone, without added Tu, were 21.2% (after 198 days), 12.4% (after 50 days), and 40.6% (after 322 days), respectively. With 10 mM of added Tu, these extractions were 37.9%, 32.0%, and 72.3%, respectively.

Referring to FIG. 8, 2 mM Tu was added to the leach solution originally containing no Tu from day 322 onward, after which the leach rate increased sharply. From day 332 to day 448, the copper leached from this column increased from 40% to 58%, and rapid leaching was maintained throughout that period.

The averages for the last 7 days reported in FIG. 9 indicate that the leaching rate for acid-cured Ore C leached in the presence of 10 mM Tu is 3.3 times higher than for acid-cured Ore C leached in the absence of Tu, and 4.0 times higher than acid-cured and Tu-cured Ore C leached in the absence of Tu.

FIG. 10 shows the effect of Tu on solution potential. All potentials are reported against a Ag/AgCl (saturated) reference electrode. The solution potential of the leach solutions containing Tu was generally between 75 and 100 mV lower than the solution potential of leach solution that did not include Tu. Lower solution potentials are consistent with Tu working to prevent the passivation of chalcopyrite.

“Bottle roll” leaching experiments in the presence of various concentrations of Tu were conducted for coarse Ore A and Ore B. The tests were conducted using coarsely crushed (100% passing ½ inch) ore.

Prior to leaching, the ore was cured using a procedure similar to what was performed on the ore used in the column leaching experiments. The ore was mixed with a concentrated sulfuric acid solution composed of 80% concentrated sulfuric acid and 20% de-ionized water and allowed to settle for 72 hours to neutralize the acid-consuming material present in the ore. For several experiments, different concentrations of Tu were added to the ore using the sulfuric acid curing solutions.

The bottles used for the experiments were 20 cm long and 12.5 cm in diameter. Each bottle was loaded with 180 g of cured ore and 420 g of leaching solution, filling up to around one third of the bottle's volume.

The leaching solution from each bottle was sampled at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours, and then every 24 hours thereafter. Samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for their copper content.

The conditions for the bottle roll experiments are listed in Table 2. Experiments #1 to #6 were conducted using only the original addition of Tu into the bottles. For experiments #7 to #11, Tu was added every 24 hours to re-establish the Tu concentration.

A positive effect of Tu on copper leaching was observed. For the coarse ore experiments, a plateau was not observed until after 80 to 120 hours. Tu was added periodically to the coarse ore experiments, yielding positive results on copper dissolution.

The effect of different concentrations of Tu in the leach solution on the leaching of coarse ore (experiments #1 to #11 as described in Table 2) is shown in FIGS. 11 and 10.

For ore B, Tu was periodically added every 24 hours to re-establish the thioruea concentration in the system and thus better emulate the conditions in the column leach experiments. As may be observed from FIG. 9, 8 mM and 10 mM Tu yielded higher copper dissolution results than the other Tu concentrations tested for ore A. A plateau in dissolution is not observed until after approximately 120 hours, which varied with Tu concentration as shown in FIG. 11.

TABLE 1

MineralIdeal FormulaOre AOre BOre C

ActinoliteCa₂(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂—1.8—

BiotiteK(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂—4.2—

CalciteCaCO₃—19.3 —

ChalcopyriteCuFeS₂ 1.43.52.6

Clinochlore(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅Al(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₈—15.0 —

DiopsideCaMgSi₂O₆—3.5—

GalenaPbS——0.1

GypsumCaSO₄2H₂O—1.2—

Hematiteα-Fe₂O₃—0.2—

K-feldsparKAlSi₃O₈17.910.8 —

KaoliniteAl₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄ 2.3—2.3

MagnetiteFe₃O₄—0.8—

MolybdeniteMoS₂<0.1——

MuscoviteKAl₂AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂21.96.041.6

PlagioclaseNaAlSi₃O₈—CaAlSi₂O₈13.625.4 —

PyriteFeS₂ 2.3—8.0

QuartzSiO₂40.08.344.4

RutileTiO₂ 0.5—0.9

SideriteFe²⁺CO₃—0.1—

Total100 100 100

As may be observed from FIG. 12, 5 mM Tu yielded higher copper dissolution results than the other Tu concentrations tested for ore B. As with ore A, a plateau in dissolution is not observed until after approximately 80 to 120 hours, which varied with Tu concentration as shown in FIG. 12. Periodic addition of Tu resulted in increased copper dissolutions and produced a delay in the dissolution plateau.

Interestingly, solutions containing 100 mM Tu did not appear to be much more effective on copper extraction than those containing no Tu, and even worse at some time points. This is consistent with the results of Deschenes and Ghali, which reported that solutions containing 200 mM Tu (i.e. 15 g/L) did not improve copper extraction from chalcopyrite. Tu is less stable at high concentrations and decomposes. Accordingly, it is possible that, when initial Tu concentrations are somewhat higher than 30 mM, sufficient elemental sulfur may be produced by decomposition of Tu to form a film on the chalcopyrite mineral and thereby assist in its passivation. It is also possible that, at high Tu dosages, some copper precipitates from solution (e.g. see FIG. 17) to account for some of the low extraction results.

US11859263B2. Process for leaching metal sulfides with reagents having thiocarbonyl functional groups (2024-01-02). Jetti Resources, LLC [US]. Inventors: David Dixon [CA], Edouard Asselin [CA], Zihe Ren [CA], Nelson Mora Huertas [US].

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Patent 2024

Acids actinolite Bath biotite Calcite calomel Carbonate, Calcium Cells chalcopyrite Chemoradiotherapy Copper Dielectric Spectroscopy diopside Electrolytes factor A feldspar ferric sulfate ferrous disulfide galena Graphite Gypsum hematite Kaolinite Magnetite Minerals muscovite Oxide, Ferrosoferric plagioclase Quartz Radionuclide Imaging Recycling rutile siderite Sinusoidal Beds Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption Suby's G solution Sulfur sulfuric acid TU-100

Photocatalytic Toluene Oxidation Efficiency

Not available on PMC !

Example 3

The photocatalytic oxidation of toluene to CO₂and H₂O was performed using the same setup as Example except the quartz tube used had been worn due to attrition by 300 mg of catalyst for 6 weeks at a flow of 1000 sccm. The toluene conversion of the worn tube and a new quartz tube were compared. The transmission of the worn tube was 2× lower than the new tube when measured normal to an LED source with the reactor tube in between. The concentration of toluene was 3 ppm for Example 3. Using the same lights source and reactor geometries, the concentration of toluene decreased to ˜100 ppb for reactor tubes despite the difference in light transmission indicating attrition did not adversely affect performance.

US11857924B2. Photocatalytic fluidized bed reactor systems (2024-01-02). None [US], None [US], None [US], None [US]. Inventors: Peter C. Van Buskirk [US], Trevor E. James [US], Melissa A. Petruska [US], Jeffrey F. Roeder [US].

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Patent 2024

Light Quartz Toluene Tooth Attrition Transmission, Communicable Disease

Co-ground Alkali-Activated Concrete Formulations

Not available on PMC !

Example 2

In Example 2, the potassium water glass used for references M1 and M2 was co-ground with the blast furnace slag used for references M1 and M2 for two minutes using a planetary ball mill. The obtained co-ground powder was then used in the formulations M1a and M2a shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2

(all ingredient units are given in grams)

IngredientsM1aM2a

Metakaolin9090

Quartz sand622639

Sodium water glass (modulus 1.0)236

Co-ground potassium water glass265

(modulus 3.6) including blast furnace

slag

Co-ground potassium water glass265

(modulus 2.4) including blast furnace

slag

Water250200

The resistances are shown in Table 3. Particularly, the resistances in NaOH significantly increased from 11% (M1) to 90% (M1a), as well as from 13% (M2) to 96% (M2a).

TABLE 3

MediumM1M1aM2M2a

1M HCl88%88%96%96%

1M NaOH11%90%13%96%

Water23%95%42%98%

US11873262B2. Inorganic binder system comprising blast furnace slag and solid alkali metal silicate (2024-01-16). SIKA TECHNOLOGY AG [CH]. Inventors: Maxim Pulkin [DE], Maria Müller [DE], Steffen Wache [DE].

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Patent 2024

Metals, Alkali Potassium Powder Quartz Silicates Sodium

Influence of Oxygen on Biogenic Reagent Yield

Not available on PMC !

Example 11

This example demonstrates the effect of oxygen levels on the mass yield of biogenic reagent.

Two samples of hardwood sawdust (4.0 g) were each placed in a quartz tube. The quartz tube was then placed into a tube furnace (Lindberg Model 55035). The gas flow was set to 2,000 ccm. One sample was exposed to 100% nitrogen atmosphere, while the other sample was subjected to a gas flow comprising 96% nitrogen and 4% oxygen. The furnace temperature was set to 290° C. Upon reaching 290° C. (approximately 20 minutes), the temperature was held at 290° C. for 10 minutes, at which time the heat source was shut off, and the tube and furnace allowed to cool for 10 minutes. The tubes were removed from the furnace (gas still flowing at 2,000 ccm). Once the tubes and samples were cool enough to process, the gases were shut off, and the pyrolyzed material removed and weighed (Table 12).

TABLE 12

Effect of Oxygen Levels During Pyrolysis on Mass Yield.

SampleAtmosphereMass Yield

Atmosphere-1(a)100% Nitrogen87.5%

Atmosphere-2(a)96% Nitrogen, 4% Oxygen50.0%

US11879107B2. High-carbon biogenic reagents and uses thereof (2024-01-23). Carbon Technology Holdings, LLC [US]. Inventors: Daniel J. Despen [US], James A. Mennell [US], Steve Filips [US].

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Patent 2024

Anabolism ARID1A protein, human Atmosphere Gases Nitrogen Oxygen Oxygen-12 Pyrolysis Quartz

Photocatalytic Toluene Oxidation to CO2 and H2O

Not available on PMC !

Example 2

The photocatalytic oxidation of toluene to CO₂and H₂O was performed using a continuous 600 sccm, 2 ppm toluene flow that passes once through a photocatalytic reactor of Type 1. The photocatalytic reactor consists of a linear array of 22 365 nm LEDs that are spaced ½″ apart mounted to a heat sink, however, only 3 LEDs are in direct line of site of the photocatalyst. The photocatalyst was housed in a 7 mm inner diameter quartz tube that was aligned vertically and parallel to the LED strip which sits 10 mm away. A reflector was placed on the back side of the reactor. Fluidization was achieved using the 600 sccm polluted gas flow and the photocatalyst was positioned vertically in the tube using a plug of quartz wool. An equilibrium flow of toluene was established for 10 minutes through the reactor before illumination. After illumination, the concentration of toluene was reduced to 0 ppb (limits of detection) of a PID detector calibrated for toluene and remained at that level for the duration of illumination time, 10 min. After the LEDs were turned off the 2 ppm toluene signal returned.

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Patent 2024

Light Quartz Toluene

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Cary eclipse by Agilent Technologies

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The Cary Eclipse is a fluorescence spectrophotometer designed for accurate and sensitive fluorescence measurements. It features a xenon flash lamp, double-monochromator system, and photomultiplier tube detector to provide high-performance fluorescence analysis.

More about "Quartz"

Quartz is a ubiquitous and abundant crystalline form of silicon dioxide (SiO2) found in a wide range of geological formations.
This hard, durable mineral has a remarkable array of applications in various industries, construction, and scientific research.
Quartz crystals are prized for their unique optical and piezoelectric properties, making them invaluable in electronics, optics, and cutting-edge technologies.
In the realm of scientific investigation, quartz is extensively utilized in analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and quartz crystal microbalances.
These methods are essential for characterizing materials and studying chemical and physical processes.
Researchers relying on quartz-based approaches must carefully select and validate their experimental protocols to ensure reproducibility and accuracy in their findings.
Cutting-edge AI platforms like PubCompare.ai offer innovative solutions to optimize quartz research protocols.
By leveraging AI-driven comparisons of protocols and products from literature, preprints, and patents, researchers can enhance the reliability and precision of their quartz-related studies.
This empowers scientists to take their quartz research to new heights, unlocking groundbreaking discoveries.
Complementary techniques like J-810 spectropolarimetry, J-815 spectropolarimetry, J-815 CD spectrometry, and the use of quartz cuvettes can further enrich quartz-based research.
The J-715 spectropolarimeter, J-810, Zetasizer Nano ZS, Cary Eclipse Fluorescence Spectrophotometer, and Chirascan CD spectrometer are among the cutting-edge instruments that can provide valuable insights into the properties and behavior of quartz and related materials.
By embracing the power of quartz and the latest technological advancements, researchers can push the boundaries of scientific understanding and unlock new frontiers in materials science, optics, and beyond.
The journey of discovery awaits those who embark on the exploration of this remarkable crystalline form of silicon dioxide.