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Steam

Steam is a versatile and widely used form of water vapor, generated by the heating of water.
It has numerous applications in various industries, including power generation, heating, sterilization, and chemical processing.
Steam is composed of gaseous water molecules and can be used to transfer thermal energy efficiently.
It plays a crucial role in many scientific and technological processes, making it an important subject of study in fields such as thermodynamics, engineering, and materials science.
Steam's properties, such as its high heat capacity and latent heat of vaporization, contribute to its widespread utility.
Reserchers may utilize steam in their experiments and protocols to harness its unique characteristics and advance their investigations.

Most cited protocols related to «Steam»

1
Integrated 1G + 2G Bioethanol Production
Cited 50 times
The integrated plant was modeled assuming a 1G raw material loading of 360,000 tons dry grain per year and a 2G raw material loading of 180,000 tons dry wheat straw per year. These raw material loadings correspond to an estimated annual ethanol production of 200,000 m3, assuming C6 fermentation only. In some of the simulated cases, C5 fermentation was also considered, which increased the annual ethanol production to approximately 230,000 m3. It was assumed that the plant was in operation 8000 h per year, and could be managed by 28 people. One 1G case and six integrated 1G + 2G cases were modeled. In the integrated cases, ethanol, DDGS, and biogas production from the C5 sugars were investigated, as well as biogas upgrading to vehicle fuel quality. A sensitivity analysis was also performed for the six integrated cases to assess variations in the biogas yield which increased the investigated configurations to another six supplementary cases.
An overview of the process is shown in Fig. 11, and further details are provided in Section “Case description” below.

Schematic overview of the 1G + 2G process and alternative configurations

Simulations were performed with the flow sheeting program Aspen Plus (version 8.2 from Aspen Technology Inc., Massachusetts, USA). Data for biomass components such as cellulose and lignin were retrieved from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) database developed for biofuel components [28 ]. The NRTL-HOC property method was used for all units except in the heat and power production steam cycle, where STEAMNBS was used. The simulation models were further developments of previous work by Wingren et al. [29 (link), 30 (link)], Sassner and Zacchi [31 (link)] and Joelsson et al. [32 ]. Heat integration was implemented as described previously [32 ] using Aspen Energy Analyzer (version 8.2). The results from Aspen Plus were implemented in APEA, and were used together with vendors’ quotations to evaluate the capital and operational costs. Further details on the Aspen Plus modeling can be found in a previous publication [33 (link)].
Joelsson E., Erdei B., Galbe M, & Wallberg O. (2016). Techno-economic evaluation of integrated first- and second-generation ethanol production from grain and straw. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 9, 1.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2016
Biofuels Biogas Cellulose Cereals Ethanol Fermentation Hypersensitivity Lignin Plants Steam Sugars Triticum aestivum
2
Multimodal MRI Spectroscopy Protocol
Cited 50 times
All studies were performed with a 4T magnet (Oxford Magnet Technology, Oxford, UK) with an INOVA console (Varian, Palo Alto, CA) as described before (3 (link),12 (link)). The scanner was equipped with a gradient system (40 mT/m, 400 μs rise-time), which included second-order shim coils with maximum shim strengths of XZ = YZ = 1.1 mT/m, Z2 = 2.8 mT/m, and XY = X2Y2 = 0.5 mT/m. Spectra from the occipital lobe were acquired with a quadrature 14 cm half volume coil (19 (link)) and spectra from the cerebellum and brainstem with a TEM volume coil (20 (link)). Sagittal, coronal and transverse multi-slice images were obtained with a fast spin echo sequence (repetition time TR = 4.5 s, echo train length = 8, echo spacing = 15 ms, 9 slices, 2 averages) for volume selection. All first- and second-order shims were adjusted using FASTMAP with EPI readout (21 (link)). Proton spectra from the occipital cortex (2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 cm3), vermis (1.0 × 2.5 × 2.5 cm3), cerebellar hemisphere (1.7 × 1.7 × 1.7 cm3) and pons (1.6 × 1.6 × 1.6 cm3) were acquired both with the redesigned semi-LASER sequence (TR/TE = 4500/24 ms, spectral width = 6000 Hz, number of points = 4096, Fig. 1) and a STEAM sequence (TR/TM/TE = 4500/42/5 ms, spectral width = 6000 Hz, number of points = 4096) (11 (link)). Unsuppressed water spectra acquired from the same VOI were used to correct for eddy current effects and as an internal reference for metabolite quantification. The internal reference water spectrum was acquired without the OVS pulses to avoid magnetization transfer (MT) effects. Acquiring the water spectrum without the OVS resulted in 2–4% increase of signal in phantom measurements (without MT effects), while a ~37% higher water signal intensity was obtained without OVS relative to with OVS in vivo, indicating that ~34% of this increase was due to the removal of the MT affect on water.
Data were acquired in single scan mode, i.e. each single FID was saved separately. When the SNR was sufficient, these individual FIDs were frequency and phase corrected. When the SNR of single scan data was not sufficient (cerebellar and brainstem STEAM data), data were averaged over 4 – 8 scans and then corrected for frequency variations. Single scan or averaged data blocks that showed evidence for substantial motion (out-of-phase and/or lower intensity signal as determined by the operator) were excluded from final summation. Motion artifacts were rarely observed in this cohort of healthy volunteers.
Öz G, & Tkáč I. (2010). SHORT-ECHO, SINGLE-SHOT, FULL-INTENSITY 1H MRS FOR NEUROCHEMICAL PROFILING AT 4T: VALIDATION IN THE CEREBELLUM AND BRAINSTEM. Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 65(4), 10.1002/mrm.22708.
Publication 2010
Brain Stem Cerebellum ECHO protocol Healthy Volunteers Occipital Lobe Pons Protons Pulse Rate Radionuclide Imaging SHIMS Steam Vermis, Cerebellar
3
Quantitative MRI Analysis of NAFLD
Cited 21 times
Forty-nine human subjects (15 adult males, 12 adult females, 16 pediatric males, and 6 pediatric females) with mean ages of 42 years (adult subjects) and 13 years (pediatric subjects) were recruited from parent clinical trials being conducted at our institution of participants with known or suspected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Of the 49 subjects, 16 had biopsy proven NAFLD, 19 had a family history of NAFLD, and 14 were overweight. No further information other than NAFLD status was available from the parent studies for subjects who underwent biopsy. The 49 enrolled subjects underwent research MR examinations of the liver between December 2006 and June 2007. A 20×20×20 mm voxel was selected that avoided the edge of the liver and major blood vessels. The same voxel was used for all acquisitions, with spectra being acquired consecutively. Following shimming during free breathing, spectra were collected with a single element of a torso array coil. Ten spectra (TR = 1500 ms) were collected as separate 15 sec breath-holds for each subject (at TE 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ms for PRESS, and TE 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ms for STEAM) using six signal averages and four pre-acquisition excitations. Typically, the fat signal is summed from 0.5 to 3 ppm and corrected for T2 relaxation assuming monoexponential decay to give the T2-corrected composite fat peak area (7 (link)). However, each resonance has its own T2 relaxation value, and it may not be valid to assume monoexponential decay for the composite peak. Thus, we also measured the T2 of the individual fat peaks. This allowed us to calculate the T2-corrected area of each peak separately and then sum the individual T2-corrected peak areas. The T2-corrected areas of the fat peaks were expressed as a fraction of the T2-corrected water peak area. We compared the T2 and T2-correct peak areas for PRESS and STEAM.
Hamilton G., Middleton M.S., Bydder M., Yokoo T., Schwimmer J.B., Kono Y., Patton H.M., Lavine J.E, & Sirlin C.B. (2009). The Effect of PRESS and STEAM Sequences on Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Liver Fat Quantification. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI, 30(1), 145-152.
Publication 2009
Adult Biopsy Blood Vessel Females Liver Males Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Parent Physical Examination Steam Torso Vibration Woman
4
Multiparametric Liver Imaging and MRS
Cited 19 times
A total of 52 patients were scanned twice at the same setting, for a total of 104 acquisitions, after obtaining informed written consent and with approval of the local Institutional Review Board. Each acquisition was performed using the same 3D multiecho SPGR sequence. Of all the patients,
Other acquisition parameters included: axial plane, readout direction R/L, matrix size 256 × 128, slice thickness 10 mm, 24 slices, flip angle = 5°, TR = 13.7–14.9 ms, 6 echoes, BW = ±125 kHz. The typical initial SNR (at the first echo) for the liver datasets was approximately 30.
Additionally, for each SPGR acquisition, a single-voxel STEAM-MRS spectrum (35 (link)) was obtained from the liver as the reference standard for fat fraction. The MRS data were acquired from the right lobe of the liver during a 21-second breathhold using 5 TEs (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ms) to allow T2 correction, from a voxel of typical dimensions 20 × 20 × 25 mm3. Other acquisition parameters for MRS included: TR = 3500 ms, 2048 readout points, 1 average, and spectral width = ±2.5 kHz.
The imaging FF results were quantified over the MRS voxel by measuring the average FF (from each of the different reconstructions) over the location of the MRS voxel in the slice closest to the center of the voxel, as well as the previous and next slices. The resulting imaging FF measurements were subsequently corrected for residual T1 bias, based on the SPGR signal equation (14 (link)) using approximate T1 values for water (583 ms) and for fat (343 ms) (14 (link),36 (link),37 ).
Hernando D., Hines C.D., Yu H, & Reeder S.B. (2011). Addressing Phase Errors in Fat-Water Imaging Using a Mixed Magnitude/Complex Fitting Method. Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 67(3), 638-644.
Publication 2011
ECHO protocol Ethics Committees, Research Liver Patients Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Steam
5
High-Resolution Diffusion Imaging in Healthy Subjects
Cited 18 times
We collected data from 10 healthy subjects at the Medical Research Council’s Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit with a 3 T scanner (TIM Trio, Siemens), using a Siemens advanced diffusion work-in-progress sequence, and STEAM (Merboldt et al., 1992 (link); Bernstein et al., 2004 ) as the diffusion preparation method. The field of view was 240 × 240 mm2, matrix size 96 × 96, and slice thickness 2.5 mm (no gap). Fifty five slices were acquired to achieve full brain coverage, and the voxel resolution was 2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 mm3. A 102-point half grid acquisition (Yeh et al., 2010 (link)) with a maximum b-value of 4000 s/mm2 was used. The total acquisition time was 14′21″ with TR = 8200 ms and TE = 69 ms. The experiment was approved by the Cambridge Psychology Research Ethics Committee (CPREC).
For the reconstruction of the 10 human data sets we used Generalized Q-Sampling (Yeh et al., 2010 (link)) with diffusion sampling length 1.2 and for the tractography propagation we used EuDX (Euler integration with trilinear interpolation; Garyfallidis, 2012 ), angular threshold 60° total weighting 0.5, propagation step size 0.5, and quantitative anisotropy stopping threshold 0.0239 (see Figure 9).
Garyfallidis E., Brett M., Correia M.M., Williams G.B, & Nimmo-Smith I. (2012). QuickBundles, a Method for Tractography Simplification. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 6, 175.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2012
Anisotropy Brain Cognition Diffusion Ethics Committees, Research Healthy Volunteers Homo sapiens Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Steam TRIO protein, human

Most recents protocols related to «Steam»

1
Astragalus-Paecilomyces Fungal Fermentation Protocol
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

Astragalus membranaceus was crushed and sieved through 8 mesh to obtain Astragalus membranaceus powder. The Astragalus membranaceus powder was mixed evenly with distilled water with a weight ratio of 2.5:1, sterilized in a steam sterilization pot at 90° C. for 60 min, and then cooled to room temperature to obtain a solid medium of Astragalus membranaceus. Paecilomyces cicadae was evenly inoculated into the solid medium of Astragalus membranaceus with an inoculation amount of 20 wt % of Astragalus membranaceus. The inoculated medium was cultured at a constant temperature of 26° C. and a constant relative humidity of 80% for 24 days to obtain fermentation fungal substance of Astragalus membranaceus/Paecilomyces cicadae E (hereinafter referred to as “fungal substance E”).

US11866692B2. Fermentation fungal substance of astragalus membranaceus paecilomyces cicadae and its use (2024-01-09). BinZhou Medical University [CN]. Inventors: Jiayu Zhang [CN], Long Dai [CN], Shaoping Wang [CN], Zikai Geng [CN], Yuqi Wang [CN].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Astragalus membranaceus Cordyceps cicadae Fermentation Humidity Powder Steam Sterilization Vaccination zymogen E
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Divinylbenzene Resin
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

4-Tert-octylphenol (255 g) was dissolved in xylene (255 g) in a three-neck flask equipped with a dimroth coil condenser and a dropping funnel at 70° C. followed by the addition of BF3*(OEt2) (0.921 mL). Divinylbenzene (195 g, 62% purity: divinylbenzene:ethylvinylbenzene=62:38) was added dropwise via the dropping funnel over a period of 14 minutes to the reaction mixture. After the addition the solution was stirred for 2 hours at a reaction temperature of 90° C. The polymerization was quenched by the addition of chalk. Filtration of the crude product and purification via steam distillation at 230° C. yielded the resin as colorless solid. The results of characterization of the tackifier are presented in the table below.

TABLE 6
Analysis values example 5
SP [° C.]Tg OH content Mn Mw Mz
ASTM 3461 [° C.][wt. %][g/mol][g/mol][g/mol]
41 4.4 5.5 588 897 1321

US11873366B2. Tackifier for elastomer compounds (2024-01-16). Rain Carbon Germany GmbH [DE]. Inventors: Jun Liu [DE], Marian Rauser [DE].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
compound 5.4 Distillation divinylbenzene Elastomers Filtration Methamphetamine Neck octylphenol Polymerization Resins, Plant Steam TERT protein, human Xylene
3
Sterilization of BC Non-Woven
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

BC non-woven was produced by the method of the present invention. In particular, BC non-woven was sterilized with e-beam or by exposure to steam after removal from the culture vessel and separation from the BC that remained in the culture vessel. The BC network structure was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the network structure was neither disturbed by sterilization with steam nor by e-beam sterilization.

US11859227B2. Method for producing bacterially synthesized cellulose non-woven (2024-01-02). JENACELL GMBH [DE]. Inventors: Dana Kralisch [DE], Elena Pfaff [DE], Daniela Rossner [DE].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Blood Vessel Cellulose Scanning Electron Microscopy Steam Sterilization
4
Cracking and Hydrotreating of Arab Light Crude Oil
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

An Arab light crude oil with an API gravity of 33.0 and a sulfur content of 1.6 wt. % was fractionated in a distillation column to form a light stream and a heavy stream. Properties of the feed crude oil stream and the resulting fractions (based on their wt. % composition in the crude oil) are given in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1
Boiling Ni VS N
Stream NameRange(ppm)(ppm)(wt. %)(ppm)
Hydrocarbon4.414.21.6444
Feed
Light StreamLess than <1<10.8136
540° C.
Heavy StreamGreater than4.414.20.8308
540° C.

The same Arab light crude oil used in Example 3 was directly cracked in the same cracking reactor and under the same conditions as was used in Example 3.

TABLE 4
EX-3CE-1
Constituent(wt. %)(wt. %)
H20.680.72
C16.476.86
C23.103.23
C2 = (ethylene)10.8510.41
C31.671.65
C3 = (propylene)18.2016.51
iC40.460.42
nC40.410.56
t2C4 =2.221.93
1C4 =1.651.40
iC4 =3.573.09
c2C4 =1.791.54
1,3-BD1.110.99
Butenes9.227.96
Total Gas52.1749.31
Dry Gas10.2410.80
Total Light Olefins38.2734.89
Gasoline27.9224.21
LCO8.439.43
HCO2.043.20
Coke9.4413.86
Total Gas + Coke61.6163.17

As can be seen in Table 4, the yield of total light olefins from the inventive EX-3 is significantly higher than the yield of light olefins in the comparative CE-1. Additionally, EX-3 shows significantly lower coke formation than the comparative CE-1.

Example 2

The heavy stream from Example 1 was hydrotreated in a three-stage hydrotreater. The reaction conditions were: a weighted average bed temperature of 400° C., a pressure of 150 bar, a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.5 h−1, an H2/oil ratio 1200:1 (v/v), an oil flowrate of 300 ml/h, and an H2 flowrate of 360 L/h.

The first stage of the hydrotreater used a KFR-22 catalyst from Albemarle Co. to accomplish hydro-demetallization (HDM). The second stage of the hydrotreater used a KFR-33 catalyst from Albemarle Co. to accomplish hydro-desulfurization (HDS). The third stage of the hydrotreater used a KFR-70 catalyst from Albemarle Co. to accomplish hydro-dearomatization (HDA). The first, second, and third stages were discrete beds placed atop one another in a single reaction zone. The heavy stream flowed downward to the first stage, then to the second stage, and then to the third stage. Properties of this hydrotreated heavy stream are shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2
Kinematic viscosity at 100° C.67.6 mm2/s
Density at 60° C.0.9 g/cm3
Sulfur (wt. %)0.36
Ni (ppm)1
V (ppm)3
Fe (ppm)<1
Na (ppm)<10

Example 3

A catalyst with the composition shown in Table 3 below as used in all of the reactions.

TABLE 3
ComponentWeight %Notes
ZSM-520Phosphorus impregnated at 7.5 wt. % P2O5
on zeolite
USY21Lanthanum impregnated at 2.5 wt. % La2O3
on zeolite
Alumina8Pural SB from Sasol
Clay49Kaolin
Silica2Added as colloidal silica Ludox TM-40

An Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) unit was used to simulate a down-flow FCC reaction zone with multiple inlet points. The ACE unit emulates commercial FCC process.

Prior to each experiment, the catalyst is loaded into the reactor and heated to the desired reaction temperature. N2 gas is fed through the feed injector from the bottom to keep catalyst particles fluidized. Once the catalyst bed temperature reaches within ±2° C. of the reaction temperature, the reaction can begin. Feed is then injected for a predetermined time (time-on-stream (TOS)). The desired catalyst-to-feed ratio is obtained by controlling the feed pump. The gaseous product is routed to the liquid receiver, where C5+ hydrocarbons are condensed and the remaining gases are routed to the gas receiver. After catalyst stripping is over, the reactor is heated to 700° C., and nitrogen was replaced with air to regenerate the catalyst. During regeneration, the released gas is routed to a CO2 analyzer. Coke yield is calculated from the flue gas flow rate and CO2 concentration. The above process was repeated for each of Examples 3(A) and 3(B).

The light stream from Example 1 was combined with the hydrotreated heavy stream from Example 2 to form a combined feed stream. The combined feed stream was fed to the ACE unit. A time-on-stream (TOS) of 75 seconds and a temperature of 675° C. was used. Fresh catalyst was steamed deactivated at 810° C. for 6 hours to resemble the equilibrium catalyst in the actual process. The steam deactivated catalyst was used in this reaction. It should be understood that TOS is directly proportional to residence time.

US11866663B1. Multi-zone catalytic cracking of crude oils (2024-01-09). Saudi Arabian Oil Company [SA]. Inventors: Mansour Ali Al-Herz [SA], Ali Al Jawad [SA], Qi Xu [SA], Aaron Akah [SA], Musaed Salem Al-Ghrami [SA].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
43-63 Adjustment Disorders Alkenes Arabs BD-38 butylene Catalysis Clay Cocaine Distillation ethylene Gravity Hydrocarbons Kaolin Lanthanum Light Neoplasm Metastasis Nitrogen Oxide, Aluminum Petroleum phosphoric anhydride Phosphorus Pressure propylene Regeneration Silicon Dioxide Steam Sulfur Viscosity Vision Zeolites
5
Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Krill Meal
Not available on PMC !

Example 6

Fresh krill was pumped from the harvesting trawl directly into an indirect steam cooker, and heated to 90 C. Water and a small amount of oil were removed in a screw press before ethoxyquin (antioxidant) was added and the denatured meal was dried under vacuum at a temperature not exceeding 80 C. After 19 months storage in room temperature, a sample of the denatured meal was extracted in two steps with supercritical CO2 in laboratory scale at a flow rate of 2 ml/min at 100 C and a pressure of 7500 psi. In the second step 20% ethanol was added to the CO2. The two fractions collected were combined and analyzed by HPLC using ELS detection. The phosphatidylcholine was measured to 42.22% whereas the partly decomposed phosphatidylcholine was 1.68%. This data strongly contrasts the data obtained by analysis of a krill oil sample in the marketplace that showed a content of 9.05% of phosphatidylcholine and 4.60% of partly decomposed phosphatidylcholine.

US11865143B2. Bioeffective krill oil compositions (2024-01-09). AKER BIOMARINE ANTARCTIC AS [NO]. Inventors: Inge Bruheim [NO], Snorre Tilseth [NO], Daniele Mancinelli [NO].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Antioxidants Contrast Media Ethanol Ethoxyquin Euphausiacea High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Phosphatidylcholines Pressure Steam Vacuum

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3
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group
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More about "Steam"

Discover the power of Steam, a versatile and widely used form of water vapor with numerous applications across various industries.
Explore the role of Steam in power generation, heating, sterilization, and chemical processing, as well as its importance in scientific and technological processes.
Learn about the unique properties of Steam, such as its high heat capacity and latent heat of vaporization, which contribute to its widespread utility.
Delve into the use of Steam in experiments and protocols, including its applications in fields like thermodynamics, engineering, and materials science.
Discover how Steam can be leveraged in your research using AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, which help you optimize your protocols and stay ahead of the curve.
Explore the use of related terms and substances like Wako V 59, Cellic® CTec2, DMSO, FBS, Methanol, Tween 80, Linalool, Protein Block, Dako antigen retrieval solution, and Avicel PH-101 in Steam-based research and applications.
Unlock the full potential of Steam in your scientific endeavors and stay ahead of the curve.