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Tungsten carbide

Tungsten carbide is a hard, refractory material composed of tungsten and carbon.
It is widely used in cutting tools, wear-resistant parts, and abrasives due to its exceptional hardness and resistance to wear.
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered protocol comparison tool can help researchers enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their tungsten carbide research by easily locating and evaluating the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This cutting-edge technology can optimize experiments and minimize the risk of experimenta[ errors, ensuring efficient and reliable tungsten carbide research.

Most cited protocols related to «Tungsten carbide»

1
Cytokinin Quantification in Plants
Cited 17 times
Bieleski buffer (60% methanol, 25% CHCl3, 10% HCOOH and 5% H2O) was used as extraction solvent (50 μl per sample). Tritium-labelled (105 dpm) or unlabelled (1 pmol) cytokinin standards were added to the sample extracts during the method optimization to determine the recoveries of the StageTip purification procedure. To validate the quantification of the endogenous cytokinin levels in A. thaliana seedlings, roots and shoots, the following stable isotope-labelled cytokinin internal standards (IS) were added as internal tracers at a concentration 0.5 pmol of each compound per 50 μl of Bieleski buffer: [13C5]cZ, [13C5]tZ, [2H5]tZR, [2H5]tZ7G, [2H5]tZ9G, [2H5]tZOG, [2H5]tZROG, [2H5]tZMP, [2H3]DHZ, [2H3]DHZR, [2H3]DHZ9G, [2H7]DHZOG, [2H3]DHZMP, [2H6]iP, [2H6]iPR, [2H6]iP7G, [2H6]iP9G, [2H6]iPMP. The plant material was placed in 2.0 ml microcentrifuge tubes and extracted in Bieleski solvent using a MM 301 vibration mill (Retsch GmbH & Co. KG, Haan, Germany) at a frequency of 27 Hz for 3 min after adding 3 mm tungsten carbide beads (Retsch GmbH & Co. KG, Haan, Germany) to increase the extraction efficiency. The tube content was ultrasonicated for 3 min and then stirred for 30 min at 4°C. After centrifugation (10 min, 15,000 rpm, 4°C) the supernatants (50 μl aliquots) were immediately transferred onto StageTips and purified according to the following protocol.
The PT-SPE was performed in self-packed StageTips by placing a very small disk of matrix in an ordinary pipette tip. Commercially available matrix of poly-tetrafluoroethylene containing reversed-phase octadecyl-bonded silica phase (C18) or poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (SDB) copolymer modified with sulfonic acid groups to make it more hydrophilic (SDB-RPS Disk) was normally used. Alternatively, ion-exchange sorbent including sulfonic acid as cation exchanger (Cation-SR Disk) was also employed. The procedure shown in Additional file 5 was described by Rappsilber et al. [23 (link),26 (link)]. Small disks (approximately 1.0 mm diameter, 0.5 mm thickness) were cut out manually from the EmporeTM High Performance Extraction Disk placed on a clean surface (Petri dish) using a hollow tool cutter (blunt-ended syringe needle). The cutter was gently pressed into the Empore disk and the material penetrated to the inside of the needle. Subsequently, the cutter was placed inside a pipette tip (disposable GELoader® Tip, 100 μl, from Eppendorf). The small disk was then released using a plunger (rod) that fitted into the needle (both parts from Hamilton) and pressed gently repeatedly into place using the weight of the plunger. After removing the cutter and plunger, the single-StageTip was finished. Additional disks were added the same way to produce combined multi-StageTips.
The Empore sorbents were tested individually (C18, SDB-RPS, and Cation-SR) or in combination (C18/SDB-RPS, C18/Cation-SR, C18/SDB-RPS/Cation-SR). All solutions were loaded from the top of the tip in a volume of 50–100 μl using a pipette. The prepared StageTip was inserted into a hole at the centre of the lid of the microcentrifuge tube (1.5 ml) and placed in a centrifuge after solvent pipetting (Figure 2). Prior to loading the sample the StageTip sorbents were activated with 50 μl acetone (by centrifugation at 1,500 rpm, 15 min, 4°C), 50 μl water (1,500 rpm, 15 min, 4°C), 50 μl methanol (1,500 rpm, 15 min, 4°C), 50 μl water (1,500 rpm, 15 min, 4°C), equilibrated with 50 μl 50% (v/v) nitric acid (1,000 rpm, 20 min, 4°C), 50 μl water (1,500 rpm, 15 min, 4°C) and 50 μl Bieleski solvent (1,500 rpm, 15 min, 4°C). Afterwards, the samples were loaded in extraction buffer (500 rpm, 45 min, 4°C). The tips were washed using 50 μl methanol (1,500 rpm, 15 min, 4°C) and elution of samples was performed with 50 μl of 0.5 M NH4OH in 60% MeOH (500 rpm, 45 min, 4°C). Eluates were collected into new clean microcentrifuge tubes and directly mixed with scintillation buffer prior to measurement of radioactivity or evaporated to dryness in a Speed-Vac concentrator RC1010 (Jouan, Winchester, UK) and dissolved in 20 μl of mobile phase prior to UHPLC-MS/MS analyses.
Svačinová J., Novák O., Plačková L., Lenobel R., Holík J., Strnad M, & Doležal K. (2012). A new approach for cytokinin isolation from Arabidopsis tissues using miniaturized purification: pipette tip solid-phase extraction. Plant Methods, 8, 17.
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Publication 2012
2
Mycosphaerella graminicola DNA Extraction
Cited 14 times

Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates IPO323 and IPO94269 are Dutch field strains that were isolated in 1984 and 1994 from the wheat cultivar Arminda and an unknown cultivar, respectively. Isolate IPO95052 was isolated from a durum (tetraploid) wheat sample from Algeria. All isolates are maintained at the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Utrecht, the Netherlands) under accession numbers CBS 115943 (IPO323), CBS 115941 (IPO94269) and CBS 115942 (IPO95052). Mycelia of each isolate were used to inoculate 200 mL of YG broth (10 g of yeast extract and 30 g of glucose per L) and were cultured until cloudy by shaking at 120 rpm at 18°C, after which the spores were lyophilized, 50 mg of lyophilised spores were placed in a 2-mL tube and ground with a Hybaid Ribolyser (model n° FP120HY-230) for 10 s at 2500 rpm with a tungsten carbide bead. DNA was extracted using the Promega Wizard Magnetic DNA Purification system for food according to instructions provided by the manufacturer.
Goodwin S.B., Ben M'Barek S., Dhillon B., Wittenberg A.H., Crane C.F., Hane J.K., Foster A.J., Van der Lee T.A., Grimwood J., Aerts A., Antoniw J., Bailey A., Bluhm B., Bowler J., Bristow J., van der Burgt A., Canto-Canché B., Churchill A.C., Conde-Ferràez L., Cools H.J., Coutinho P.M., Csukai M., Dehal P., De Wit P., Donzelli B., van de Geest H.C., van Ham R.C., Hammond-Kosack K.E., Henrissat B., Kilian A., Kobayashi A.K., Koopmann E., Kourmpetis Y., Kuzniar A., Lindquist E., Lombard V., Maliepaard C., Martins N., Mehrabi R., Nap J.P., Ponomarenko A., Rudd J.J., Salamov A., Schmutz J., Schouten H.J., Shapiro H., Stergiopoulos I., Torriani S.F., Tu H., de Vries R.P., Waalwijk C., Ware S.B., Wiebenga A., Zwiers L.H., Oliver R.P., Grigoriev I.V, & Kema G.H. (2011). Finished Genome of the Fungal Wheat Pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola Reveals Dispensome Structure, Chromosome Plasticity, and Stealth Pathogenesis. PLoS Genetics, 7(6), e1002070.
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Publication 2011
Digestive System Glucose Mycelium Promega Spores Strains Tetraploidy Triticum aestivum tungsten carbide Yeast, Dried Zymoseptoria tritici
3
Evaluating Denture Acrylic Resin Color Stability
Cited 8 times
Two 3D-printed [DB (DentaBase, LOT # MO/07875, Asiga, Alexandria, NSW, Australia) and D3D (Denture 3D+, LOT # WY032N01, NextDent, AV, Soesterberg, The Netherlands)] and one conventional (QC-20 heat-polymerize, LOT # D64015111, DeguDent GmbH, Hanau, Germany) denture base acrylic resin were evaluated.
The sample size was calculated using G*Power v. 3.1.9.3 freeware (Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany). The effect size of 0.6, power of 0.8, α = .05 and estimated SD of 0.32 required a minimum of eight samples in each group. However, the samples were increased to 10 to accommodate any specimen loss during the experiment.
Forty disk shaped specimens (10 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness) were fabricated from each material. For DB and D3D materials, the digital specimen file (.STL)(Fig. 1A) was imported into a operational standard slicing software (Chitubox All-in-one SLA/DLP/LCD Slicer, Guangdong, China) equipped with the 3D-printer (ST-1600 3D-Printer, Satori Ltd., London, UK). The 3D-printing resin was poured into the printer, and the specimen was printed layer by layer at a thickness of 50 µm at 0° in a pre-determined dimension by Mask Stereolithography (MSLA) technique.24 The obtained specimens were cleaned with isopropanol and post-print cured by immersion in glycerin for an additional 40 min using a post-curing oven (Zirlux, Zahn Dental Labs, Henry Schein, Waltham, MA, USA) to ensure the reaction of remaining monomers.14 For the conventional heat polymerized acrylic resin specimens, the lost wax technique was followed. The prepared wax pattern was processed to PMMA using the flask-press-pack method.7 (link) Following deflasking, the redundant resin from all the specimen surface was trimmed using a tungsten carbide bur.
For the purpose of standardization, the specimens were handled by a single investigator for finishing and polishing. The specimens were finished with sequential use of silicon carbide paper (Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany) at 300 rpm under water cooling. Polishing was accomplished using water and pumice slurry in a polishing unit (Derotor, London, England) for 90 s. The specimens' dimensions to the nearest ± 0.05 mm were confirmed using a digital caliper (Digimatic Micrometer, Mitutoyo, Kanagawa, Japan). The specimens were cleaned ultrasonically in distilled water for 5 min and dried with tissue paper before baseline color measurements (T0).
Following T0, the specimens were thermocycled (TC), subjected to mechanical brushing and later immersed in staining medium corresponding to one year of oral use. The specimens were TC for 10,000 cycles at 5℃ – 55℃, with 30 s dwell time and 10 s transfer time in a thermocycler (Huber 1100, SD Mechatronik GmbH, Feldkirchen-Westerham, Germany) to represent one year of oral use.25 (link) After TC, the specimens were cleaned under running water and stored in distilled water before mechanical brushing simulation.
A simulator device (ZM 3, SD Mechatronik GMBH, Feldkirchen Westerham, Germany) was used to simulate brushing. The specimens were fixed onto the customized plexiglass inside the brushing device's containers using a drop of acrylic monomer. The device was equipped with 12 separate slots to which 12 soft toothbrushes (Colgate® 360®, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) were attached. A slurry was then prepared using commercially available dentifrice (Colgate® Regular, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) and deionized water at a ratio of 1:1 (by weight) and mixed in a plaster vacuum mixer. All 12 containers were filled with the slurry to cover the specimens (approx. 12 ml/container). Mechanical brushing was accomplished at 356 rpm, under a vertical load of 200 g and a stroke path of 3.8 cm, brushing 12 specimens simultaneously. The total brushing time was 50 min (17,800 cycles) that equalled to one year of tooth brushing.26 (link) The slurry was refilled, and toothbrushes were replaced every 4,500 cycles. The toothbrushes were replaced in accordance with the American Dental Association (ADA) recommendations, which states that brushes be replaced 3 – 4 months or earlier if the toothbrush bristles wear away.27 (link) The specimens were then stored in distilled water for 24 hours before immersion procedure according to the ISO/TR 11405:1994 recommendation.7 (link)
After identification with a bur (Fig. 1B), the specimens were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 10) according to the staining medium used (coffee, lemon juice, coke, and artificial saliva). Coffee (Nescafe Classic, Nestle, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) and artificial saliva (AS) was prepared fresh. In contrast, lemon juice (Florid's natural lemonade juice, Lake Wales, FL, USA) and coke (The Coca-Cola Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) were used as received from the manufacturer. The coffee beverage was prepared by adding 15 g of coffee powder into 250 mL of boiling water and continuously stirred for 10 min. Once the prepared solution was cooled down to room temperature, it was filtered using a filter paper to remove the residue.28 (link) The AS was prepared by a pharmacist per the description from a previous study.29 (link) The pH of beverages and AS was determined using a benchtop pH meter (pH 2700, OAKTON Instruments, Vernon Hills, IL, USA).
The specimens were then individually immersed in vials containing 20 mL of either of the beverages. Each specimen was suspended inside the vial using dental floss to ensure equal exposure of both surfaces to the beverages. The specimens were immersed in their respective beverages for 288 hours, and the beverages were changed every 24 hours. The immersion time used in this study was equal to one year of oral exposure.30 (link)
The specimens were later removed from the vials, cleaned under running water, and further stored in distilled water for 24 hours. The second color measurements (T1) were recorded, and the specimens were again subjected to the whole procedure (TC + mechanical brushing + immersion) as detailed above to simulate another year of oral use, followed by final color measurements (T2).
Before each color measurement, the specimens were dried well with a disposable paper towel. The color of the specimens were recorded in the 3-dimensional Commission Internationale de l'Eclairege L*a*b* (CIELab) color space using an UV light visible spectrophotometer (LabScan® XE, Hunter Associates Laboratory Inc., Reston, VA, USA). The CIE L*a*b* system is a chromatic value color space measuring both value and chroma on L*a*b* coordinates: L* measures the lightness of the color (a value of 100 corresponds to perfect white and 0 to black); a* measures color in the red (a* > 0) and green (a* < 0) dimension; and b* measures color in the yellow (b* > 0) and blue (b* < 0) dimension.31 (link) The CIE L*a*b* mean reading was repeated three times and the average was calculated for each specimen. The total color alteration (ΔE*) for each specimen at T1 and T2 was calculated using the equation (1) and (2), respectively:


According to the ISO/TR-28642:2016 norm, the CIELAB 50:50% perceptibility threshold (PT) ΔE values is ≤ 1.2, whereas 50:50% acceptability threshold (AT) ΔE value is between 1.2 and 2.7. Any ΔE values above the AT limit is not clinically acceptable.32 Furthermore, in relating the color difference to a clinical situation, the ΔE values were converted to National Bureau of Standards (NBS) units using the equation 3.33 (link)

Data analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences v.20.0 (SPSS) (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Shapiro-Wilk test revealed the presence of a normal distribution. Descriptive statistics (mean and SD) were used to describe the quantitative color difference (ΔE). Factorial ANOVA was used to quantify the effect of material type, staining medium, and immersion time on ΔE values. Bonferroni post-hoc test was used for multiple comparisons between independent factors (Materials/staining medium/Time) (α = .05).
Alfouzan A.F., Alotiabi H.M., Labban N., Al-Otaibi H.N., Al Taweel S.M, & AlShehri H.A. (2021). Color stability of 3D-printed denture resins: effect of aging, mechanical brushing and immersion in staining medium. The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics, 13(3), 160-171.
Publication 2021
4
Nuclei Isolation for Single-Cell RNA-Seq
Cited 7 times

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2020
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate Buffers Cell Nucleus Cells Freezing Magnesium Chloride Raisins RNA-Seq Salts Sodium Chloride Tissues Tromethamine tungsten carbide
5
DNA Extraction and Sequencing of Leaf Samples
Cited 7 times
Leaf material from freshly collected plants was dried in silica gel and the DNA extracted using Qiagen DNeasy kits following the manufacturer's protocol. The protocol was modified for herbarium samples to improve amplification and sequencing success. To the 400 µl of AP1 buffer was added 80 µl of DDT at 0.75 mg/ml (Melford Laboratories, UK) and 20 µl of Proteinase K at 1 mg/ml (Sigma) before disruption using a TissueLyser II (Qiagen) with 3 mm tungsten carbide beads. After disruption, incubation in the modified AP1 buffer was extended to 1 hour at 65°C. The final incubation stage with AE buffer was extended to 15 minutes.
rbcL amplification used a universal primer (rbcLa-F) in combination with one of five reverse primers (Table S1 & Dataset S2). Initial amplifications used the rbcLa-F and rbcLr590 combination, if this failed, then a different reverse primer was tried. For matK, a total of 23 primer combinations were used in order to maximise amplification and sequencing success (Table S2 & Dataset S2). Universal primer combinations were tested first and if these failed, order specific primers were used. The emphasis was on obtaining sequences for as many species as possible, not limiting the number of primers used or the number of amplifications attempted.
DNA was amplified in a 20 µl reaction mixture containing 10 µl of 2× Biomix (Bioline, UK), 0.4 µl (10 µM) of F and R primer, 0.8 µl of BSA at 1 mg/ml (New England Biolabs) 6.4 µl of H2O (Sigma) and 2 µl of template DNA. PCR cycling conditions were [95°C 2 min (95°C 30 sec, 50°C 1 min 30, 72°C 40 sec)×45 cycles, 72°C 5 min, 30°C 10 sec]. PCR products were visualized on 1% agarose gels and samples showing suitably bright bands were sent to Macrogen Europe (Amsterdam, Europe) for purification and DNA sequencing in both directions on an ABI3730X, using the same primers as used for PCR.
de Vere N., Rich T.C., Ford C.R., Trinder S.A., Long C., Moore C.W., Satterthwaite D., Davies H., Allainguillaume J., Ronca S., Tatarinova T., Garbett H., Walker K, & Wilkinson M.J. (2012). DNA Barcoding the Native Flowering Plants and Conifers of Wales. PLoS ONE, 7(6), e37945.
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Publication 2012
Buffers Endopeptidase K Gels MATK protein, human Oligonucleotide Primers Plant Leaves Sepharose Silica Gel tungsten carbide

Most recents protocols related to «Tungsten carbide»

1
Tungsten Carbide-Epoxy Composite Radiation Shielding
The tungsten carbide powder purchased from SAT Nanotechnology Materials Co Ltd—Guangdong, China was 99.95% pure and had an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) of 1–2 μm. Tungsten carbide is fine powder made of tungsten and carbon as shown in Fig. 1a. Tungsten carbide mixed with epoxy resin at different weight percentage to study the best composite combination that has the best radiation shielding qualities among all fabricated composites.

(a) Tungsten carbide powder and (b) tungsten carbide cobalt powder.

Tungsten carbide cobalt powder purchased from SAT nanotechnology materials CO Ltd—Guangdong, China of 99.9% purity and aerodynamic particle sizer APS: 100 nm. Tungsten carbide cobalt is carbide that made of tungsten carbide and cobalt. Tungsten carbide cobalt powder is shown in Fig. 1b. Tungsten carbide cobalt mixed with epoxy resin polymer at different weight percentages to ensure the best weight percentage of combination between the powder and the epoxy through evaluating the shielding properties of all different samples. General properties of tungsten carbide and tungsten carbide cobalt powder are summarised in Table 1.

General properties of tungsten carbide and tungsten carbide cobalt powders.

General propertiesTungsten carbideTungsten carbide cobalt
Particle (APS)1–2 μm60–100 nm
FormPowderPowder
Molecular formulaWCWC–Co
Purity99.95%99.9%
Density15.63 g/cm314.95 g/cm3
Crystal shapeHexagonalSpherical
ColorDark greyDark grey
OdorOdorlessOdorless
Solubility in waterInsolubleInsoluble
Melting point2870 °C2867 °C
Boiling point6000 °C6000 °C
Table 2 summarised the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin and hardener type (E-110I/H-9) that purchased from Pan Asel Chemicals (M) Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur—Malaysia.

Physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of E-110I/H-9 epoxy resin.

PropertiesResin (E-110I)Hardener (H-9)
AppearanceClear liquidClear liquid
Viscosity (cps)3500–4500100–150
Mixing ratio (by weight)21
Density (g/cm3)1.10.9
Pot life60 min60 min
Shelf life6 months6 months
Cure condition14–16 h (Room temperature) 70 °C: 70–80 min14–16 h (Room temperature) 70 °C: 70–80 min
Compression strength (kg/cm2)728718
Flexural strength (kg/cm2)297297
Tensile strength (kg/cm2)136136
Flash point> 300 °C> 150 °C
Abualroos N.J., Idris M.I., Ibrahim H., Kamaruzaman M.I, & Zainon R. (2024). Physical, mechanical, and microstructural characterisation of tungsten carbide-based polymeric composites for radiation shielding application. Scientific Reports, 14, 1375.
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Publication 2024
2
Tungsten Carbide-based Epoxy Composites for Radiation Shielding
Tungsten carbide-based epoxy resin composites were prepared for field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), FTIR, gamma spectrometry, and mechanical properties analyses. To determine the optimal weight percentage of powder filler and epoxy for effective shielding against gamma radiation, various composites of powder and epoxy resin were prepared in different weight percentages as detailed in Table 3 during the initial stage of sample preparation. After identifying the optimal combination of materials, bricks with thicknesses of 0.7 cm and 1.4 cm were produced and utilised in a nuclear medicine unit.

A list of prepared samples with different weight percentage of powder filling and epoxy resin.

SampleTungsten carbide (wt%)Epoxy resin (wt%)SampleTungsten carbide cobalt (wt%)Epoxy resin (wt%)
WCE16040WCoE16040
WCE26535WCoE26535
WCE37030WCoE37030
WCE47525WCoE47525
WCE58020WCoE58020
WCE68515WCoE68515
WCE79010WCoE79010
An open mould casting technique was used to prepare the polymeric composites. Tungsten carbide-based epoxy resin composites and tungsten carbide cobalt-based epoxy resin composites were fabricated with two different thicknesses 0.7 cm and 1.4 cm, respectively. The preparation of tungsten carbide-based epoxy resin and tungsten carbide cobalt-based epoxy resin composites were carried out by loading filler powder with different weight percentages to epoxy resin and hardener. The mixing process of epoxy powder composite was performed by using electric mixture for 20 min.
Then, a magnetic stirrer was used to ensure uniform dispersion of the powder in the epoxy resin matrix (460–800 rpm). Weighting of powders and epoxy resin was carried out by using A&D weighting GR-200 lab analytical balance. The stirring process was performed slowly to reduce the formation of air bubbles within the mixture of samples. After achieving a thorough mixture, the composite was poured into silicone moulds and with thicknesses of 0.7 cm and 1.4 cm. The mixture was left at room temperature for 24 h. The mass ratio of epoxy resin to hardener is 2:1.
The list of prepared samples with different weight percentages of tungsten carbide-based epoxy resin and tungsten carbide cobalt-based epoxy resin is shown in Table 3 and Fig. 2. A combination of tungsten carbide and epoxy resin was denoted as WCE, while a combination of tungsten carbide cobalt and epoxy resin was denoted as WCoE in which WC represents tungsten carbide, WCo represents tungsten carbide cobalt, E represents epoxy resin, and X represents the number of the sample.

(a) Tungsten carbide-based epoxy composites, with the top one having a thickness of 1.4 cm and the bottom one having a thickness of 0.7 cm, and (b) Tungsten carbide-based epoxy resin composites with the upper one having a thickness of 1.4 cm and the lower one having a thickness of 0.7 cm.

Abualroos N.J., Idris M.I., Ibrahim H., Kamaruzaman M.I, & Zainon R. (2024). Physical, mechanical, and microstructural characterisation of tungsten carbide-based polymeric composites for radiation shielding application. Scientific Reports, 14, 1375.
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Publication 2024
3
Microstructural Characterization of Tungsten Carbide-Based Epoxy Composites
In this study, FESEM/EDX have been used to determine the effect of the powder and epoxy ratio on the properties and microstructure of the different fabricated composites. The morphological and microstructural properties of the fabricated tungsten carbide-based epoxy resin composites were investigated using Extreme High Resolution Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (XHR-FESEM) Model FEI Verios 460L, Science and Engineering Research Centre Lab, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
FESEM was employed to investigate the surface morphology of tungsten carbide powder and tungsten carbide cobalt powder, and to ensure the purity of the materials used. The elemental analysis was carried out by using EDX to determine the percentage of elements present in the samples. The samples were prepared to meet the specific requirements of the instrument. Square shape of 2 cm × 2 cm tungsten carbide-based epoxy resin composites samples was investigated by using XHR-FESEM.
Before being observed in FESEM, a Gatan precision etching coating system Model 682, Science and Engineering Research Centre Lab, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia. was utilised to apply a gold coating to all samples. Table 4 shows the fabricated samples with its molecular formula and type that were characterised by using FESEM/EDX analysis test. Four different weight percentages samples among all samples were chosen for FESEM analysis test. The list of tungsten carbide-based epoxy composites and tungsten carbide cobalt-based epoxy composites that evaluated by FESEM/EDX were listed in Table 5.

The samples were characterised by using FESEM/EDX analysis.

SampleMolecular formulaType
Tungsten carbideWCPowder
Tungsten carbide cobaltWC–CoPowder
Epoxy resin and hardenerC21H25ClO5Solid

The selected tungsten carbide-based epoxy resin and tungsten carbide cobalt-based epoxy resin composites for FESEM/EDX analysis test.

SampleTungsten carbide (wt%)Epoxy resin (wt%)SampleTungsten carbide cobalt (wt%)Epoxy resin (wt%)
WCE26535WCoE26535
WCE47525WCoE47525
WCE68515WCoE68515
WCE79010WCoE79010
Abualroos N.J., Idris M.I., Ibrahim H., Kamaruzaman M.I, & Zainon R. (2024). Physical, mechanical, and microstructural characterisation of tungsten carbide-based polymeric composites for radiation shielding application. Scientific Reports, 14, 1375.
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Publication 2024
4
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Epoxy Composites
In this study, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy technique was used to compare the change of the chemical bonds in the epoxy matrix, and the effect of adding different powders to the epoxy resin base. The FTIR analysis was performed at Science and Engineering Research Centre Lab, Engineering Campus, USM. 400 Spotlight FTIR Imaging system integrated with Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) model from PerkinElmer, USA for Mid-NIR infrared analysing.
In this study, the FTIR was used to determine the presence of the chemical functional group and to determine the changes in the molecular structures of the different composites. The Zinc Selenide detector is used to detect the transmission of spectra with scan ranging from 650 to 4000 cm−1. A resolution of 8 cm−1 was used in the scanning. The spectrum is processed using PerkinElmer's IR spectrum software version 10.3.2. Three different samples were examined by FTIR including epoxy resin sample, tungsten carbide-based epoxy resin and tungsten carbide cobalt-based epoxy resin samples. The infrared spectrum was divided into three main wavelength regions, the far, the mid, and the near infrared spectrums. The most widely used spectrum in the sample analysis was the mid infrared spectrum24 (link).
Abualroos N.J., Idris M.I., Ibrahim H., Kamaruzaman M.I, & Zainon R. (2024). Physical, mechanical, and microstructural characterisation of tungsten carbide-based polymeric composites for radiation shielding application. Scientific Reports, 14, 1375.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2024
5
Fabrication and Density Calculation of Tungsten Carbide-Epoxy Composites
The density of the fabricated samples was determined during the fabrication process. Density of the fabricated tungsten carbide based-epoxy resin composites was defined by the Eq. (1)23 (link). ρm=100cωρs+100-cwρl where ρm is the density of the mixture, cω is the concentration by weight in percent, ρl is the density of epoxy resin, and ρs is the density of filler powder.
Abualroos N.J., Idris M.I., Ibrahim H., Kamaruzaman M.I, & Zainon R. (2024). Physical, mechanical, and microstructural characterisation of tungsten carbide-based polymeric composites for radiation shielding application. Scientific Reports, 14, 1375.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2024

Top products related to «Tungsten carbide»

1
Tissuelyser 2 by Qiagen
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The TissueLyser II is a laboratory equipment designed for efficient homogenization and disruption of biological samples, such as tissue, plants, and microorganisms. It utilizes a bead-milling technique to rapidly and thoroughly break down samples prior to further processing and analysis.
2
Tungsten carbide bead by Qiagen
Sourced in Germany
Tungsten carbide beads are small, hard spherical particles composed of tungsten carbide. They are designed for use in sample preparation processes, particularly for the mechanical disruption and homogenization of various sample types, such as tissues, cells, and other materials. The high density and hardness of tungsten carbide beads make them effective for efficient sample lysis and extraction of target analytes.
3
3 mm tungsten carbide bead by Qiagen
Sourced in Germany, United States
The 3-mm tungsten carbide bead is a laboratory equipment product used for sample preparation. It is a small, hard sphere made of tungsten carbide, a durable material commonly used in industrial applications. The core function of this bead is to facilitate the efficient homogenization and disruption of various sample types during the sample preparation process.
4
Dneasy plant mini kit by Qiagen
Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, China, Spain, Netherlands, Japan, France, Italy, Switzerland, Australia, Sweden, Portugal, India
The DNeasy Plant Mini Kit is a lab equipment product designed for the isolation and purification of DNA from plant samples. It utilizes a silica-based membrane technology to extract and concentrate DNA effectively from a variety of plant materials.
5
Tungsten carbide 3 mm beads by Qiagen
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
Tungsten carbide 3-mm beads are a type of lab equipment used for sample preparation. They are composed of tungsten carbide, a hard and dense material that is effective for mechanical disruption and homogenization of various sample types. The beads are 3 millimeters in diameter and are designed for use in automated or manual sample preparation workflows.
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Tissuelyzer 2 by Qiagen
Sourced in Germany, United States, Canada, Denmark
The TissueLyzer II is a laboratory equipment designed for rapid and efficient disruption and homogenization of samples, including tissue, plant, and bacterial samples. It utilizes a bead-beating technology to thoroughly break down the samples, preparing them for subsequent processing and analysis.
7
Tissuelyser by Qiagen
Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Netherlands, Canada, Spain, Italy, Japan, Denmark, Australia, Sweden
The TissueLyser is a laboratory equipment designed for rapid and efficient disruption of biological samples. It utilizes bead-beating technology to homogenize a wide range of sample types, including plant, animal, and microbial tissues. The TissueLyser is a versatile tool that enables efficient sample preparation for various downstream applications.
8
Pulverisette 6 by Fritsch
Sourced in Germany
The Pulverisette 6 is a high-performance planetary ball mill designed for fine and ultra-fine grinding of a wide range of materials. The core function of this equipment is to efficiently reduce the particle size of samples through the combined action of impact, friction, and shear forces.
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Trizol reagent by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Italy, Australia, Spain, Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium, Lithuania, Denmark, Singapore, New Zealand, India, Brazil, Argentina, Sweden, Norway, Austria, Poland, Finland, Israel, Hong Kong, Cameroon, Sao Tome and Principe, Macao, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand
TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
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Tissuelyser lt by Qiagen
Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Spain, France, Canada, Sweden, Brazil, Japan, China
The TissueLyser LT is a compact, benchtop instrument designed for sample disruption and homogenization. It utilizes bead-beating technology to efficiently grind, lyse, and homogenize a variety of sample types, including plant, animal, and microbial samples, in preparation for downstream processing and analysis.

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