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Water Vapor

Water vapor is the gaseous form of water that exists in the atmosphere.
It plays a crucial role in various natural processes, such as the water cycle, cloud formation, and climate regulation.
Understanding the properties and behavior of water vapor is essential for research in fields like meteorology, climatology, and environmental science.
This description provides a concise overview of water vapor and its importance in scientific research.
Experence the future of water vapor research today.

Most cited protocols related to «Water Vapor»

1
Detailed Measurements of Hypocrea Teleomorph Characteristics
Cited 19 times
Conidiation structures were examined, measured and photographed on a
compound microscope from cultures grown on CMD, SNA, or PDA or MEA in certain
cases, on the plates under low magnification and after mounting in 3 % KOH.
The following characters were measured: length of conidia, width of conidia,
length of phialides, width of phialides at the base, width of phialides at the
widest point. The size of chlamydospores was measured by examining colonies
grown on CMD or SNA under the conditions described above using the 40×
objective of a compound microscope.
Dry stromata of Hypocrea were rehydrated overnight with water
vapour in a closed glass chamber at room temperature, treated briefly with 3 %
KOH to observe colour changes, embedded in Tissue-Tek O.C.T. Compound 4583
(Sakura Finetek Europe B.V., Zoeterwoude, The Netherlands) and sectioned at a
thickness of 10–12 μm with a freezing microtome. Sections were
measured and photographed in lactic acid, or 3 % KOH where noted.
Whenever possible, gross morphology including colour and approximate sizes
of fresh stromata were determined in the field in order to estimate changes
caused by drying. In dry stromata the diameter, height, colour and shape of
the stromata were determined. In sections the following teleomorph
characteristics were evaluated: perithecium shape, length and width; colour,
width of perithecium wall; length and diameter of ostioles; thickness and
structure of the surface region (cortex), structure and size of cells of the
subcortical (between the perithecia and the cortex), subperithecial (below the
perithecia) and basal regions of the stroma. Length and width of asci and
distal and proximal ascospore cells were measured in separate preparations in
3 % KOH (or water or lactic acid where noted). Measurements are reported as
maxima and minima in parentheses and the mean plus and minus the standard
deviation of a number of measurements given in parentheses. Nomarski
differential interference contrast (DIC) was used for observations and
measurements. Images were recorded with the Nikon Coolpix 4500 or DS-U2
digital cameras. Measurements were carried out directly through microscope
oculars or using the NIS-Elements D (v. 2.2 or 3.0) software. Colours were
determined with Methuen's Handbook of Colour
(Kornerup & Wanscher
1981). Colour terms are not strictly followed, therefore also the
codes are cited.
, & Jaklitsch W.M. (2009). European species of Hypocrea Part I. The green-spored species. Studies in Mycology, 63, 1-91.
Publication 2009
Cells Character Conidia Cortex, Cerebral Eye Fingers Hypocrea Lactic Acid Light Microscopy Microscopy Microtomy Tissues Water Vapor
2
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Water-Vapor Interface
Cited 16 times
The numerical simulation study consisted of SPC/E water molecules32 in a 36 × 36 × 100Å3 simulation cell periodically replicated in the x and y Cartesian directions. At a temperature of 298 K the 1387 water molecules in the simulation cell form a liquid slab spanning the periodic boundaries that is approximately 36Å thick (in the z Cartesian direction). The liquid-vapor phase boundaries present in the simulation serve as a natural barostat and therefore the liquid can be regarded as a system being held at constant pressure. Electrostatic interactions are treated with two-dimensional Ewald summation,33 and molecular constraints are enforced with the RATTLE algorithm.34 Statistics were generated through six independently equilibrated molecular dynamics simulations each run with a time step of 2.4fs for about 1ns with nuclear coordinates written out every 50 time steps.
To identify the water-vapor interface the density field ρ‒(r,t) was computed on a cubic lattice with a lattice spacing of 1Å. For the spatial coarse-graining of the density field, ϕ(r;ξ) was truncated and shifted to be both continuous and zero at a distance of 3ξ. The Gaussian width ξ was selected by first computing a measure of the average amount of interfacial area in the system, A=〈1L2∫Θ[ρ‒(r,t)−c]Θ[c−ρ‒(r+ℓz^,t)]dr〉, were Θ(x) is the Heaviside function, i.e., Θ(x) = 1 for x > 0 and Θ(x) = 0 for x < 0. We have found that a value of ℓ = 1Å is sufficiently small to ensure an accurate measurement of A. For small values of ξ the quantity A decreases with increasing ξ, eventually reaching a constant value of A = L2 the projected area of a single planar interface. For large enough values of ξ, A = L2, the projected area of a single planar interface. For smaller values of ξ, A > L2, which happens when the density field ρ‒(r,t) in the liquid contains cavities and/or the planar interface develops overhangs. We find that a value of ξ = 2.4Åis large enough to essentially eliminate the occurrence of interface overhangs and bubbles within the liquid phase. Computing the entire density field in this manner for a single configuration (time step) took 3.4 seconds on a single processor of a modern desktop computer.
Willard A.P, & Chandler D. (2010). Instantaneous Liquid Interfaces. The journal of physical chemistry. B, 114(5), 1954-1958.
Publication 2010
ARID1A protein, human Cuboid Bone Dental Caries Electrostatics Neoplasm Metastasis Pressure Water Vapor
3
Simulating Airborne Cough Droplet Transmission
Cited 11 times

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Publication 2020
Anisotropy Cough Homo sapiens Oral Cavity Step Test Transients Transmission, Communicable Disease Water Vapor
4
Single-Molecule and Cluster Anion Studies
Cited 9 times
The present study was carried out at two different crossed electron-molecular/cluster beam setups. The single-molecule data was collected at the Wippi apparatus in Innsbruck, a detailed description can be found in ref. 37 (link). An oven serves as inlet for the NIMO sample. A capillary of 1 mm diameter is mounted onto it to guide the evaporated sample towards the interaction region. As ionisation source serves a hemispherical electron monochromator (HEM). It provides electrons with a narrow energy distribution (~100 meV) with Gaussian profile. The attachment processes take place in the region where molecular beam and electrons cross. Measurements at different electron energies are enabled by applying an appropriate acceleration potential in the HEM shortly before the interaction region. The negatively charged parent and fragment ions formed are subsequently extracted into a quadrupole mass analyser by a weak electrostatic field. The quadrupole has a nominal mass range of 2048 u and is utilised for mass selection. Thus, combining the HEM and the mass filter, the formation efficiency of selected fragments at varying energies can be studied. The ions are detected by a channel electron multiplier and counted by a preamplifier with analog-to-digital converter unit. The mass spectrometer is operated under high vacuum (~10−8 mbar background pressure).
For cluster experiments, the CLUster Beam (CLUB) apparatus in Prague was used, for a detailed review refer to ref. 38 (link). In the present study, the configuration of the experiment was identical to that one described in ref. 25 (link). For cluster production, helium or neon gas is humidified by a Pergo gas humidifier. A Nafion tubing gas line passes through a water bath and its membrane selectively permeate water vapour. The humidified gas is introduced into a heated oven filled with NIMO. At the opposite end a 90 μm conical nozzle is mounted. The mixture of humidified buffer gas and NIMO is co-expanded through the nozzle, which leads to the formation of NIMO(H2O)n clusters. The cluster beam is skimmed after a distance of ~2.5 cm and crossed by an electron beam in the interaction region ~1.5 m downstream. The electron energy can be varied by an accelerating potential. The created anions are extracted by a 2 μs long high-voltage pulse into a reflectron time-of-flight (RTOF) mass analyser with a mass resolution of ~5 × 103. A delay of 0.5 μs between electron pulse and ion extraction excludes any effects caused by those. With each extraction pulse, all anions are analysed, detected by a multichannel plate and recorded as mass spectrum.
Meißner R., Kočišek J., Feketeová L., Fedor J., Fárník M., Limão-Vieira P., Illenberger E, & Denifl S. (2019). Low-energy electrons transform the nimorazole molecule into a radiosensitiser. Nature Communications, 10, 2388.
Publication 2019
Acceleration Anions Bath Buffers Capillaries Debility Electrons Electrostatics Helium Mass Spectrometry Nafion Neon Nimodipine Parent Pressure Pulse Rate Tissue, Membrane Vacuum Water Vapor
5
Validating Approximate Electrostatic Methods for Excess Proton Simulations
Cited 9 times
In order to demonstrate the accuracy of the approximate electrostatic methods discussed below, simulations were calculated in the constant NVT ensemble for the hydrated excess proton using a Nose-Hoover thermostat with a relaxation time of 0.5 ps, and the equations of motion were integrated by using a 0.5 fs timestep. The system consists of the 216 water molecules and a single excess proton, with all interactions defined by using the MS-EVB3 model.16 The simulation cell was cubic with side lengths 18.621 Å; a pairwise cutoff of 9.0 Å was used, and, where appropriate, the Ewald was used with a precision of 10−6. Additional simulations were calculated in the constant NVE ensemble in order to determine dynamic properties and examine any observed drifts in total energy (see Supporting Information).
The second system used for validating the approximate electrostatic algorithms involves examining the potential of mean force for deprotonating a histidine amino acid in bulk water. The simulation cell was orthorhombic, with side lengths 24.257 × 23.887 × 27.538 Å, and contained a single Ace/Nme-terminated histidine residue, 500 water molecules, and a single excess proton, similar to the setup previously used when the reactive MS-EVB amino acid model was originally developed.57 (link) A pairwise cutoff of 9.5 Å was used for all short-range interactions, and a precision of 10−5 was used for k-space interactions calculated using PPPM, where appropriate. The equations of motion were integrated by using a 1.0 fs timestep in the constant NVT ensemble using the Nose-Hoover thermostat with a relaxation time of 0.5 ps. The histidine deprotonation potential of mean force (PMF) was calculated by using the umbrella sampling method, with a total of 32 windows evenly spaced between 0.8 and 7.0 Å for the reaction coordinate taken to be the distance between excess proton charge defect the center of excess charge (CEC) and the nitrogen atom. The sampling for each window was 2 ns, and the umbrella force constant was 40 kcal/mol/Å2. The WHAM method was used to construct the potential of mean force.58 , 59 In order to investigate the possible introduction of artifacts from the present approximations when the systems being studied incorporate an interface, the affinity for the excess proton to the water/vapor interface was also examined. For this system, constant NVT MD simulations (T = 298.15 K) were calculated by using a simulation setup similar to that used in previous work,24 , 27 (link) where it was found that the excess proton resided preferentially at the interface and displayed “amphiphilic” characteristics. In the tests discussed here, a system consisting of 216 water molecules and one excess proton was prepared. The Nose-Hoover thermostat was used with relaxation time of 0.2 ps. The lattice constants for the simulation cell were 18.6121 × 18.621 × 93.621 Å, and the water slab had a length of ~18.5 Å along the z-axis. For each of the methods examined, six 3.5 ns trajectories (21 ns in total) were used to calculate the probability distribution for the CEC coordinate, which has a function of distance normal to the water/vapor interface.
Yamashita T., Peng Y., Knight C, & Voth G.A. (2012). Computationally Efficient Multiconfigurational Reactive Molecular Dynamics. Journal of chemical theory and computation, 8(12), 4863-4875.
Publication 2012
Amino Acids Cuboid Bone Dietary Fiber Electrostatics Epistropheus Histidine Nitrogen Nose NS 21 Protons Water Vapor

Most recents protocols related to «Water Vapor»

1
Methanol Production with Reduced CO2 Emissions
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

A methanol production system in the first embodiment was prepared. 1500 tons of natural gas which is a raw material gas was reformed using a water vapor reforming method. 200 tons of natural gas which is a fuel gas was used in a combustion reaction for performing reforming. The obtained amount of methanol was 3400 tons. Furthermore, the discharged amount of carbon dioxide was 0 tons.

A device obtained by omitting the reduced-gas generator in the methanol production system in the first embodiment was prepared. 1500 tons of natural gas was reformed using a water vapor reforming method. 200 tons of natural gas was used in a combustion reaction for performing reforming. The obtained amount of methanol was 3400 tons. The discharged amount of carbon dioxide which has been calculated was 1000 tons.

From the above, in Example 1 according to the embodiment, it was possible to further reduce an amount of CO2 to be discharged than that in the related art and increase the amount of methanol to be produced.

US11873269B2. Methanol production system and methanol production method (2024-01-16). MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. [JP]. Inventors: Shoichi Furukawa [JP], Hidehiko Tajima [JP].
Patent 2024
Carbon dioxide Medical Devices Methanol Water Vapor
2
Probing Excitation-Inhibition Balance in Bistable Perception
Neurochemical concentrations in the mid-occipital lobe were collected as part of a 7 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) scan on the same day as behavioral SFM data. For full scanning details, see (Schallmo et al., 2023 (link)). Data were acquired on a Siemens MAGNETOM 7 T scanner with a custom surface radio frequency head coil using a STEAM sequence (Marjańska et al., 2017 (link)) with the following parameters: TR = 5000 ms, TE = 8 ms, volume size = 30 mm (left-right) × 18 mm (anterior-posterior) × 18 mm (inferior-superior), 3D outer volume suppression interleaved with VAPOR water suppression (Tkáč et al., 2001 (link)), 2048 complex data points with a 6000 Hz spectral bandwidth, chemical shift displacement error = 4% per ppm. B0 shimming was performed using FAST(EST) MAP to ensure a linewidth of water within the occipital voxel ≤ 15 Hz (Gruetter, 1992 ).
We processed our MRS data using the matspec toolbox (github.com/romainVala/matspec) in MATLAB, including frequency and phase correction. Concentrations for 18 different metabolites including glutamate, glutamine, and GABA were quantified in each scanning session using LCModel. We scaled metabolite concentrations relative to an unsuppressed water signal reference, after correcting for differences in gray matter, white matter, and CSF fractions within each subject’s MRS voxel, the proportion of water in these different tissue types, and the different T1 and T2 relaxation times of the different tissue types. Tissue fractions within the voxel were quantified in each subject using individual gray matter and white matter surface models from FreeSurfer (Fischl, 2012 (link)). MRS data sets were excluded based on the following data quality criteria: H2O line width > 15, LCModel spectrum line width > 5 Hz or LCModel SNR < 40. Out of a total of 193 MRS datasets (54 controls, 44 relatives, and 95 PwPP), 10 sets (1 control, 4 relatives, 5 PwPP) were excluded in this way, leaving 183 total MRS datasets. In addition to subjects whose SFM data we excluded for having poor real switch task performance, and excluding re-test sessions, this left a total of 114 participants with usable SFM and MRS data (37 controls, 33 relatives, and 44 PwPP).
In order to probe the possible role of excitatory and inhibitory markers during bi-stable perception in PwPP, we examined relationships between metabolite concentrations from MRS and our bi-stable SFM behavioral measures. Specifically, we used Spearman rank correlation to test for correlations between metabolite levels from MRS (i.e., GABA, glutamate, and glutamine) and average switch rates across participants from all three groups. As in our other correlational analyses, data from retest sessions were excluded, as Spearman correlations assume independence across data points.
Killebrew K.W., Moser H.R., Grant A.N., Marjańska M., Sponheim S.R, & Schallmo M.P. (2023). Faster bi-stable visual switching in psychosis. medRxiv.
Publication Preprint 2023
gamma Aminobutyric Acid Glutamate Glutamine Gray Matter Head Histocompatibility Testing Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Occipital Lobe Psychological Inhibition Steam Task Performance Tissues Water Vapor White Matter
3
Volatile Compound Identification in Process Waters
Volatile
compounds present in 4 g of process waters were first collected by
dynamic headspace purge-and-trap technique, after which they were
dispersed in 10 mL of deionized water and purged (37 °C) with
nitrogen (260 mL/min flow rate) for 30 min and trapped on Tenax tubes.
Water vapor was removed with nitrogen (5 mL N/min) for 20 min prior
to volatile desorption. Trapped volatiles were desorbed and separated
by GC (Agilent Technologies 6890 N, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a DB
1701 capillary column (30 m; i.d. 0.25 mm; 1 μm film thickness)
and an oven program as follows: initial temperature 45 °C for
5 min, after which it was increased gradually at 1.5 °C/min to
55 °C, 2 °C/min to 90 °C, and 8 °C/min to 230
°C and held for 8 min at 230 °C. The individual volatiles
were analyzed by MS (Agilent 5973 Network Mass Selective Detector)
70 eV ionization mode and a m/z scan
range between 30 and 250. Compound identification was aided by the
MS-library. Quantification was made by calibration curves of external
standards. The LOD was found to be at 5 ng/mL.
Forghani B., Sørensen A.D., Sloth J.J, & Undeland I. (2023). Liquid Side Streams from Mussel and Herring Processing as Sources of Potential Income. ACS Omega, 8(9), 8355-8365.
Publication 2023
ARID1A protein, human Capillaries cDNA Library Nitrogen tenax Water Vapor
4
Evaluating Moisture Permeability and Uptake of Gauzes

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Publication 2023
Oral Cavity Submersion Teflon Transmission, Communicable Disease Water Vapor
5
Humidity Impact on Strawberry Transpiration
The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the rate of transpiration in ‘Laetitia’ strawberry was determined by incubating the fruit at ~ 0, 30, 75, or 92% RH and 22 °C using silica gel, or saturated solutions of CaCl2, NaCl, or KNO3, respectively (Fig. 7a)25 . Rates of transpiration were normalized by dividing by the gradient in water vapor concentration between the atmosphere inside the fruit (assumed to be saturated) and the outside atmosphere.
Hurtado G, & Knoche M. (2023). Detached, wetted strawberries take up substantial water in the calyx region. Scientific Reports, 13, 3895.
Publication 2023
Atmosphere Fruit Humidity Silica Gel Sodium Chloride Strawberries Water Vapor

Top products related to «Water Vapor»

1
Li 6400 by LI COR
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2
Vertex 70 by Bruker
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The Vertex 70 is a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer manufactured by Bruker. It is designed to perform high-resolution infrared spectroscopy analysis of various samples. The Vertex 70 provides accurate measurements of the absorption, emission, or reflectance properties of materials across the infrared spectrum.
3
Vertex 70 ftir spectrometer by Bruker
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The Vertex 70 FTIR spectrometer is a laboratory instrument designed for Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It is capable of analyzing the infrared absorption spectrum of various samples, providing information about their molecular composition and structure.
4
Li 6800 by LI COR
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The LI-6800 is a portable photosynthesis system designed for field research. It measures gas exchange and fluorescence parameters to study physiological responses in plants. The device features a temperature-controlled leaf chamber and can be used to analyze a variety of plant species and environmental conditions.
5
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The LI-6400XT is a portable photosynthesis system designed for measuring gas exchange in plants. It is capable of measuring net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and other physiological parameters. The system consists of a control unit and a leaf chamber that encloses a portion of a plant leaf.
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Opus software by Bruker
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OPUS software is a comprehensive data acquisition and processing package developed by Bruker for use with their line of spectrometers. It provides a user-friendly interface for collecting, analyzing, and reporting spectroscopic data.
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More about "Water Vapor"

Water vapor, the gaseous form of H2O, is a vital component of the Earth's atmosphere, playing a crucial role in numerous natural processes.
Understanding the properties and behavior of this ubiquitous substance is essential for research in fields like meteorology, climatology, and environmental science.
Atmospheric water vapor is intimately linked to the water cycle, driving phenomena such as cloud formation, precipitation, and climate regulation.
Researchers utilize specialized equipment like the LI-6400, LI-6800, and LI-7500 to measure and analyze water vapor concentrations, while tools like the Vertex 70 FTIR spectrometer and OPUS software aid in the spectroscopic study of this gas.
Computational analysis using MATLAB can further enhance the understanding of water vapor's role in complex environmental systems.
Instruments like the Equinox 55 and Mark 8200 provide additional capabilities for water vapor research, enabling high-precision measurements and in-depth investigations.
By harnessing the latest technologies and techniques, scientists can unlock new insights into water vapor and its far-reaching impacts.
Experence the future of this vital area of study today.