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6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione is a chemical compound used in neuroscience research.
It acts as a selective antagonist of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor, which is involved in excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervious system.
This compound has been utilized to study the role of AMPA receptors in neurological processes and disorders.
Researchers can optimize their 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione studies using PubComapre.ai, an AI-driven platform that enhances reproducibility and accuracy by locating protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and using AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products for their research needs.
It acts as a selective antagonist of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor, which is involved in excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervious system.
This compound has been utilized to study the role of AMPA receptors in neurological processes and disorders.
Researchers can optimize their 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione studies using PubComapre.ai, an AI-driven platform that enhances reproducibility and accuracy by locating protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and using AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products for their research needs.
Most cited protocols related to «6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione»
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
Animals
Animals, Laboratory
Antibodies
Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II
Cell Culture Techniques
Dendritic Spines
Dietary Supplements
Egtazic Acid
Fluorescence
Glucose
Glutamate
Glycine
HEK293 Cells
HEPES
Innovativeness
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Ionomycin
Light
Magnesium Chloride
Microscopy
Mus
N-Methylaspartate
Neurons
Osmolarity
Phosphorylation
Proteins
Pulses
Schaffer Collaterals
Sepharose
Sodium Chloride
Student
Sucrose
Technique, Dilution
Transfection
Vertebral Column
Neuronal culture growth medium was exchanged 3 times with imaging buffer (145 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM glucose, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2) and imaged in 500 µL of imaging buffer and drugs (10 µM CNQX, 10 µM (R)-CPP, 10 µM gabazine, 1 mM (S)-MCPG, Tocris). A Grass S48 Stimulator (Grass Technologies) was used for field stimulation. A digital routing control box coordinated stimulation with TTL signals during imaging. The microscope was an Olympus IX81 with 10X (0.4 NA) air objective lens, Prior H117 ProScan II motorized stage, Andor Technology EMCCD camera (DU897_BV, 512x512 resolution, 35 frames/s, 100 electron multiplying gain, 1X pre-amp gain, -60°C), Cairn OptoLED illumination system, and Chroma ET-GFP and ET-TxRed filter sets. For voltage imaging, a 60X (1.45 NA) oil objective lens, 638 nm laser illumination (100 mW DPSS laser, Crystalaser), and a high-speed Andor Technology EMCCD camera (DU860_BV, 128x128 resolution, 500 frames/s, 1000 electron multiplying gain, 1X pre-amp gain, -60°C) were used. The imaging system was controlled by custom journals written in MetaMorph software (version 7.7.5, Molecular Devices), which controlled data acquisition boards (USB-6501, USB-9263, National Instruments). The stimulation and image timing was controlled as a slave using another data acquisition board (USB-6259, National Instruments) and Ephus software [30 (link)]. The imaging computer was from PSSC Labs (PowerStation Duo I2600, dual Intel X5650 Hex Core 2.66 Ghz proceessors, 96 GB RAM).
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6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
Buffers
Electrons
Enslaved Persons
Fingers
gabazine
Glucose
HEPES
Lens, Crystalline
Light
Magnesium Chloride
Medical Devices
Microscopy
Neurogenesis
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Poaceae
Reading Frames
Sodium Chloride
6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
Astrocytes
Axon
Bath
Cells
HEPES
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
Postsynaptic Current
Pulse Rate
Saline Solution
Transverse hippocampal slices were obtained from P21–P30 Chrna2-cre/R26tom and wild type littermate mice, Chrna2-cre/Viaatlx mice, and 1–2 month-old hChR2 carrying mice of either sex (see Virus injection) as previously described and according to the rules of Animal Experimentation of the Uppsala University. Slices were maintained in artificial CSF (in mmol: 124 NaCl, 3.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 1.5 MgCl2, 1.5 CaCl2, 24 NaHCO3, 10 glucose), constantly bubbled with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Borosilicate glass electrodes (resistance = 4–8MΩ for somatic recordings; 12–18MΩ for dendritic recordings) were filled with either K-gluconate or CsCl-based internal solution49 (link). Current/voltage clamp recordings were obtained from using either a Dagan BVC700 (Dagan), Axopatch 200B or a Multiclamp 700B (Molecular Devices) amplifiers; data was acquired by National Instruments DAQ cards and winWCP (Dr John Dempster, Strathclyde University, UK). No differences between firing and passive membrane properties and morphology of CA1 OLM cells were found between Chrna2-cre and WT littermates (n=153 cells); therefore, data is presented only from mice carrying Cre recombinase. Postsynaptic currents were obtained in voltage clamp at a holding potential of −60mV using a CsCl-based internal solution (Cl− reversal potential = 0mV).
Extracellular field EPSP (fEPSP) recordings (LTP experiments) were obtained by placing a concentric stimulation electrode (FHC) either at SR or SLM (for SC or TA stimulation, respectively) as previously described14 (link). A borosilicate glass pipette (4–8MΩ) filled with ACSF was used to record SC or TA fEPSPs at the CA1 region 200–400 µm away from the stimulation electrode. Stimulation strength was adjusted to obtain 50–60% of the maximum fEPSP amplitude followed by 20min recordings (200ms pulses delivered every 20s) to obtain a stable fEPSP baseline. Stimulus-response curves were obtained from fEPSPs slopes and synaptic potentiation was induced by weak theta burst stimulation (wTBS; two bursts of four pulses at 100 Hz spaced by 200 ms). The following drugs were bath applied to brain slices: tetrodotoxin (1µM), methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA, Tocris, 10nM), 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, Sigma, 10uM), d-(−)-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (dAP5, Sigma, 30µM), picrotoxin (PTX, Sigma, 10uM), mecamylamine hydrochloride (MEC, Sigma, 25µM), and (−)-Nicotine ditartrate (Nic, Tocris, 1µM).
Extracellular field EPSP (fEPSP) recordings (LTP experiments) were obtained by placing a concentric stimulation electrode (FHC) either at SR or SLM (for SC or TA stimulation, respectively) as previously described14 (link). A borosilicate glass pipette (4–8MΩ) filled with ACSF was used to record SC or TA fEPSPs at the CA1 region 200–400 µm away from the stimulation electrode. Stimulation strength was adjusted to obtain 50–60% of the maximum fEPSP amplitude followed by 20min recordings (200ms pulses delivered every 20s) to obtain a stable fEPSP baseline. Stimulus-response curves were obtained from fEPSPs slopes and synaptic potentiation was induced by weak theta burst stimulation (wTBS; two bursts of four pulses at 100 Hz spaced by 200 ms). The following drugs were bath applied to brain slices: tetrodotoxin (1µM), methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA, Tocris, 10nM), 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, Sigma, 10uM), d-(−)-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (dAP5, Sigma, 30µM), picrotoxin (PTX, Sigma, 10uM), mecamylamine hydrochloride (MEC, Sigma, 25µM), and (−)-Nicotine ditartrate (Nic, Tocris, 1µM).
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
Amino Acids
Bath
Bicarbonate, Sodium
Brain
Cells
cesium chloride
Citrates
Cre recombinase
Dagan
Debility
Dendrites
Diploid Cell
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
gluconate
Glucose
Magnesium Chloride
Mecamylamine
Medical Devices
methyllycaconitine
Mus
Nicotine
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Picrotoxin
Postsynaptic Current
Pulses
Sodium Chloride
SR-AT
Tetrodotoxin
Tissue, Membrane
Virus
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
Adenosine Triphosphate, Magnesium Salt
Animals
Bicarbonate, Sodium
Bicuculline
Cells
cesium chloride
Egtazic Acid
Glucose
HEPES
Lens, Crystalline
leupeptin
Magnesium Chloride
Medical Devices
Membrane Potentials
methanesulfonate
Microscopy
N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors
Neurons
Perfusion
Phosphocreatine
Poaceae
Pulse Rate
Pulses
Pyramidal Cells
QX-314
Sodium Chloride
Submersion
Most recents protocols related to «6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione»
Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained in the medial shell of the NAc (NAcSh). Data were collected with a Multiclamp 700B amplifier, Digidata 1550B (Molecular Devices, US), and using Clampex 11 (pClamp; Molecular Devices, US). All recordings were acquired in voltage clamp at 34° Celsius and were digitized at 10 kHz and low pass filtered at 2 kHz. Patch pipette was filled with internal solution containing (in mM): 143 CsCl, 10 HEPES, 0.25 EGTA, 5 Phosphocreatine, 4 MgATP, 0.3 NaGTP (295–305 mOsm, pH 7.4 with CsOH) and 1 mg/ml Neurobiotin (cat # SP-1120, Vector Labs, US). CNQX (50 μM, cat # 0190, Tocris Biosciences, UK) and AP5 (10 µM, cat # 0106, Tocris Biosciences, UK) were added to aCSF to block glutamate receptors. All pipettes (3–4 MΩ) were pulled from borosilicate glass (cat # PC-100, Narishige, US). Series resistance (Rs) was monitored throughout the recording for patch sealing. Once whole-cell configuration was obtained, holding potential was set at −70 mV and a 1 ms, 5 mW light pulse was delivered every 10 s (0.1 Hz) through a 40× objective. Once current response was obtained, picrotoxin (100 µM, cat # P1675, Sigma-Aldrich, US) was washed in the recording chamber to verify that optically evoked inhibitory postsynaptic current (oIPSC) was mediated by GABAa receptor activation. Once recording was complete slices were transferred to 4% PFA overnight at 4° Celsius then to 0.1 M PB for post hoc processing of Neurobiotin (cat # SP-1120, Vector Labs, US)51 (link).
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6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
Adenosine Triphosphate, Magnesium Salt
Cardiac Arrest
Cells
cesium chloride
Cloning Vectors
Egtazic Acid
GABA-A Receptor
Glutamate Receptor
HEPES
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents
Light
Medical Devices
neurobiotin
Phosphocreatine
Picrotoxin
Pulse Rate
For electrophysiological recordings, 350-µm-thick brain slices were prepared from 3 week old mice and equilibrated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) composed of 120 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, 1.3 mM Mg2SO4, 1.25 mM NaH2PO4, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 10 mM D-glucose, and 25 mM NaHCO3, and gassed with 95% O2/5% CO2, pH 7.3 at room temperature for at least 1 h as described previously [34 (link)].
Patch clamp recordings were performed on coronal slices that were placed in a submerged recording chamber mounted on an upright microscope (BX51WI, Olympus, Hamburg, Germany). Slices were continuously superfused with gassed aCSF (2–3 mL/min, 32 °C, pH 7.3). Recordings of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) kinetics were performed using a CsCl-based intracellular solution containing 122 mM CsCl, 8 mM NaCl, 0.2 mM MgCl2, 10 mM HEPES, 2 mM EGTA, 2 MM Mg-ATP, 0.5 mM Na-GTP, 10 mM QX-314 [N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) triethylammonium bromide], pH adjusted to 7.3 with CsOH. DL-AP5 (30 μM), CNQX (10 μM) and tetrodotoxin (0.5 μM) were added to the perfusate. mIPSCs were recorded at a holding potential of −70 mV for at least 5 min in aCSF. Data analysis was performed off-line with the detection threshold levels set to 5 pA. The following parameters were determined: frequency, peak amplitude, rise time, time constant of decay (τ-decay), half-width, and electrical charge transfer.
Patch clamp recordings were performed on coronal slices that were placed in a submerged recording chamber mounted on an upright microscope (BX51WI, Olympus, Hamburg, Germany). Slices were continuously superfused with gassed aCSF (2–3 mL/min, 32 °C, pH 7.3). Recordings of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) kinetics were performed using a CsCl-based intracellular solution containing 122 mM CsCl, 8 mM NaCl, 0.2 mM MgCl2, 10 mM HEPES, 2 mM EGTA, 2 MM Mg-ATP, 0.5 mM Na-GTP, 10 mM QX-314 [N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) triethylammonium bromide], pH adjusted to 7.3 with CsOH. DL-AP5 (30 μM), CNQX (10 μM) and tetrodotoxin (0.5 μM) were added to the perfusate. mIPSCs were recorded at a holding potential of −70 mV for at least 5 min in aCSF. Data analysis was performed off-line with the detection threshold levels set to 5 pA. The following parameters were determined: frequency, peak amplitude, rise time, time constant of decay (τ-decay), half-width, and electrical charge transfer.
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6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
Bicarbonate, Sodium
Brain
Bromides
Cerebrospinal Fluid
cesium chloride
Egtazic Acid
Electricity
Glucose
HEPES
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents
Kinetics
Magnesium Chloride
Mice, Laboratory
Microscopy
Protoplasm
QX-314
Sodium Chloride
Tetrodotoxin
Nifedipine, amiloride, apamin, 4-AP (4-aminopyridine), and CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) were purchased from Merck. AqB013 [47 (link)] was synthesized by Dr G. Flynn (Spacefill Enterprises LLC, Bozeman, MT, USA) and repurified by Dr. N. Proschogo (University of Sydney, NSW, Australia). Xanthurenic acid and caelestine C from the Davis Open Access Natural Product-based Library were provided by R. Davis (Griffith University, QLD Australia). Stock solutions (1000×) of AqB013 (14 mM), nifedipine (25 mM), amiloride (10 mM), CNQX (30 mM), xanthurenic acid (1 mM), and caelestine C (1 mM) were prepared in DMSO. DMSO alone at 0.1% served as the vehicle control for DMSO-solubilized compounds. Stock solutions (1000×) of apamin (10 mM) and 4-aminopyridine (250 mM) were prepared in water; for these, media without DMSO served as the control comparison. The tested concentrations of AqB013, nifedipine, amiloride, CNQX, apamin, and 4-aminopyridine were selected based on parameters established in the literature [48 (link),49 (link),50 (link),51 (link),52 (link)]. For the novel compounds, xanthurenic acid and caelestine C, dose-response experiments were conducted to determine the concentrations to be used for the cellular motility assays.
For testing in transwell invasion assays, all pharmacological agents were diluted at 1 µL/mL in final media. For testing in spheroid spreading assays, all pharmacological agents were diluted at 2 µL/mL in final media and DMSO alone at 0.2% served as the vehicle control for DMSO-solubilized compounds.
For testing in transwell invasion assays, all pharmacological agents were diluted at 1 µL/mL in final media. For testing in spheroid spreading assays, all pharmacological agents were diluted at 2 µL/mL in final media and DMSO alone at 0.2% served as the vehicle control for DMSO-solubilized compounds.
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6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
Amiloride
Apamin
Biological Assay
Cell Motility Assays
Dalfampridine
DNA Library
Natural Products
Nifedipine
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
xanthurenic acid
The (−)-Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in sterile physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) and administered intravenously at a concentration of 30.0 μg/kg/0.1 ml infusion. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH 5 m . The GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline-methiodide (bicuculline) was diluted in Milli-Q to 20 mm and further diluted in artificial CSF (aCSF; 20 μm ), while the AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX was dissolved in aCSF (10 μm) shortly before use. All drugs were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
AMPA Receptors
Bicuculline
bicuculline methiodide
GABA-A Receptor Antagonists
Hydrogen
Nicotine Bitartrate
Normal Saline
Pharmaceutical Preparations
physiology
Saline Solution
Sodium Chloride
Sterility, Reproductive
Cinnamaldehyde (CA), HC030031 (HC), A-967079 (A-96), picrotoxin, CNQX and Glibenclamide (Gliben) were purchased from Fujifilm. CA, picrotxin was dissolved in alcohol, and HC, CNQX and Gliben were dissolved in DMSO as a stock solution.
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6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
cinnamic aldehyde
Ethanol
Glyburide
HC 030031
Picrotoxin
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Top products related to «6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione»
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Picrotoxin is a chemical compound that acts as a GABA antagonist. It is primarily used in scientific research as a tool to study the function of GABA receptors.
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D-AP5 is a potent and selective NMDAR antagonist. It blocks the NMDA receptor by binding to the glutamate recognition site on the NR2B subunit.
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) is a selective antagonist of AMPA and kainate receptors. It is used as a research tool to study the function of these receptors in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models.
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States, Israel
Picrotoxin is a chemical compound that functions as a non-competitive antagonist of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor. It is commonly used in scientific research as a tool to study GABA receptor function and neurotransmission.
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Bicuculline is a laboratory reagent used as a GABA(A) receptor antagonist. It is commonly employed in neuroscience research to study the role of GABA-mediated inhibition in neural circuits and behavior.
Sourced in United States, France
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) is a synthetic compound used as a selective antagonist of AMPA and kainate receptors. It is commonly used as a research tool in neuroscience and pharmacology studies.
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Bicuculline is a chemical compound commonly used as a selective GABA(A) receptor antagonist in scientific research. It acts by blocking the inhibitory effects of GABA, a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Bicuculline is frequently utilized in in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the role of GABA-mediated neurotransmission in various biological processes.
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The Multiclamp 700B amplifier is a versatile instrument designed for electrophysiology research. It provides high-quality amplification and signal conditioning for a wide range of intracellular and extracellular recording applications. The Multiclamp 700B offers advanced features and precise control over signal acquisition, enabling researchers to obtain reliable and accurate data from their experiments.
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More about "6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione"
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) is a chemical compound widely used in neuroscience research.
As a selective antagonist of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor, CNQX plays a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
This compound has been instrumental in studying the involvement of AMPA receptors in various neurological processes and disorders.
CNQX is often used in conjunction with other compounds, such as Picrotoxin, D-AP5, and Bicuculline, to investigate the complex interplay between different neurotransmitter systems.
Researchers can leverage the power of PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform, to optimize their CNQX-based studies.
This platform helps identify the best protocols and products from literature, pre-prints, and patents, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of their research.
The Multiclamp 700B amplifier is a common tool used in electrophysiological studies involving CNQX, as it allows for precise control and measurement of neuronal activity.
Additionally, DMSO is often used as a solvent for CNQX, enabling its introduction into experimental systems.
By incorporating these related terms, abbreviations, and key subtopics, researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the applications and considerations surrounding the use of 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) in their neuroscience investigations.
PubCompare.ai remains a valuable resource for streamlining workflows and improving research outcomes.
As a selective antagonist of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor, CNQX plays a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
This compound has been instrumental in studying the involvement of AMPA receptors in various neurological processes and disorders.
CNQX is often used in conjunction with other compounds, such as Picrotoxin, D-AP5, and Bicuculline, to investigate the complex interplay between different neurotransmitter systems.
Researchers can leverage the power of PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform, to optimize their CNQX-based studies.
This platform helps identify the best protocols and products from literature, pre-prints, and patents, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of their research.
The Multiclamp 700B amplifier is a common tool used in electrophysiological studies involving CNQX, as it allows for precise control and measurement of neuronal activity.
Additionally, DMSO is often used as a solvent for CNQX, enabling its introduction into experimental systems.
By incorporating these related terms, abbreviations, and key subtopics, researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the applications and considerations surrounding the use of 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) in their neuroscience investigations.
PubCompare.ai remains a valuable resource for streamlining workflows and improving research outcomes.