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Acetates

Acetates are a class of organic compounds containing the acetate functional group (CH3COO-).
These versatile chemicals have a wide range of applications in various industries, including chemical synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and materials science.
Acetates can be derived from acetic acid or produced synthetically, and they often serve as intermediates or building blocks in the production of other important chemicals.
The study of acetates and their properties, synthesis, and applications is an active area of research, with potential for optimization and innovation in fields such as drug development, polymer chemistry, and renewable energy.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the key aspects of acetates and their relevance in scientific research and industry.

Most cited protocols related to «Acetates»

Mycelial cell wall fractionation was performed according to the method described by Fontaine et al.[86] (link) with slight modification. Briefly, wt and Δhac1 strains were grown in a 1.2-liter fermenter in liquid Sabouraud medium. After 24 h of cultivation (linear growth phase), the mycelia were collected by filtration, washed extensively with water and disrupted in a Dyno-mill (W. A. Bachofen AG, Basel, Switzerland) cell homogenizer using 0.5-mm glass beads at 4°C. The disrupted mycelial suspension was centrifuged (3,000×g for 10 min), and the cell wall fraction (pellet) obtained was washed three times with water, subsequently boiled in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing 50 mM EDTA, 2% SDS and 40 mM β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) for 15 min, twice. The sediment obtained after centrifugation (3,000×g, 10 min) was washed five times with water and then incubated in 1 M NaOH containing 0.5 M NaBH4 at 65°C for 1 h, twice. The insoluble pellet obtained upon centrifugation of this alkali treated sample (3,000×g, 10 min, AI-fraction) was washed with water to neutrality, while the supernatant (AS-fraction) was neutralized and dialyzed against water. Both fractions were freeze-dried and stored at −20°C until further use. Hexose composition in the samples were estimated by gas-liquid chromatography using a Perichrom PR2100 Instrument (Perichrom, Saulx-les-Chartreux, France) equipped with flame ionization detector (FID) and fused silica capillary column (30 m×0.32 mm id) filled with BP1, using meso-inositol as the internal standard. Derivatized hexoses (alditol acetates) were obtained after hydrolysis (4N trifluoroacetic acid/8N hydrochloric acid, 100°C, 4 h), reduction and peracetylation. Monosaccharide composition (percent) was calculated from the peak areas with respect to that of the internal standard.
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Publication 2009
2-Mercaptoethanol Acetates Alkalies Capillaries Cells Cell Wall Centrifugation Chromatography, Gas-Liquid Edetic Acid Fermentors Filtration Flame Ionization Freezing Hexoses Hydrochloric acid Hydrolysis Inositol Monosaccharides Mycelium Radiotherapy Dose Fractionations Silicon Dioxide Strains Sugar Alcohols Trifluoroacetic Acid Tromethamine
We conducted a coordinated analysis of 3 carbonaceous meteorites, which included the identification of sugars, stable carbon isotope analyses of the individual sugars, stable carbon isotope and stable nitrogen isotope analyses of IOM, molecular structure analysis of IOM, and an evaluation of the mineral alteration (SI Appendix, Fig. S1). The carbonaceous meteorites investigated in this study were 2 CR2 chondrites (NWA 801 and NWA 7020) and a CM2 chondrite (Murchison meteorite). Typically, CR2 chondrites contain larger amounts of soluble organic compounds, such as amino acids (8 , 33 (link)), compared with other meteorite types. The fragment of Murchison meteorite investigated in this study was already analyzed for amino acids, and it was established that this Murchison meteorite fragment experienced minimal terrestrial contamination based on a near-racemic (dl) mixture of the common biological amino acid alanine (34 (link)). Large fractions of the meteorites were used for sugar extraction (>2 g) because the sugar content was expected to be low.
The Murchison meteorite has been investigated for sugar and sugar-related compounds in previous studies (14 (link), 15 (link)). Unlike previous studies, we extracted sugars using hydrochloric acid and water from the meteorites to liberate all sugars from the mineral surfaces. Then, this extract was purified and derivatized into aldonitrile acetates (18 (link), 35 ). This derivatization has large advantages for the reliable identification and sensitive detection of sugars over traditional methods (SI Appendix, SI Text). This derivatization has been used for the analysis of carbon isotope compositions of sugars in biological samples (18 (link)).
Publication 2019
Acetates Alanine Amino Acids Biopharmaceuticals Carbohydrates Carbon Isotopes Chondrites Hydrochloric acid Meteorites Minerals Molecular Structure Nitrogen Isotopes Organic Chemicals Sugars
ROS formation was evaluated by means of the probe 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (H2DCF-DA). H2DCF-DA is a non-fluorescent permeant molecule that passively diffuses into cells, where the acetates are cleaved by intracellular esterases to form H2DCF, and thereby traps it within the cell. In the presence of intracellular ROS, H2DCF is rapidly oxidized to the highly fluorescent 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF). After cell treatment, previously reported, cells were collected, washed twice with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and then incubated in PBS containing H2DCF-DA (10 µM) at 37 °C. After 15 min, fluorescence was evaluated using a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (BD FacsCalibur, Milan, Italy) and elaborated with Cell Quest software, as previously reported [23 (link)].
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Publication 2017
Acetates Buffers Cells dichlorofluorescin Esterases Fluorescence Phosphates Protoplasm Saline Solution
Enzyme hydrolysis was performed in a 96-deep well format using the GLBRC Enzyme Platform (GENPLAT) as described earlier [4 (link),5 (link)]. Feedstocks were suspended and dispensed at 0.5% glucan, and final glucan loadings were 0.2%. Unless otherwise specified, enzyme loadings for all commercial benchmarks and for all mixture experiments were kept constant at 15 mg/g glucan, and reaction mixtures were incubated for 48 h at 50°C.
Design-Expert software (Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used for experimental design and analysis. An augmented quadratic design was used throughout; thus, mixtures containing 6 and 16 components required 28 and 153 individual reactions, respectively. The lowest proportion of any enzyme in the core set (defined as CBH1, CBH2, EG1, BG, EX3, and BX) was set to 4%, because earlier studies indicated that for most of the core set, allowing them to go to 0% led to such poor Glc yields that reliable models could not be predicted [4 (link)]. The lowest proportion of all other enzymes ("accessory" proteins) was set to 0%. All assays were replicated once, sampled twice and assayed for Glc and Xyl twice, for a total of eight replicates of each mixture. Glc and Xyl were assayed colorimetrically [4 (link)]. Model predictions were tested experimentally as indicated in each table.
The monosaccharide composition of feedstocks was determined by the GLBRC Analytical Laboratory at Michigan State University. Briefly, samples were ground and washed sequentially with water, 70% ethanol, 1:1 chloroform:methanol, and acetone. The samples were then treated with amyloglucosidase + α-amylase, and the released Glc was quantitated as starch. The remaining material was then hydrolyzed with 2 N trifluoroacetic acid, and the released sugars were quantitated by GC of the alditol acetates. The insoluble residue from this step was treated with Updegraff's reagent, and the insoluble material was hydrolyzed with strong sulfuric acid and quantitated as cellulose using anthrone [16 (link),17 (link)].
The proteins in the commercial preparation Novozyme 188 and in β-mannanase (Megazyme catalog E-BMANN) were analyzed using standard mass spectrometry-based proteomics [3 (link)]. Scaffold version 01_07_00 (Proteome Software, Portland, OR, USA) was used to probabilistically validate protein identifications (DOE Joint Genome Institute) using the X!Tandem and ProteinProphet computer algorithms.
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Publication 2010
Acetates Acetone Amylase anthrone beta Mannosidase Cellulose Chloroform Enzymes Ethanol Genome Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase Glucans Hydrolysis Joints Mass Spectrometry Methanol Monosaccharides Novozym 188 Proteins Proteome Starch Sugar Alcohols Sugars Sulfuric Acids Trifluoroacetic Acid
Freebase (2H) PoP was synthesized as previously described.23 (link) Metallo-PoPs were generated by incubating excess metal acetates with PoP in methanol or tetrahydrofuran. Reaction completion was monitored by thin layer chromatography. The solvent was then removed by rotary evaporation and PoP was extracted thrice with a chloroform:methanol:water mixture. Identity was confirmed with mass spectrometry. PoP-liposomes were created with the thin film method and extruded through 100 nm membranes using a handheld extruder. Stoichiometry approximations were based on the assumption that each ~100 nm liposome contains 80,000 lipids. For protein and peptide binding analysis, liposomes were formed with 10 molar % PoP along with 85 molar % DOPC (Avanti # 850375P), and 5 molar % PEG-lipid (Avanti # 880120P). Ni-NTA liposomes included 10 molar % Ni-NTA lipid dioleoyl-glycero-Ni-NTA (Avanti # 790404P) as well as 10 molar % 2H-PoP. Sulforhodamine B (VWR # 89139-502) liposomes contained 10 molar % PoP, 35 molar % cholesterol (Avanti # 700000P), 55 molar % DOPC and PEG-lipid as indicated. For bilayer integrity, cell binding and in vivo studies, 50 mM dye was used, whereas microscopy studies used 10 mM dye.
Publication 2015
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine Acetates Cells Chloroform Cholesterol Lipids Liposomes lissamine rhodamine B Mass Spectrometry Metals Methanol Microscopy Molar Peptides Proteins Solvents tetrahydrofuran Thin Layer Chromatography Tissue, Membrane

Most recents protocols related to «Acetates»

Molecular weight distributions of lyophilized crude EPS were determined by size exclusion chromatography. In brief, crude EPS powder was suspended in 0.1 M NaNO3 (0.5 mg/mL) and then filtered through a 0.45 μm pore diameter polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Millipore Corporation, USA). The average molecular weight (MW) was determined by high-performance molecular exclusion chromatography (HPLC-SEC, Agilent 1,100 Series System, Hewlett-Packard, Germany) associated with a refractive index (IR) detector (Ibarburu et al., 2015 (link)). 50 μL of the samples were injected and eluted at a flow rate of 0.95 mL/min (pressure: 120:130 psi) at room temperature using 0.1 M NaNO3 as mobile phase. Dextrans (0.5 mg/mL) with a molecular weight between 103 and 2.106 Da (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were used as standards.
Once the molecular weight distributions were determined, low and high molecular weight fractions that composed the crude EPS obtained at 20°C were separated. For this purpose, EPS solutions (0.2% w/v) were centrifuged through a Vivaspin™ ultrafiltration spin column 100 KDa MWCO, (Sartorious, Goettingen, Germany) for 20 min at 6000 g, eluting only the low MW fraction. Subsequently, high MW fraction retained in the column was eluted using hot distilled water. The eluted fractions were passed through a Vivaspin column (cut-off 30KDa) in order to separate the middle and low MW fraction of EPS.
Monosaccharide composition of crude EPS and their fractions were determined by gas chromatography as previously described (Notararigo et al., 2013 (link)). Briefly, 1–2 mg of EPS were hydrolyzed in 1 mL of 3 M trifluoroacetic acid (1 h at 120°C). The monosaccharides obtained were converted into alditol acetates by reduction with NaBH4 and subsequent acetylation. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography in an Agilent 7890A coupled to a 5975C mass detector, using an HP5-MS column with helium as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. For each run, 1 μL of sample was injected (with a Split 1:50) and the following temperature program was performed: the oven was heat to 175°C for 1 min; the temperature was increased to 215°C at a rate of 2.5°C/min and then increased to 225°C at 10°C/min, keeping it constant at this temperature for 1.5 min. Monosaccharides were identified by comparison of retention times with standards (arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, mannose, glucosamine and galactosamine) analyzed under the same conditions. Calibration curves were also processed for monosaccharide quantification. Myo-inositol was added to each sample as internal standard.
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Publication 2023
Acetates Acetylation Arabinose Dextrans Division Phase, Cell Galactosamine Galactose Gas Chromatography Gel Chromatography Glucosamine Glucose Helium High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Inositol Mannose Monosaccharides polyvinylidene fluoride Powder Pressure Retention (Psychology) Rhamnose Sugar Alcohols Tissue, Membrane Trifluoroacetic Acid Ultrafiltration Xylose
Ethyl 2-[4-oxo-8-(R-phenyl)-4,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]acetates (16) belonging to fused azaisocytosine congeners have been synthesised for the purposes of thermal studies according to efficient synthetic approaches previously patented and published [2 ,3 (link)]. The structures of molecules 16 have been confirmed by 1H-NMR/13C-NMR spectra and elemental analysis, and established on the basis of the performed 13C, 1H HMBC and HMQC correlations for the ethyl ester of 2-(4-oxo-8-phenyl-4,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-3-yl)acetic acid (1) [3 (link)]. The purity and homogeneity of all the compounds intended for thermal studies (16) have been previously evaluated under reaction and the purification conditions employed. All these ones have been obtained and described [3 (link)] as homogenous, pure, crystalline solids with sharp melting points and microanalyses within ±0.4 percent of the calculated values. They have been reported to reveal not only enhanced anticancer effects in malignant human multiple myeloma cells (MM1R, MM1S) but also antiproliferative activities against human tumours of the breast (T47D) and cervix (HeLa) [3 (link)]. In addition, their mode of anticancer action and very low toxicities towards normal human skin fibroblasts have been previously documented [3 (link)].
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Publication 2023
1H NMR Acetates Acetic Acid Breast Neoplasm Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Cells Cervix Uteri Esters Fibroblasts HeLa Cells HMQC Homo sapiens Homozygote Molecular Structure Plasma Cell Neoplasm Skin Triazines
In order to test the viability of drug-resistant Colo 320 cells before and after treatments with chemotherapy drugs or synthetic steroids, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assays were conducted (first described by Mosmann [42 (link)]). First the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs was determined. Colo 320 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 104 cells/well density and were left to grow for 24 h. To obtain dose-response curves, cells were treated with a serial dilution of each drug (Bleomycin, Carmustine, Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin; treatment was applied in 200 μL media) for another 24 h (for the applied concentrations, please refer to Supplementary Material Table S1). Then, the media were discarded and replaced with 100 μL fresh media containing 0.5 mg/mL MTT reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). After a 1 h incubation, this media was replaced by 100 μL DMSO to solubilize formazan crystals. Absorbance of the samples was measured at 570 and 630 nm with a Synergy HTX microplate reader (BIOTEK®, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Untreated cells were considered as 100% cell viability during data analysis. IC50 and the Hill-slope values were obtained from the measured data. The IC10–IC90 values for each drug were calculated from the IC50 and the Hill-slope values.
We tested also the toxicity of androstano-arylpyrimidine 17-acetates. For this, drug-sensitive Colo 205 and multidrug-resistant Colo 320 cells were exposed to compounds 10a, 10d, 10e, 10f, and 10g in a fixed 20 μM concentration for 24 h, then MTT viability assay was performed. Cell seeding and absorbance measurement were carried out in the same way as described above.
For the combinational treatments (chemotherapy drug + steroid), each chemotherapy drug was applied in its previously determined respective IC30–IC70 concentration (in the case of each drug, the appropriate concentrations are presented in Supplementary Material Table S2, indicated in the first column of the table next to the drug name) together with each androstano-arylpyrimidine 17-acetate (10a, 10d, 10e, 10f, and 10g). The steroids were used in a fixed 20 μM concentration. Based on these treatments, certain combinations were selected to be utilized later for an apoptosis detection assay.
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Publication 2023
Acetate Acetates Aftercare Apoptosis Biological Assay Bleomycin Bromides Carmustine Cells Cell Survival Cisplatin Doxorubicin Epirubicin Formazans Pharmaceutical Preparations Pharmacotherapy Steroids Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Technique, Dilution Toxicity, Drug
The Biginelli-type multicomponent access to androstano-arylpyrimidine 17-acetates (compounds labeled by number 10) and 17-OH derivatives (compounds labeled as 11) under microwave irradiation was published by our group in Baji et al. [24 (link)]. The original compound numbers used in Baji et al. were retained in the present manuscript for clarity and comparability.
The chemotherapy drugs Bleomycin, Carmustine, Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, and Epirubicin were obtained from the Central Pharmacy of the University of Szeged (Szeged, Hungary).
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Publication 2023
Acetates Bleomycin Carmustine Cisplatin derivatives Doxorubicin Epirubicin Microwaves Pharmaceutical Preparations Pharmacotherapy
LTC-1 (25 mg) was oxidized in the presence of 15 mM NaIO4 (25 mL) and stored at 4 °C in the dark. The retest lasted an average interval of 5 h. NaIO4 consumption was quantitatively measured using the UV spectrophotometric method. Ethylene glycol was added to remove excess periodate after the sample solution was completely oxidized with stable absorbance. The periodate product solution (2 mL) was sampled to calculate the yield of formic acid by titration with 5 mM NaOH (bromocresol purple as an indicator), and the remainder was extensively dialyzed against distilled water for 48 h, vacuum concentrated below 40 ℃ and then reduced with NaBH4 for 24 h at room temperature and dialyzed again for 48 h. After the pH was adjusted to 5.5 using acetic acid, the mixture was dialyzed for 48 h against water. The alcohol derivative of polysaccharide was lyophilized and then hydrolyzed in 2 mL 2 M TFA at 120 ℃ for 2 h. After TFA was removed by vacuum evaporation, 1 mL acetic anhydride and 1 mL pyridine were used to acetylate the hydrolysate. The standard monosaccharides were converted into their respective acetates as described above and analyzed by GC–MS.
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Publication 2023
Acetates Acetic Acid acetic anhydride Bromcresol Purple Ethanol formic acid Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Glycol, Ethylene metaperiodate Monosaccharides Polysaccharides pyridine Spectrophotometry Titrimetry Vacuum

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More about "Acetates"

Acetates are a versatile class of organic compounds featuring the acetate functional group (CH3COO-).
These chemicals have a wide array of applications across industries, from chemical synthesis and pharmaceuticals to materials science.
Acetates can be derived from acetic acid or produced synthetically, often serving as key intermediates or building blocks in the production of other important chemicals.
The study of acetates, their properties, synthesis, and applications is an active area of research, with potential for optimization and innovation in fields such as drug development, polymer chemistry, and renewable energy.
Acetate-based compounds are utilized in a variety of analytical techniques, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using instruments like the GCMS-QP2010, Autosystem XL, and TRACE™ Ultra Gas Chromatograph equipped with capillary columns such as the HP-5MS, RXI-5 SIL MS, and DB-225.
Acetates and related esters, like the common triglyceride Oleic acid (SP-2330, SP-2331), play crucial roles in diverse applications, from pharmaceutical formulations and personal care products to lubricants and plasticizers.
Ongoing research aims to harness the versatility of acetates to develop new and improved materials, catalysts, and energy-efficient processes, driving progress in fields as varied as green chemistry and sustainable biofuels.
By leveraging the insights gained from the study of acetates, scientists and engineers can optimize research and drive innovation to address evolving challenges and needs across multiple industries.