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Alkaloids

Alkaloids are a diverse class of naturally occurring, nitrogen-containing organic compounds found in many plants and animals.
These complex molecules exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities and have long been of interest to researchers in fields such as medicine, biochemistry, and ecology.
Alkaloids can be derived from amino acids and often possess potent physiological effects, making them valuable for therapeutic applications, but also potentially toxic if not properly dosed.
Studying the structure, biosynthesis, and biological functions of alkaloids is crucial for understanding their medicinal and ecological roles.
Researchers can optimize their alkaloid research process using innovative AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai, which can help locate the best protocols and products from literature, pre-prints, and patents through intelligent comparisons - no typo here!

Most cited protocols related to «Alkaloids»

1
Constructing a Structure-Based Chemical Ontology from Existing Nomenclature
Cited 56 times
Each node or category name in ClassyFire’s chemical ontology or ChemOnt, was created by extracting common or existing chemical classification category terms from the scientific literature and available chemical databases. We used existing terms to avoid “reinventing the wheel”. By making use of commonly recognized or widely used terms that already exist in the chemical literature, we believed that the taxonomy (and the corresponding ontology) should be more readily adopted and understood. This dictionary creation process was iterative and required the manual review of a large number of specialized chemical databases, textbooks and chemical repositories. Because the same compounds can often be classified into multiple categories, an analysis of the specificity of each categorical term was performed. Those terms that were determined to be clearly generic (e.g. organic acid, organoheterocyclic compound) or described large numbers of known compounds were assigned to SuperClasses. Terms that were highly specific (e.g. alpha-imino acid or derivatives, yohimbine alkaloids) or which described smaller numbers of compounds that clearly fell within a larger SuperClass were assigned to Classes or SubClasses. This assignment also depended on their relationship to higher-level categories. In some cases multiple, equivalent terms were used to describe the same compounds or categories (imidazolines vs. dihydroimidazoles). To resolve these disputes, the frequency with which the competing terms were used was objectively measured (using Google page statistics or literature count statistics). Those having the highest frequency would generally take precedence. However, attention was also paid to the scientific community and expert panels. When available, the IUPAC term was used to name a specific category. Otherwise, if the experts clearly recommended a set of (less frequently used) terms, these would take precedence over terms initially chosen by our initial “popularity” selection criteria. Examples include the terms “Imidazolines” (229,000 Google hits) and “Dihydroimidazoles” (4590 Google hits). The other popular terms were then added as synonyms. A total of 9012 English synonyms were added to the ChemOnt terminology data set.
In a number of cases, new SuperClass and Class terms were created for chemical categories not explicitly defined in the literature. Of these, the resulting “novel” categories were typically constructed from the IUPAC nomenclature for organic and inorganic compounds. Because our chemical dictionary was built from extant or common terms, it contains many community-specific categories commonly used in the (bio-)chemical nomenclature (e.g. primary amines, steroids, nucleosides). Moreover, due to the diverse nature of active and biologically interesting compounds, many chemical categories linked to specific chemical activities or based on biomimetic skeletons (e.g. alpha-sulfonopeptides, piperidinylpiperidines) were added. For instance, several compounds from the category of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines (CHEMONTID:0004377) have been shown to display GABA(A) antagonist activity, and a potential to treat anxiety disorders [35 (link)].
After all the dictionary terms were identified and compiled (4825 terms to date), each term was formally defined using a precise, yet easily understood text description that included the structural features corresponding to that chemical category (Fig. 3). These formal definitions and the corresponding category mappings formed the basis of the structural classification algorithm and the classification rules described below. Once defined, the terms in this Chemical Classification Dictionary were progressively added to the taxonomic structure to form the structure-based hierarchy underlying ClassyFire’s chemical classification scheme. With the combination of the taxonomic structure and the Chemical Classification Dictionary, ChemOnt can be formally viewed as an ontology (albeit purely a structural ontology).

The chemical taxonomy. The taxonomy is illustrated with the OBO-Edit software, showing definitions synonyms, references, and extended information

Djoumbou Feunang Y., Eisner R., Knox C., Chepelev L., Hastings J., Owen G., Fahy E., Steinbeck C., Subramanian S., Bolton E., Greiner R, & Wishart D.S. (2016). ClassyFire: automated chemical classification with a comprehensive, computable taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 8, 61.
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Publication 2016
Acids Alkaloids Amines Anxiety Disorders Attention Chemical Actions derivatives GABA Antagonists Generic Drugs Imidazolines Imino Acids Inorganic Chemicals Nucleosides Pyrimidines Skeleton Steroids Yohimbine
2
Phytochemical Analysis of Plant Extract
Cited 11 times
A small portion of the dry extract was used for the phytochemical tests for compounds which include tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and steroids in accordance with the methods of [17 ,18 ] with little modifications. Exactly 1.0 g of plant extract was dissolved in10 ml of distilled water and filtered (using Whatman No 1 filter paper) A blue colouration resulting from the addition of ferric chloride reagent to the filtrate indicated the presence of tannins in the extract. Exactly 0.5 g of the plant extract was dissolved in 5 ml of 1% HCl on steam bath. A millilitre of the filtrate was treated with few drops of Dragendorff's reagent. Turbidity or precipitation was taken as indicative of the presence of alkaloid. About 0.2 g of the extract was dissolved in 2 ml of methanol and heated. A chip of magnesium metal was added to the mixture followed by the addition of a few drops of concentrated HCl. The occurrence of a red or orange colouration was indicative of the flavonoids. Freshly prepared 7% blood agar plate was used and wells were made in it. The crude extract dissolved in 10% methanol was used to fill the wells bored in the blood agar plates. Ten percent methanol was used as a negative control while commercial saponin solution was used as a positive control. The plates were incubated at 35°C for 6 h. complete haemolysis of the blood around the extract was indicative of saponin. About 0.5 g of the extract was dissolved in 3 ml of chloroform and filtered. Concentrated H2SO4 was carefully added to the filtrate to form lower layer. A reddish brown colour at the interface was taken as positive for steroid ring.
Aiyegoro O.A, & Okoh A.I. (2010). Preliminary phytochemical screening and In vitro antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract of Helichrysum longifolium DC. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 10, 21.
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Publication 2010
Agar Alkaloids BLOOD Chloroform Complex Extracts DNA Chips ferric chloride Flavonoids Hemolysis Magnesium Metals Methanol Phytochemicals Plant Alkaloids Plant Extracts Saponin Saponins Steam Bath Steroids Tannins
3
Investigational Cigarettes Nicotine Study
Cited 10 times
Investigational cigarettes were obtained from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The study groups assigned to the investigational cigarettes were defined according to the nicotine content, averaged across menthol and nonmenthol products (which were assigned on the basis of the participant’s preference): 15.8, 5.2, 2.4, 1.3, and 0.4 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco. Products also differed in the content or yield of minor alkaloids and nitrosamines and in the application of casings, including sugars (which were higher in the cigarettes with 15.8 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco than in the reduced-nicotine cigarettes in order to balance the ratio of nicotine to sugar). Additional product information is provided in Tables S1 and S2 of the Supplementary Appendix, available at NEJM.org.
Administrative staff who had no contact with the study participants labeled each cigarette carton with a blind code. Participants, investigators, and study staff had no knowledge of which product was given to a participant or whether various participants received the same or different products (except in the case of participants assigned to their usual brand).
At each weekly visit during the study period, participants were provided with a 14-day supply of cigarettes (the number of baseline cigarettes per day × 14). A 14-day supply, rather than a 7-day supply, was provided to account for missed visits and to allow for increases in smoking relative to baseline (e.g., compensatory smoking). Participants were instructed to refrain from the use of other cigarettes; however, there was no incentive to use the study product and no penalty for the use of nonstudy cigarettes.
Donny E.C., Denlinger R.L., Tidey J.W., Koopmeiners J.S., Benowitz N.L., Vandrey R.G., al’Absi M., Carmella S.G., Cinciripini P.M., Dermody S.S., Drobes D.J., Hecht S.S., Jensen J., Lane T., Le C.T., McClernon F.J., Montoya I.D., Murphy S.E., Robinson J.D., Stitzer M.L., Strasser A.A., Tindle H, & Hatsukami D.K. (2015). Randomized Trial of Reduced-Nicotine Standards for Cigarettes. The New England journal of medicine, 373(14), 1340-1349.
Publication 2015
Alkaloids Carbohydrates Menthol Nicotine Nitrosamines Sugars Tobacco Products Visually Impaired Persons
4
Phytochemical Analysis of Plant Extracts
Cited 9 times
Qualitative phytochemical analyses of both the extracts were performed by following the protocol of Adetuyi and Popoola [26 ], Trease and Evans [27 ], and Sofowora [28 ].
Tannins. 200 mg of plant material was boiled in 10 mL distilled water and few drops of FeCl3 were added to the filtrate; a blue-black precipitate indicated the presence of Tannins.
Alkaloids. 200 mg plant material was boiled in 10 mL methanol and filtered. 1% HCl was added followed by 6 drops of Dragendorff reagent, and brownish-red precipitate was taken as evidence for the presence of alkaloids.
Saponins (Frothing test). 5 mL distilled water was added to 200 mg plant material. 0.5 mL filtrate was diluted to 5 mL with distilled water and shaken vigorously for 2 minutes. Formation of stable foam indicates the presence of saponins.
Cardiac Glycosides (Keller-Kiliani test). 2 mL filtrate was treated with 1 mL glacial acetic acid containing few drops of FeCl3.Conc. H2SO4 was added to the above mixture giving green-blue colour depicting the positive results for presence of cardiac glycosides.
Steroids (Liebermann-Burchard reaction). 200 mg plant material was added in 10 mL chloroform. Acetic anhydride was added in the ratio of 1 : 1 which resulted into the formation of blue-green ring pointing towards the presence of steroids.
Terpenoids (Salkowski test). To 200 mg plant material 2 mL of chloroform (CHCl3) and 3 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) were carefully added. A reddish brown colouration signified the presence of terpenoids.
Flavonoids. To the aqueous filtrate 5 mL of dilute ammonia solution was added, followed by concentrated H2SO4. A yellow colouration indicated the presence of flavonoids.
Phlobatannins. The deposition of a red precipitate denoted the presence of phlobatannins when 200 mg of plant material was dissolved in 10 mL of aqueous extract and few drops of 1% HCl were added in the boiling tube.
Anthraquinones. 500 mg of dried plant leaves were boiled in 10% HCl for 5 mins and filtrate was allowed to cool. Equal volume of CHCl3 with few drops of 10% NH3 was added to 2 mL filtrate. The formation of rose-pink colour implies the presence of Anthraquinones.
Reducing Sugars. To the 10 mL of aqueous extract a few drops of Fehling's solution A and B were added; an orange red precipitate suggests the presence of reducing sugars.
Mujeeb F., Bajpai P, & Pathak N. (2014). Phytochemical Evaluation, Antimicrobial Activity, and Determination of Bioactive Components from Leaves of Aegle marmelos. BioMed Research International, 2014, 497606.
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Publication 2014
Acetic Acid acetic anhydride Alkaloids Ammonia Anthraquinones Cardiac Glycosides Chloroform Flavonoids Methanol Phytochemicals Plant Leaves Plants Saponins Steroids Sugars Sulfuric Acids Tannins Terpenes
5
Extraction and Purification of Kratom Alkaloids
Cited 8 times
The kratom plant material (Green Maeng Da, 4 kg; Figure S8) was extracted with 10 L of CHCl3-CH3OH (1:1) and 500 mL of 10% aqueous KOH by maceration over 24 h at room temperature. The mixture was filtered, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The dried extract was reconstituted in a solution of 1M HCl and hexanes (1:1), transferred into a separatory funnel, and shaken vigorously. The hexanes phase was drawn off, the pH of the aqueous phase was adjusted to 9.0 with dropwise addition of concentrated NH4OH, and the alkaloids were extracted as the free base with CHCl3; after washing with neutral water, the organic phase was dried to yield 12 g of the alkaloid extract. This material was fractionated by normal phase flash chromatography using a silica column (120 g) and a gradient solvent system of hexanes-CHCl3-CH3OH at a flow rate of 85 mL/min over 67 min to yield 11 pooled fractions.
Fraction 4 (500 mg) was subjected to reverse phase HPLC using a CN column and a gradient system of 40:60 to 100:0 of CH3OH-H2O (10 mM of NH4OAc in both phases) over 20 min with a flow rate of 20 mL/min. This process yielded eight subfractions, and fraction 8 was identified as compound 1 (450.5 mg).
Fraction 9 (1.1 g) was fractionated by normal phase flash chromatography using a silica column (12 g) and a gradient system of hexanes-EtOAc-CH3OH using a flow rate of 30 mL/min to generate four subfractions. Subfraction 2 (40 mg) was purified by preparative HPLC over a CN column using a gradient of 70:30 to 100:0 of CH3OH-H2O (10 mM of NH4OAc in both phases) over 20 min with a flow rate of 20 mL/min. This process yielded compounds 4 (13.1 mg) and 6 (15.20 mg). Subfraction 4 (800 mg) was subjected to flash chromatography using a silica column (12 g) via a gradient of CHCl3-CH3OH (10 mM of NH4OAc in both phases) over 60 min with a flow rate of 30 mL/min to generate five fractions (F9–4_1 through F9–4_5). Fraction F9–4_3 was subjected to preparative HPLC over a Kinetex column using a gradient of 60:40 to 70:30 of CH3OH-H2O (10 mM of NH4OAc in both phases) over 30 min with a flow rate of 20 mL/min; three fractions were collected and the first fraction was characterized as compound 2 (20.5 mg). Fraction F9–4_4 (300 mg) was subjected to flash chromatography using a silica column (4 g) and a gradient of hexanes-acetone-CH3OH over 20 min at a flow rate of 18 mL/min to generate eight fractions. The second fraction was resolved by preparative HPLC over a CN column using a gradient of 50:50 to 100:0 of CH3OH-H2O (10 mM of NH4OAc in both phases) over 20 min with a flow rate of 20 mL/min; this process yielded 16.5 mg of compound 7. The seventh fraction (16 mg) from F9–4_4 was subjected to preparative HPLC using a CN column and a gradient of 40:60 to 90:10 of CH3OH-H2O (10 mM of NH4OAc in both phases) over 20 min with a flow rate of 20 mL/min; two fractions were collected and the first fraction was characterized as compound 11 (2.3 mg). Fraction F9–4_5 (40 mg) was subjected to preparative HPLC over a Kinetex column with a gradient of 50:50 to 100:0 of CH3OH-H2O (10 mM of NH4OAc in both phases) over 35 min with a flow rate of 20 mL/min; the third fraction was identified as 8 (10.5 mg).
Fraction 6 (680 mg) was subjected to a second fractionation using flash chromatography over a silica column (12 g) and a gradient of CHCl3-CH3OH (10 mM of NH4OAc in both phases) over 60 min with a flow rate of 30 mL/min to generate five subfractions. Subfraction 1 (47 mg) was subjected to preparative HPLC over a CN column and a gradient system of 55:45 to 100:0 CH3OH-H2O (10 mM of NH4OAc in both phases) over 25 min; the first and second fractions were identified as 5 (9.83 mg) and 3 (18.33 mg), respectively.
Fraction 8 (1.3 g) was fractionated by flash chromatography using a silica column (12 g) with a gradient of CHCl3-CH3OH (10 mM of NH4OAc in both phases) over 25 min with a flow rate of 30 mL/min to generate four subfractions. Subfractions 3 (12.8 mg) and 4 (7.0 mg) were purified by preparative HPLC over a CN column and a gradient system of 50:50 to 100:0 CH3OH-H2O (10 mM of NH4OAc in both phases) over 15 min at a flow rate of 20 mL/min to yield compounds 9 (5.7 mg) and 10 (4.5 mg), respectively.
Flores-Bocanegra L., Raja H.A., Graf T.N., Augustinović M., Wallace E.D., Hematian S., Kellogg J.J., Todd D.A., Cech N.B, & Oberlies N.H. (2020). The Chemistry of Kratom [Mitragyna speciosa]: Updated Characterization Data and Methods to Elucidate Indole and Oxindole Alkaloids. Journal of natural products, 83(7), 2165-2177.
Publication 2020
Acetone alkaloid G Alkaloids Chloroform Chromatography Hexanes High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Mitragyna speciosa Plants Pressure Radiotherapy Dose Fractionations Silicon Dioxide Solvents

Most recents protocols related to «Alkaloids»

1
Genetic Marker Identification for Unique Leaf Alkaloid Trait
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

To identify genetic marker(s) associated with the ULA trait, test crosses of FC401 mutant #1 (MS4144) were made with variety Red Russian and the F1s were selfed to generate F2 seed. Three hundred and thirty seven F2 plants were grown in the field and the alkaloids were analyzed individually. Depending on the anatabine levels, the mapping populations were grouped into ULA plants and normal plants (FIG. 1). Genomic DNA from each of the plants was extracted individually. To run simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, DNA samples from 23 F2 ULA plants and 24 normal anatabine plants were pooled separately.

PCR reactions were performed in 25 μl final volumes which contained 25-50 ng of template DNA, 12.5 μl 2× Amplitag PCR master mix ((Applied Biosystems [ABI]), 0.2 μM labeled primers (ABI), 1 μl 100% DMSO (Fisher Scientific), and 8 μl H2O (DNase/RNase free). Thermocycling conditions consisted of a 15 min incubation at 95° C.; followed by 34 cycles of 1 min at 94° C., 2 min at 60° C., 1 min at 72° C.; with a final reaction step of 60° C. for 30 min. All completed PCR reactions were diluted 1:50 with deionized water. Two microliters of diluted product was then combined with 9.75 μl HiDi Formamide (ABI) and 0.25 μl GeneScan 500 LIZ (ABI) size standard. Fragment analyses were performed. Samples were separated using a 36 cm capillary array in an ABI 3730 DNA Analyzer. Generated amplicons were analyzed using the “Local Southern Method” and the default analysis settings within GeneMapper v. 3.5 software (ABI). Final allele calls were standardized to an internal DNA control and based on the ABI 3730 DNA Analyzer.

US11873500B2. Genetic locus imparting a low anatabine trait in tobacco and methods of using (2024-01-16). ALTRIA CLIENT SERVICES LLC [US]. Inventors: Chengalrayan Kudithipudi [US], Alec J. Hayes [US], Robert Frank Hart [US], Yanxin Shen [US], Jesse Frederick [US], Dongmei Xu [US].
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Patent 2024
Alkaloids Alleles anatabine Capillaries Deoxyribonucleases DNA, Plant DNA Chips Endoribonucleases formamide Genetic Markers Genome Oligonucleotide Primers Plants Short Tandem Repeat Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
2
Generating Tobacco Plants with Reduced Anatabine
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

Since the biosynthetic pathway of anatabine and its associated genes is not completely known, a novel genetic variation was created in a population of tobacco plants to identify plants that have a significantly reduced ability to biosynthesize anatabine. These plants very likely have a mutated non-functional gene, critical for anatabine biosynthesis.

A population of the Flue-cured variety “401” was used in these experiments. Approximately 5000 seeds were treated with 0.6% ethyl methane sulfonate and germinated. M1 plants were grown in the field and M2 seeds were collected. Fifteen hundred M2 seeds were germinated and grown in 4-inch pots. At 50% flowering stage, plants were topped. Leaf samples were collected 2 weeks after topping and the samples screened for anatabine levels using high performance thin layer chromatography (HP-TLC) and gas chromatography.

After screening for alkaloids, two Flue Cured (FC) 401 ultra-low anatabine (ULA) lines were selected for trait development. It is noted that the amount of nicotine in both ULA lines is unchanged.

US11873500B2. Genetic locus imparting a low anatabine trait in tobacco and methods of using (2024-01-16). ALTRIA CLIENT SERVICES LLC [US]. Inventors: Chengalrayan Kudithipudi [US], Alec J. Hayes [US], Robert Frank Hart [US], Yanxin Shen [US], Jesse Frederick [US], Dongmei Xu [US].
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Patent 2024
Alkaloids Anabolism anatabine Biosynthetic Pathways Ethyl Methanesulfonate Gas Chromatography Genes Genetic Diversity Marijuana Abuse Mutagenesis Nicotiana tabacum Nicotine Plant Embryos Plant Leaves Plants Thin Layer Chromatography
3
Metabolomic Analysis of Hormone Treatments
Out of the 91 selected features, 71 were successfully classified (Fig. 5). 45 classes were assigned with 20 belonging to primary metabolism (representing 30 features) and 16 belonging to specialized metabolism (representing 27 features). The remaining eight classes were too broad to be constrained to a specific type of metabolism (representing 14 features). The most detected primary metabolic classes were peptides, amino acids, fatty acids, carboxylic acid derivatives and carbohydrates/carbohydrate conjugates. At the superclass level (Djoumbou Feunang et al., 2016 (link)), the largest groups were the glycosylated compounds, organonitrogen compounds, and the amines. A detailed explanation of the significant feature fluctuations can be found in the Supplementary Information. The functional relations of the selected compounds were determined by calculating a molecular network. The network revealed that the selected compounds related to the hormone treatments were largely involving biochemical pathways of alkaloids, amino acids and peptides, carbohydrates, fatty acids, polyketides, shikimates and phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids (Fig. 6).

Heatmap showing the 91 partly annotated variables selected by the normalized BORUTA. The y-axis displays the clustering of samples and the x-axis displays the clustering of selected features. R2 = 0.75, RMSE = 1.095445, MAE = 0.8. Black boxes were drawn to better differentiate the shifts in the samples. Blue indicates that a feature was produced less than the control and red indicates that a feature was produced more than the control

Molecular network showing the relationships of the selected compounds to pathways and compound classes. More information regarding the selected compounds is available in the Supplementary Material

Blatt-Janmaat K., Neumann S., Schmidt F., Ziegler J., Qu Y, & Peters K. (2023). Impact of in vitro phytohormone treatments on the metabolome of the leafy liverwort Radula complanata (L.) Dumort. Metabolomics, 19(3), 17.
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Publication 2023
Alkaloids Amines Amino Acids Carbohydrates Carboxylic Acids derivatives Epistropheus Fatty Acids Hormones Metabolism Peptides Polyketides Terpenes
4
Phytochemical Profiling of Plant Extracts
Dried samples (50 g) of all selected plant parts were extracted in 100% methanol (300 mL) by cold maceration method. All of the extracts were concentrated using a vacuum pump rotatory evaporator from Buchi, New Castle, USA. The concentrated extracts were dried using a freeze dryer from IIShin Lab Co (South Korea) to obtain the lyophilized extract. Phytochemical screening was performed according to the method reported by Bhatnagar et al.38 Qualitative phytochemical screening of major groups of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, was performed.
The Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to estimate the TPC in crude extract samples.39 (link) In brief, 1 mL of 2 N Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent was mixed with 1 mL of 1 mg/mL plant extract (prepared by dissolving it in methanol), and then the mixture was diluted by the addition of 5 mL distilled water. After incubating for 5 minutes, 1 mL of 10% Na2CO3 solution was added, and then the mixture was incubated for 1 hour in the dark at room temperature. The absorbance of the final mixture was measured at 725 nm using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). TPC was expressed as micrograms gallic acid equivalent per milligram of extract (µg GAE/mg), obtained by calibration curves of gallic acid at 500, 400, 300, 200, 100, and 50 µg/mL concentrations.
The aluminum chloride chelation method was used to approximate the amount of flavonoids in all plant extracts.40 (link) First, a stock solution (1 mg/mL) of each plant extract in methanol was diluted with water in a 1:5 ratio and mixed with 0.3 mL of 5% sodium nitrite solution. Then, the mixture was incubated for 5 minutes and 0.3 mL of 10% of AlCl3 was added to it. This was followed by the addition of 2 mL of 1 M sodium hydroxide. The absorbance of the final mixture was taken at 510 nm using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. Total flavonoid was expressed as micrograms of quercetin equivalent per milligram (µg QE/mg) of the plant extract, obtained by calibration curves of quercetin at 500, 400, 300, 200, 100, and 50 µg/mL concentrations.
Lamichhane G., Sharma G., Sapkota B., Adhikari M., Ghimire S., Poudel P, & Jung H.J. (2023). Screening of Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Anti-Adipogenic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Five Selected Medicinal Plants of Nepal. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, 15, 93-106.
Publication 2023
Alkaloids Aluminum Chloride Anthraquinones Cold Temperature Complex Extracts Flavonoids folin Freezing Gallic Acid Glycosides Methanol Phenol Phytochemicals Plant Extracts Plants Quercetin Saponins Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Nitrite Sugars Tannins Terpenes Vacuum
5
Phytochemical Profiling of Senna occidentalis Roots
Senna occidentalis roots were collected from Migori county (0.9366o S, 34.4198o E), Kenya in the months of August and September. This plant was identified by Mr. Jonathan Ayayo, a taxonomist of the National Museums of Kenya (NMK), and a voucher specimen (38/81) deposited at East African Herbarium of NMK for future reference. Further, the plant name was verified with http://www.theplantlist.org on 10/05/2022.
The collected plant roots were air dried in the shade, ground into powder and stored in airtight plastic containers at 4 °C until extraction.
Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol, in their absolute forms, as well as distilled water were used for extraction by maceration. For organic solvents, the plants root powder was macerated separately with the solvents for 48 hours in an orbital shaker and a filtrate obtained (Whatman No. 1 filter paper). For water, the roots powder was soaked in double distilled water for 24 hours. In addition, a decoction was prepared by boiling the roots powder in double distilled water for 30 minutes at a mean temperature of 95 °C [38 (link)]. Filtration of aqueous extracts was done through a cotton wool plug followed by filtration (Whatman No. 1 filter paper). The aqueous decoction was included to mimic the local’s traditional method of preparing the antimalarial therapy. The filtrates were concentrated by rotary vaporization (BÜCHI R-200 rotary evaporator) at 50 °C and reduced pressure for organic solvents, and lyophilization (NANBEI freeze dryer: NBJ-10-1, Zhengzhou, China) for aqueous solutions. Upon drying, the extracts were stored in sealed sample bottles at 4 °C until needed.
Plant secondary metabolites are excellent predictors of their bioactivity potential [39 (link)]. In order to predict the bioactivity of S. occidentalis roots extract, .standard procedures were used to screen the extracts for the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and sterols [40 (link)].
Mogaka S., Molu H., Kagasi E., Ogila K., Waihenya R., Onditi F, & Ozwara H. (2023). Senna occidentalis (L.) Link root extract inhibits Plasmodium growth in vitro and in mice. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23, 71.
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Publication 2023
Alkaloids Antimalarials Chloroform East African People ethyl acetate Filtration Flavonoids Freeze Drying Freezing Gossypium Hexanes Methanol Phytosterols Plant Roots Plants Powder Pressure Saponins Senna occidentalis Solvents Strains Tannins Therapeutics Vaporization

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Gallic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, India, China, Poland, Australia, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, Brazil, Chile, Ireland, Canada, Singapore, Switzerland, Malaysia, Portugal, Mexico, Hungary, New Zealand, Belgium, Czechia, Macao, Hong Kong, Sweden, Argentina, Cameroon, Japan, Slovakia, Serbia
Gallic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound that can be used as a laboratory reagent. It is a white to light tan crystalline solid with the chemical formula C6H2(OH)3COOH. Gallic acid is commonly used in various analytical and research applications.
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Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Macao, India, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Brazil, Czechia, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia, Slovakia, Cameroon, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Finland, Malaysia, Latvia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Uruguay, Bangladesh
DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
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Formic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, Italy, United Kingdom, France, Spain, China, Poland, India, Switzerland, Sao Tome and Principe, Belgium, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Macao, Hungary, Czechia, Netherlands, Portugal, Brazil, Singapore, Austria, Mexico, Chile, Sweden, Bulgaria, Denmark, Malaysia, Norway, New Zealand, Japan, Romania, Finland, Indonesia
Formic acid is a colorless, pungent-smelling liquid chemical compound. It is the simplest carboxylic acid, with the chemical formula HCOOH. Formic acid is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications.
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Silica gel 60 f254 by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, India, Japan, Switzerland
Silica gel 60 F254 is a type of silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate. It is a planar solid support material used for the separation and identification of chemical compounds. The silica gel 60 F254 plate contains a fluorescent indicator that allows for the visualization of separated compounds under ultraviolet (UV) light.
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Whatman filter paper by Cytiva
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States, Japan, Germany, Switzerland, China, India
Whatman filter paper is a laboratory filtration product designed for various filtering applications. It is manufactured to provide consistent quality and performance. The core function of Whatman filter paper is to separate solid particles from liquids or gases through the process of filtration.

More about "Alkaloids"

Alkaloids are a diverse group of naturally occurring, nitrogen-containing organic compounds found in various plants and animals.
These complex molecules exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties, making them valuable for therapeutic applications, but also potentially toxic if not properly dosed.
Alkaloid research is crucial for understanding their medicinal and ecological roles.
Researchers can optimize their alkaloid research process using innovative AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai, which can help locate the best protocols and products from literature, pre-prints, and patents through intelligent comparisons.
This cutting-edge technology can enhance the accuracy of alkaloid research by discovering the most effective methods and materials, such as Whatman No. 1 filter paper, Methanol, Acetonitrile, DPPH, Hydrochloric acid, Gallic acid, DMSO, Formic acid, and Silica gel 60 F254.
Studying the structure, biosynthesis, and biological functions of these nitrogenous compounds is crucial for understanding their medicinal and ecological significance.
Researchers can leverage PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol optimization to streamline their alkaloid research, leading to more efficient and effective investigations.
This tool can help researchers locate the best available protocols and products, including those found in literature, pre-prints, and patents, through intelligent comparisons - no typos here!