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Alprazolam

Alprazolam is a benzodiazepine derivative with anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.
It is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders and panic attacks.
Alprazolam works by enhancing the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmmiter that promotes relaxation and reduces neuronal excitability.
This MeSH term description provides a concise overview of Alprazolam's pharmacological profile and clinical applications.
Reserchers can use PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to optimize their Alprazolam studies by identifiying the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy to deliver reliable results.

Most cited protocols related to «Alprazolam»

Data on prescribing in 2012 come from IMS Health’s National Prescription Audit (NPA). NPA provides estimates of the numbers of prescriptions dispensed in each state based on a sample of approximately 57,000 pharmacies, which dispense nearly 80% of the retail prescriptions in the United States. Prescriptions, including refills, dispensed at retail pharmacies and paid for by commercial insurance, Medicaid, Medicare, or cash were included.*CDC used the numbers of prescriptions and census denominators to calculate prescribing rates for OPR, subtypes of OPR, and benzodiazepines. The OPR category included semisynthetic opioids, such as oxycodone and hydrocodone, and synthetic opioids, such as tramadol. It did not include buprenorphine products used primarily for substance abuse treatment rather than pain, methadone distributed through substance abuse treatment programs, or cough and cold formulations containing opioids. LA/ER OPR were defined as those that should be taken only 2 to 3 times a day, such as methadone, OxyContin, and Opana ER. High-dose OPR were defined as the largest formulations available for each type of OPR that resulted in a total daily dosage of ≥100 morphine milligram equivalents when taken at the usual frequency, for example, every 4–6 hours. Benzodiazepines included alprazolam, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flurazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, quazepam, temazepam, and triazolam.
CDC calculated prescribing rates per 100 persons for the United States, each census region, and each state. CDC described the distribution of state rates using mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV) (SD divided by the mean), the interquartile ratio (IQ) (75th percentile rate divided by the 25th percentile rate), and the ratio of the highest/lowest rates. Rates were transformed into multiples of the SD above or below the mean state rate of each drug.
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Publication 2014
Alprazolam Benzodiazepines Buprenorphine Clonazepam Clorazepate Common Cold Cough Diazepam Estazolam Flurazepam Hydrocodone Lorazepam Methadone Morphine Opana Opioids Oxazepam Oxycodone Oxycontin Pain Pharmaceutical Preparations Prescriptions quazepam Substance Abuse Temazepam Tramadol Triazolam
Neuropsychological assessment was conducted following two weeks of washout (6 weeks for fluoxetine) from all psychotropic medications. Testing was performed by Master’s level technicians under the supervision of authors of the current study (M. G. and J. G. K.). The battery incorporates standardized paper and pencil tests as well as several computerized measures developed in our lab, and has demonstrated success for characterizing deficits seen in depression and suicidal behavior (Keilp et al. 2001 (link)) and impulsiveness (Keilp et al. 2005 (link)). Detailed information about the computerized measures has been described previously (Keilp et al. 2005 (link)).
Each test score was converted into a z-score using values obtained from a normative sample, to correct for age, sex and education effects. The z-scores were then grouped into seven cognitive domains, and averaged. The domains and their composite tests were as follows: motor (Finger Tapping, Stroop Color Naming, Stroop Word Reading), psychomotor (WAIS-III Digit Symbol, Trailmaking A and B), attention (Continuous Performance Task, Stroop Color-Word), memory (Buschke Selective Reminding Test), working memory (N-Back, A not B Reasoning Test), language (Letter and Category Fluency) and executive (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test—number of categories, Trailmaking B–A). The battery also included the WAIS-III Vocabulary subtest as an estimate of general intelligence.
Subjects were provided with open-label treatment following completion of research protocols, with medication selection and dose determined by clinical judgment. Treatment was provided at subjects’ discretion by study psychiatrists or private psychiatrists in the community. All subjects in this sample received an SSRI medication [paroxetine (15 responders, 6 nonresponders; 10–60 mg QD), fluoxetine (1 nonresponder; 40 mg QD), sertraline (2 responders, 2 nonresponders; 50–200 mg QD), citalopram (1 responder, 3 nonresponders; 20–40 mg QD), or escitalopram (1 responder, 1 nonresponder; 10 mg QD)]. Since treatment was not administered within the context of a controlled clinical trial, only 15 subjects (9 responders, 6 nonresponders) were treated exclusively with an SSRI. The remaining subjects received adjunctive anxiolytics (2 responders, 3 nonresponders; lorazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam), mood stabilizers (4 responders, 2 nonresponders; valproic acid, lithium, gabapentin), and/or non-SSRI antidepressants (4 responders, 5 nonresponders; bupropion, venlafaxine, trazodone, mirtazapine, nortriptyline). No subjects were treated with antipsychotic medications or ECT in addition to an SSRI.
Clinical status was re-assessed following 3 months of treatment. Treatment outcome was determined by HDRS score. Responders (N = 19) were defined as having a decrease in HDRS score of at least 50% from baseline, plus a total follow-up HDRS score ≤ 10. Responders and nonresponders were compared on demographic and clinical variables using Student’s t tests and chi-square analyses. A MANOVA was used to determine differences in overall cognitive performance associated with medication response. Student’s t tests were used to compare specific neuropsychological domain and test scores between groups.
Publication 2008
Alprazolam Anti-Anxiety Agents Antidepressive Agents Antipsychotic Agents Attention Barakat syndrome Bupropion Citalopram Clinical Reasoning Clonazepam Cognition Escitalopram Fingers Fluoxetine Gabapentin Impulsive Behavior Lithium Lorazepam Memory Memory, Short-Term Mirtazapine Mood Neuropsychological Tests Nortriptyline Paroxetine Pharmaceutical Preparations Psychiatrist Psychotropic Drugs Sertraline Student Supervision Trazodone Valproic Acid Venlafaxine Vision

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Publication 2012
Alprazolam BRD4 protein, human Diamond Freezing Glycol, Ethylene Hydrogen Midazolam Nitrogen
Those agreeing to participate in the secondary screening were administered the CARET over the telephone. It includes questions assessing past 12 month 1) quantity and frequency of drinking, 2) episodic heavy drinking (4 or more drinks on an occasion), 3) driving within 2 hours of drinking 3 or more drinks, 4) others being concerned about the respondent’s drinking, 5) medical and psychiatric conditions, and 6) symptoms that could be caused or worsened by alcohol, and 7) medications that could interact negatively with, or whose efficacy could be diminished by alcohol.
Responses were scored to designate a participant as either an at-risk (score 1–7) or not at-risk drinker (score 0). Some examples of at-risk drinkers include persons who report 1) drinking 3 drinks 4 or more times a week, or 2) drinking 2 or more drinks at least twice a week and often having heartburn, or 3) drinking 2 drinks daily and taking alprazolam at least 3–4 times a week. Of the 2,138 persons eligible for secondary screening, 631 (30%) were at-risk drinkers and agreed to participate in the trial. Approximately one week later at the time of a regular visit with their PCPs (i.e., baseline visit), these participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group (310 persons) or control group (321 persons).
Publication 2010
Alcohols Alprazolam Heartburn Mental Disorders Pharmaceutical Preparations Pneumocystosis
Participants were primarily recruited at the Massachusetts General Hospital OCD Clinic, through posted flyers in the Boston communities. However, two of the enrolled patients were recruited through the University of Virginia because the fifth author relocated there, from MGH, during the course of the study. All participants were age 18 or older, met American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) criteria for a primary diagnosis of OCD, and had Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive scale scores of >16. Individuals with primary hoarding were not admitted into the study. Individuals were ineligible if they reported current suicidal or psychotic symptoms or other features necessitating psychiatric hospitalization, Tourette's Disorder, or showed evidence of mental retardation, dementia, brain damage, or other severe cognitive dysfunction. We also excluded those who were currently engaged in psychotherapy, had previously received CT for OCD, or had been unsuccessfully treated with an adequate trial (10 or more sessions) of BT. The latter two exclusion criteria were required by The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reviewers to avoid initial testing of the efficacy of this new treatment in a treatment resistant sample. Individuals receiving psychopharmacological treatment could participate if they had been stably on or off medication for at least 2 months preceding study enrollment and remained stable throughout the trial.
Of 31 participants who enrolled, two were found ineligible after starting treatment and were removed from the trial. The 29 eligible participants (15 women) had a mean age of 33.4 (SD = 11.2; range = 18 to 68), and a mean Y-BOCS score of 25.6 (SD = 4.8). Twelve patients had concurrent DSM-IV comorbid conditions including major depression (n = 7), generalized anxiety disorder (n = 4), social phobia (n = 3), specific phobia (n = 2), body dysmorphic disorder (n = 1), and dysthymia (n = 1). Fourteen patients were taking psychotropic medication: clonazepam (n = 4), fluvoxamine (n = 3), citalopram (n = 2), escitalopram (n = 2), paroxetine (n = 2), sertraline (n = 2), alprazolam (n = 1), buproprion (n = 1), clomipramine (n = 1), fluoxetine (n = 1), and venlafaxine (n = 1).
Publication 2009
Alprazolam Anxiety Disorders Body Dysmorphic Disorders Brain Injuries Citalopram Clomipramine Clonazepam Dementia Diagnosis Disorders, Cognitive Dysthymic Disorder Escitalopram Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome Hospitalization Intellectual Disability Major Depressive Disorder Mental Disorders Paroxetine Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Phobia, Social Phobia, Specific Psychotherapy Psychotropic Drugs Sertraline Venlafaxine Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Alprazolam»

Not available on PMC !

Example 3

Eudragit® E PO (EPO) is a cationic copolymer based on dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and methyl methacrylate. Technical literature indicates that this polymer is soluble in acid, up to pH 5; above pH 5 it swells rather than dissolves. Dry granulations containing 5% alprazolam in EPO polymer were prepared and size fractions collected at −16 mesh and +20 mesh (16/20) and at −20 mesh and +30 mesh (20/30). Dissolution on the granulation size fractions were performed at both low pH (pH 1.5) where EPO is soluble and at high pH (pH 6) were EPO is less soluble. The results are shown in FIG. 3. At low pH, irrespective of the particle size, a rapid and complete release of alprazolam occurs within 15 minutes. However at high pH, the release of alprazolam is significantly slower and incomplete for both size fractions but slightly elevated for the smaller fraction. It must be noted that this dissolution simulation represents a static pH condition at the potential pH extremes if the tablet is taken as directed (pH 1) and in excess (pH 6). The next example examines a pH modifying system which doesn't affect pH when taken as directed but will rapidly increase pH when over-ingested.

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Patent 2024
Acids Alprazolam butyl methacrylate Cations Eudragit E PO Methacrylate Methylmethacrylate Pharmaceutical Preparations Polymers Tablet

Example 6

The following example provides details of a study used to determine whether alprazolam-induced changes in subjective experience during psilocybin therapy are due to changes in 5-HT2A occupancy. If not, downstream molecular and cellular effects that may be important in psilocybin's therapeutic effects may be preserved after co-treatment with a benzodiazepine.

In this study, [11C]CIMBI-36 (a selective 5-HT2A receptor agonist positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand) will be used to investigate whether 5-HT2A binding is affected by placebo vs. alprazolam.

At time t=0, subjects will be administered 25 mg psilocybin (PSI) in combination with either a placebo, or alprazolam. At t=2 hours, subjects will be given a tracer dose of [11C]CIMBI-36. At t=2-3 hours, a PET scan will be performed, to determine whether 5-HT2A binding is affected by either dose of alprazolam.

This study may optionally be performed using diazepam instead of alprazolam.

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Patent 2024
Alprazolam Benzodiazepines Cells Cimbi-36 Diazepam Placebos Positron-Emission Tomography Psilocybin Therapeutic Effect
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Example 2

A challenge faced in designing a self-regulating dosage form is to institute regulation (i.e., slower or incomplete release) at elevated pH without compromising the desired rapid release rate associated with immediate release tablets when a single dose is taken. Calcium carbonate was evaluated both in direct blend matrix tablets and dry granulation tablets containing alprazolam, where the granule contained calcium carbonate to control drug release and calcium carbonate outside the granule to effect pH change. Both approaches resulted in slower alprazolam release in single tablets at higher pH (approx. pH 6) compared to low pH (pH1), however, in this case the release separation was not as high as desired (FIG. 2). However, the results demonstrate that a granule may be used to control drug release depending on environment. The granules may consist of the drug along with a functional component that inhibits erosion or disintintegration at elevated pH such that slower and/or incomplete release of the drug is observed. The extragranular portion of the tablet may primarily contain the pH controlling agents, which need to be released and react quickly.

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Patent 2024
Alprazolam Carbonate, Calcium Cardiac Arrest Cytoplasmic Granules Dosage Forms Drug Liberation Pharmaceutical Preparations Tablet
All patients were lying face down with their hands positioned under the head (based on the French Society of Hematology guidelines) [28 ]. Local anesthesia was performed with a lidocaine injection (1 vial containing 20 mL had a concentration of 10 mg/mL). Biopsy was then performed on the posterior iliac crest with a classic trocard (Jamshidi or Monoject bone marrow biopsy needle).
In the MEOPA group, administration was started at the same time as the local anesthesia. In the VR group, a 5-minute demonstration session was proposed on the day of randomization to assess tolerance before the biopsy, and the program was started 5 minutes before anesthesia with a maximum duration of 40 minutes. In cases of intolerable pain during the procedure, salvage treatment with a second local injection of lidocaine and/or paracetamol (1 g) or alprazolam (0.25 mg) was proposed.
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Publication 2023
Acetaminophen Alprazolam Anesthesia Biopsy Bone Marrow Face Head Iliac Crest Immune Tolerance Lidocaine Local Anesthesia Meopa Needles Pain Patients Salvage Therapy

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Publication 2023
Age Groups Alprazolam Antidepressive Agents Anxiety Disorders Arteries Artery, Coronary Asthma baricitinib Benzodiazepines Bromazepam Cardiac Arrhythmia Cerebrovascular Disorders Chlordiazepoxide Chronic Kidney Diseases Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Clobazam Clonazepam Congestive Heart Failure Coronary Arteriosclerosis COVID 19 Developmental Disabilities Dexamethasone Diabetes Mellitus Diazepam Disease, Chronic Flunitrazepam Heart Disease, Coronary High Blood Pressures Interferon beta 1b Liver Liver Diseases Lorazepam Malignant Neoplasms Midazolam molnupiravir Mood Mood Disorders Nitrazepam Obesity Outpatients Patients Paxlovid Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pharmaceutical Preparations Reading Frames remdesivir Response, Immune Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction tocilizumab Triazolam Vaccination Vaccines Virus Zolpidem zopiclone

Top products related to «Alprazolam»

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Alprazolam is a pharmaceutical product developed and manufactured by Merck Group. It is a medication used for the treatment of anxiety disorders. The core function of Alprazolam is to provide therapeutic effects for patients diagnosed with anxiety-related conditions.
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Acetonitrile is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is a commonly used solvent in various analytical and chemical applications, including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and other laboratory procedures. Acetonitrile is known for its high polarity and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds.
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Alprazolam is a benzodiazepine-class chemical compound primarily used as a pharmaceutical ingredient in various laboratory applications. It functions as a central nervous system depressant with sedative-hypnotic properties. The core purpose of Alprazolam in a laboratory setting is to serve as a research and analytical tool, without making claims about its intended use.
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Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.
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Formic acid is a colorless, pungent-smelling liquid chemical compound. It is the simplest carboxylic acid, with the chemical formula HCOOH. Formic acid is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications.
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Alprazolam-d5 is a deuterated form of the benzodiazepine drug alprazolam, which is commonly used for the treatment of anxiety disorders. This compound is primarily used as an analytical standard in research and laboratory settings to support the quantitative analysis of alprazolam in various matrices.
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Dextromethorphan is a laboratory chemical compound used as a research tool. It is a dissociative anesthetic and cough suppressant. Dextromethorphan is commonly used in scientific research, but its specific applications and intended uses should not be extrapolated or interpreted beyond its core function as a laboratory product.
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Ammonium formate is a chemical compound that is commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a crystalline solid that is soluble in water and other polar solvents. Ammonium formate serves as a buffer in analytical techniques and is also used as a mobile phase additive in liquid chromatography.
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Formic acid is a volatile organic compound commonly used as a mobile phase additive in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) applications. It serves to improve the ionization and separation of analytes, enhancing the sensitivity and accuracy of LC-MS analysis.
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Nordiazepam is a benzodiazepine compound commonly used as a reference standard in analytical and research applications. It serves as an analytical tool for the identification and quantification of nordiazepam in various samples.

More about "Alprazolam"

Alprazolam, also known as Xanax, is a widely prescribed benzodiazepine medication used to treat a variety of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder.
As a benzodiazepine derivative, Alprazolam works by enhancing the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that promotes relaxation and reduces neuronal excitability in the brain.
Alprazolam's pharmacological profile includes anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing), sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.
This makes it an effective treatment for managing the physical and psychological symptoms associated with anxiety and panic attacks.
In addition to its clinical applications, Alprazolam is also used in research settings.
Researchers may utilize Alprazolam, along with related compounds such as Acetonitrile, Methanol, Formic acid, Alprazolam-d5, Dextromethorphan, and Ammonium formate, to conduct studies on the drug's pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic efficacy.
LC-MS grade formic acid is often used in analytical techniques to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of Alprazolam quantification.
By leveraging PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform, researchers can optimize their Alprazolam studies by identifying the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This enhances the reproducibility and accuracy of their research, ensuring reliable results and advancing our understanding of this important medication.