Separation of proteins under denaturing conditions was conducted by SDS-PAGE using 15% acrylamide gels [66] (link), [67] . The amount of total protein loaded per lane was 6 µg, 12 µg, and 50 µg for HapR, Dns, and TfoX detection, respectively. For western blot analysis, the proteins were transferred onto PVDF western blotting membranes (Roche), stained with amido black to verify transfer efficiency, incubated in blocking buffer, and reacted with primary antibodies directed against HapR (1∶5000), Dns (1∶1000), or TfoX (1∶2000). Detection of the primary antibody was performed using a secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody conjugated to peroxidase (Sigma A9169; used at a 1∶20,000 dilution). Signals were revealed using Lumi-LightPLUS Western Blotting substrate (Roche, Switzerland) and were recorded by exposure to chemiluminescence-detecting films (Amersham Hyperfilm ECL, GE Healthcare).
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