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Anhydrides

Q: What are the common types or variations of Anhydrides?

Anhydrides encompass a diverse range of compounds, including acyclic anhydrides (e.g., acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride), cyclic anhydrides (e.g., phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride), mixed anhydrides (e.g., acetylsalicylic acid), and more. These variations exhibit distinct chemical properties and find applications in various industries, from polymer synthesis to pharmaceutical intermediates.

Q: What are some of the key applications of Anhydrides?

Anhydrides are versatile compounds with a wide range of applications. They are commonly used as curing agents and crosslinking agents in the production of plastics, resins, and composite materials. Anhydrides also serve as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other fine chemicals. Additionally, they are employed as acylating agents, dehydrating agents, and in the formation of esters and amides.

Q: How can PubCompare.ai assist in optimizing the use of Anhydrides?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers streamline their workflow and identify the most effective protocols related to Anhydrides. By screeening protocol literature more efficiently and leveragng AI to pinpoint critical insights, the platform can assist in choosing the best protocols for your specific research goals. This can enhance reproducibility, accuaracy, and ultimately, your scientific discoveries.

Q: What are some common usage challenges associated with Anhydrides?

Anhydrides can be sensitive to hydrolysis, forming carboxylic acids and potentially compromising their intended functionality. Careful handling and storage conditions are essential to maintain the stability and reactivity of anhydrides. Additionally, some anhydrides may exhibit toxicity or environmental concerns, requiring appropriate safety measures during their use.

Anhydrides are a class of organic compounds containing the anhydride functional group, characterized by two acyl groups bonded to a central oxygen atom.
These versatile compounds are widely used in chemical synthesis, polymer production, and various industrial applications.
Anhydrides exhibit diverse reactivity, allowing for the formation of esters, amides, and other derivatives.
They play a crucial role in numerous chemical processes, including curing agents, crosslinking agents, and intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals, plastics, and other materials.
The study of anhydrides and their reactions is an important area of organic chemistry research, contributing to the development of new synthetic methodologies and the advancement of various fields of chemistry and material science.

Most cited protocols related to «Anhydrides»

Norbornene-Functionalized PEG Synthesis

Norbornene-functionalized PEG was prepared by the addition of norbornene acid via the symmetric anhydride N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimid (DCC; Sigma) coupling. The 4-arm PEG, MW 20000 (JenKemUSA, Allen, TX), was dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM) with 5× (with respect to hydroxyls) pyridine and 0.5×4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP; Sigma). In a separate reaction vessel, DCC 5× with respect to PEG hydroxyls, was reacted at room temperature with 10×5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid (Sigma). A few seconds after addition of the acid, a white byproduct precipitate formed (dicycolhexylurea), indicating the formation of dinorbornene carboxylic acid anhydride. The anhydride was allowed to stir for 30 min, following which the 4-arm PEG, pyridine, and DMAP solution were added. The reaction was stirred overnight, after which the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was washed with 5% sodium bicarbonate solution and the product was precipitated in ice-cold diethyl ether.

Fairbanks B.D., Schwartz M.P., Halevi A.E., Nuttelman C.R., Bowman C.N, & Anseth K.S. (2009). A Versatile Synthetic Extracellular Matrix Mimic via Thiol-Norbornene Photopolymerization. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 21(48), 5005-5010.

Publication 2009

2-norbornene Acids Anhydrides Bicarbonate, Sodium Blood Vessel Carboxylic Acids Cold Temperature Ethyl Ether Hydroxyl Radical Methylene Chloride Neoplasm Metastasis pyridine

Histone Propionylation and Quantification

Bulk acid extracted histones from HeLa or yeast cells (~50 µg) or HPLC purified histone variants from HeLa cells (<5 µg) were derivatized by treatment with propionyl anhydride reagent essentially as described before.10 (link) Briefly, this reagent was created using 75 µL of MeOH and 25 µL of propionic anhydride (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Equal volumes of reagent and histone protein were mixed and allowed to react at 37 °C for 15 minutes and reduced to near dryness using a SpeedVac concentrator for removal of reaction remnants. Propionylated histones were then digested with trypsin (Promega, Madison, WI) at a substrate/enzyme ratio of 20:1 for 6 hours at 37°C after dilution of the sample with 100 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer solution (pH = 8.0). The reaction was quenched by the addition of concentrated acetic acid and freezing (−80°C). A second round of propionylation was then performed to propionylate the newly created peptide N-termini. For quantification studies, samples were stable isotope labeled using d₁₀-propionic anhydride (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Andover, MA).26 (link) For example, one sample was derivatized using d₀-propionic anhydride both before and after trypsin digestion, while a second sample was derivatized using d₀-propionic anhydride before trypsin digestion and derivatized with d₁₀ reagent after trypsin digestion (introducing a +5 Da mass shift). For comparative MS analysis, protein concentrations of each sample were determined using Bradford assays and then samples were accordingly mixed for equal protein quantity.

Plazas-Mayorca M.D., Zee B.M., Young N.L., Fingerman I.M., LeRoy G., Briggs S.D, & Garcia B.A. (2009). One-Pot Shotgun Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Histones. Journal of proteome research, 8(11), 5367-5374.

Publication 2009

Acetic Acid Acids ammonium bicarbonate Anhydrides Biological Assay Buffers Cells Dietary Fiber Digestion Enzymes HeLa Cells High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Histones Isotopes Peptides Promega propionic anhydride Proteins Technique, Dilution Trypsin Yeast, Dried

Microneedle Array Fabrication Protocols

The following polymeric materials were used to prepare corresponding 3×3 MN arrays (dimensions 600 μm in height, 300 μm in width, and an interspacing of 300 μm): PVA, alginic acid, Carbopol® 971 and Gantrez® AN-139. A 30% w/w aqueous solution of PVA was prepared by adding the required mass of PVA to deionised water, followed by heating at 80.0°C for 4.0 h, until a clear gel was formed. Upon cooling, the blend was then readjusted to the final concentration of 30% w/w by addition of an appropriate amount of deionised water. A 10% w/w aqueous solution of alginic acid was prepared by adding the required mass of alginic acid to deionised water, followed by heating at 70°C for 30 min and readjusting to the final concentration of 10%w/w with deionised water. A 10% w/v aqueous Carbopol® 971-P NF blend was prepared by adding the required amount of polymer to distilled water with constant stirring at 800.0 rpm. Once a homogenous gel was formed, it was neutralised using 10 M NaOH to pH6, thus increasing the viscosity of the gel. A 20% w/w aqueous solution of Gantrez® AN-139 was prepared by adding the required mass of Gantrez® AN-139 to ice-cold deionised water, followed by vigorous stirring and heating at 95°C until a clear gel was obtained, due to hydrolysis of the anhydride form of the copolymer to the corresponding acid. Upon cooling, the blend was then readjusted to the final concentration of 20% w/w by addition of an appropriate amount of deionised water. In each case, the resultant solutions were then poured into the silicone micromoulds, centrifuged for 15 min at 3,500 rpm, and allowed to dry under ambient conditions for 24 h.

Donnelly R.F., Majithiya R., Singh T.R., Morrow D.I., Garland M.J., Demir Y.K., Migalska K., Ryan E., Gillen D., Scott C.J, & Woolfson A.D. (2010). Design, Optimization and Characterisation of Polymeric Microneedle Arrays Prepared by a Novel Laser-Based Micromoulding Technique. Pharmaceutical research, 28(1), 41-57.

Publication 2010

Acids Alginic Acid Anhydrides Carbopol Cold Temperature Gantrez Homozygote Hydrolysis Ice Polymers Silicones Viscosity

Synthesis of Diverse GelMA Hydrogels

Two kinds of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA, target DS = 100 and 60%) materials with five different batches (DS100_1~5 and DS60_1~5) were prepared as illustrated in Fig. 1a,b. Details regarding reaction parameters are presented in Table 1. In brief, type B gelatin (10 g, 250 bloom, 3.18 mmole of free amino groups) was dissolved at 10 (w/v)% in carbonate-bicarbonate (CB) buffer (0.25 M, 100 mL) at 55 °C, and then the pH of the gelatin solutions was adjusted to 9.4. Two different amounts (0.938 mL for target DS = 100% and 0.317 mL for target DS = 60%) of methacrylic anhydride (MAA, 94%) were separately added to the gelatin solutions under magnetic stirring at 500 rpm. The reaction proceeded for 1 h at 55 °C, and the final pH of the reaction solutions was adjusted to 7.4 to stop the reaction. After being filtered, the solutions were dialyzed against water at 50 °C in a MasterFlex^® tangential flow filtration (TFF) system equipped with Pellicon^® 2 cassette (Darmstadt, Germany) containing a 10 k Da Biomax membrane, and lyophilized to obtain the final solid products. The average yield on GelMA products was around 90%.

Zhu M., Wang Y., Ferracci G., Zheng J., Cho N.J, & Lee B.H. (2019). Gelatin methacryloyl and its hydrogels with an exceptional degree of controllability and batch-to-batch consistency. Scientific Reports, 9, 6863.

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Publication 2019

Anhydrides Buffers Carbonates Filtration gelatin methacryloyl Gelatins Ion, Bicarbonate Tissue, Membrane

Histone Propionylation and Trypsin Digestion

For each sample reaction, 1 to 5 μg aliquots of purified core histones were diluted with ddH₂O to a total volume of 9 μl and buffered to pH 8.5 by addition of 1 μl of 1 m Triethylammonium bicarbonate buffer. Propionic anhydride was mixed with ddH₂O in a ratio of 1:100 and 1 μl of the anhydride-mixture was added immediately to the histone sample, with vortexing, and incubation for 2 min at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with 1 μl of 80 mm hydroxylamine (20 min at room temperature). Tryptic digestion was performed for 4 h or overnight with 0.1 μg trypsin (Promega Sequencing Grade; Madison, WI) per sample. A 1% v/v solution of phenyl isocyanate (PIC) in acetonitrile was freshly prepared and 3 μl added to each sample (17 mm final concentration) and incubated for 60 min at 37 °C. Efficiency of PIC-labeling was checked by MALDI-TOF (4800 Plus; Applied Biosystems, Grand Island, NY) and samples were acidified by adding 8 μl of 1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to each sample prior to C18 stage-tip purification.

Maile T.M., Izrael-Tomasevic A., Cheung T., Guler G.D., Tindell C., Masselot A., Liang J., Zhao F., Trojer P., Classon M, & Arnott D. (2015). Mass Spectrometric Quantification of Histone Post-translational Modifications by a Hybrid Chemical Labeling Method. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : MCP, 14(4), 1148-1158.

Publication 2015

acetonitrile Anhydrides Buffers Digestion Histones Hydroxylamine phenyl isocyanate Promega propionic anhydride PRSS1 protein, human Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization triethylammonium bicarbonate Trifluoroacetic Acid Trypsin

Most recents protocols related to «Anhydrides»

Synthesis of Block Copolymer Polyamide Acid

Not available on PMC !

Example 2

209.14 g of N-methylpyrrolidone, 11.41 g or 0.05 mol of 4-Aminobenzoic acid 4-aminophenyl ester were added into a container and stirred to be dissolved. 7.76 g or 0.025 mol of bis-(3-phthalyl anhydride) ether and 13.01 g or 0.025 mol of 4,4′-(4,4′-Isopropylidenediphenoxybis(phthalic anhydride)(BPADA) were added into the container and stirred for 1 hour to react. 14.62 g or 0.05 mol of 1,3-Bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene was added into the container and stirred until dissolved. 22.93 g or 0.05 mol of p-Phenylene bis(trimellitate) dianhydride was added into the container and stirred for 48 hours to react thereby obtaining a block copolymer of polyamide acid.

227.29 g of N-methylpyrrolidone, 11.41 g or 0.05 mol of 4-Aminobenzoic acid 4-aminophenyl ester were added into a container and stirred until dissolved. 22.93 g or 0.05 mol of p-Phenylene bis(trimellitate) dianhydride was added into the container and stirred for 1 hour to react. 25.92 g or 0.05 mol of 2,2-Bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane was added into the container and stirred until dissolved. 15.51 g or 0.05 mol of bis-(3-phthalyl anhydride) ether was added into the container and stirred for 48 hours to react, thereby obtaining a block copolymer of polyamide acid.

US11859038B2. Method for manufacturing a block copolymer of polyamide acid (2024-01-02). Zhen Ding Technology Co., Ltd. [TW]. Inventors: Kuan-Wei Lee [TW], Szu-Hsiang Su [TW], Shou-Jui Hsiang [TW], Pei-Jung Wu [TW], Wei-Hsin Huang [TW].

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Patent 2024

1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 4-Aminobenzoic Acid Acids Anhydrides Benzene Esters Ethers Nylons Phthalic Anhydrides

Synthesis of Block Copolymer Polyamide Acid

Not available on PMC !

Example 4

233.92 g of N-methylpyrrolidone, 5.71 g or 0.025 mol of 4-Aminobenzoic acid 4-aminophenyl ester, and 8.71 g or 0.025 mol of Bis(4-aminophenyl)terephthalate (BPTP) were added into a container and stirred until dissolved. 26.02 g or 0.05 mol of 4,4′-(4,4′-Isopropylidenediphenoxybis(phthalic anhydride) was added into the container and stirred for 1 hour to react. 14.62 g or 0.05 mol of 1,3-Bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene was added into the container and stirred until dissolved. 22.93 g or 0.05 mol of p-Phenylene bis(trimellitate) dianhydride was added into the second container and stirred for 48 hour to react, thereby obtaining a block copolymer of polyamide acid.

211.10 g of N-methylpyrrolidone, 11.41 g or 0.05 mol of 4-Aminobenzoic acid 4-aminophenyl ester were added into a container and stirred until dissolved. 22.93 g or 0.05 mol of p-Phenylene bis(trimellitate) dianhydride was added into the container and stirred for 1 hour to react. 14.62 g or 0.05 mol of 1,3-Bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene was added into the container and stirred until dissolved. 15.51 g or 0.05 mol of bis-(3-phthalyl anhydride) ether was added into the container and stirred for 48 hours to react, thereby obtaining a block copolymer of polyamide acid.

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Patent 2024

1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 4-Aminobenzoic Acid Acids Anhydrides Benzene Esters Ethers Nylons Phthalic Anhydrides terephthalate

Synthesis of N-(methyl-d3)-Pyridazine Carboxamide

Not available on PMC !

Example 30

[Figure (not displayed)]

To a solution 6-amino-4-((2-methoxy-3-(2-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)amino)-N-(methyl-d3)pyridazine-3-carboxamide (30 mg, 0.084 mmol), and 1-propanephosphonic anhydride, in 50% DMF solution (160 mg, 0.252 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) and TEA (0.059 mL, 0.420 mmol) was added to (1S,2R)-2-methylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (21.01 mg, 0.210 mmol) and then the resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. overnight, whereupon LC-MS indicated that the reaction was complete. Diluted to 2 mL with DMF, then filtered and purified by prep HPLC. Concentration of the pure fractions afforded 4-((2-methoxy-3-(2-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)amino)-N-(methyl-d3)-6-((1S,2R)-2-methylcyclopropane-1-carboxamido)-pyridazine-3-carboxamide (12.8 mg, 0.029 mmol, 34.7% yield). MS (M+1) m/z: 440.4 (M+H)⁺. LC retention time 1.20 [C]. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.21 (s, 1H), 11.02 (s, 1H), 9.14 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (br d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (s, 3H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 2.13-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.36-1.27 (m, 1H), 1.07 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (td, J=7.8, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 0.78 (br d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H).

US11866414B2. Substituted heterocyclic compounds (2024-01-09). BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY [US]. Inventors: Steven H. Spergel [US], Ryan M. Moslin [US], Michael Edward Mertzman [US], Zili Xiao [US].

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Patent 2024

1-methylcyclopropane 1H NMR Anhydrides Carboxylic Acids Heterocyclic Compounds High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies pyridazine Retention (Psychology) Sulfoxide, Dimethyl

Synthesis of Fluorocyclopropane-Containing Pyridazine Carboxamide

Not available on PMC !

Example 29

[Figure (not displayed)]

To a solution of 6-amino-4-((2-methoxy-3-(2-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)amino)-N-(methyl-d3)pyridazine-3-carboxamide (20 mg, 0.056 mmol), and 1-propanephosphonic anhydride, in 50% DMF solution (107 mg, 0.168 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) and TEA (0.039 mL, 0.280 mmol) was added to (1S,2R)-2-fluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (11.65 mg, 0.112 mmol) and then stirred at 60° C. for 2 h., whereupon LC-MS indicated the reaction was complete. The mixture was diluted to 2 mL with DMF, filtered and purified by prep HPLC. Concentration of afforded 6-((1S,2R)-2-fluorocyclopropane-1-carboxamido)-4-((2-methoxy-3-(2-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)amino)-N-(methyl-d3)pyridazine-3-carboxamide (7.7 mg, 0.017 mmol, 29.6% yield). MS (M+1) m/z: 444.2 (M+H)⁺. LC retention time 1.22 [C] ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.48 (br s, 1H), 11.01 (s, 1H), 9.17 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (br d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 5.00-4.80 (m, 1H), 4.24 (s, 3H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 2.68-2.58 (m, 1H), 1.61-1.48 (m, 1H), 1.25 (dq, J=13.3, 6.4 Hz, 1H).

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Patent 2024

1H NMR Anhydrides Carboxylic Acids Heterocyclic Compounds High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies pyridazine Retention (Psychology) Sulfoxide, Dimethyl

Synthesis of Deuterated Triazole Pyridazine Carboxamide

Not available on PMC !

Example 31

[Figure (not displayed)]

To a solution of 6-amino-4-((2-methoxy-3-(2-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)amino)-N-(methyl-d3)pyridazine-3-carboxamide (30 mg, 0.084 mmol), and 1-Propanephosphonic anhydride, in 50% DMF solution (160 mg, 0.252 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) and TEA (0.059 mL, 0.420 mmol) was added to 2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (15.37 mg, 0.126 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 1 h., whereupon LC-MS indicated the reaction was complete. The mixture was diluted to 2 mL with DMF, filtered and purified by prep HPLC. Concentration of the pure fractions afforded 6-(2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxamido)-4-((2-methoxy-3-(2-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)amino)-N-(methyl-d3)pyridazine-3-carboxamide (10.3 mg, 0.022 mmol, 26.3% yield). MS (M+1) m/z: 462.4 (M+H)⁺. LC retention time 1.28 [C] ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.53 (s, 1H), 11.02 (s, 1H), 9.17 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (s, 3H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.07-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.07-1.97 (m, 2H).

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Patent 2024

1H NMR Anhydrides Carboxylic Acids Heterocyclic Compounds High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies pyridazine Retention (Psychology) Sulfoxide, Dimethyl

Top products related to «Anhydrides»

Methacrylic anhydride by Merck Group

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Methacrylic anhydride is a colorless, pungent-smelling liquid used as a chemical intermediate in the production of various compounds. It is a reactive compound that can be used in the synthesis of other chemicals and materials.

Gelatin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Italy, United Kingdom, France, Canada, Switzerland, Sao Tome and Principe, Australia, Spain, Macao, Japan, Poland, India, Belgium, Sweden, Czechia, Denmark

Gelatin is a natural, water-soluble protein derived from the partial hydrolysis of collagen. It is commonly used as a gelling agent, thickener, and stabilizer in various food and pharmaceutical applications.

Sodium hydroxide (naoh) by Merck Group

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Sodium hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and is a strong base. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a reagent.

Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.

Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group

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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.

Gelatin type a by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Singapore

Gelatin type A is a protein-based material derived from collagen. It is commonly used as a gelling agent in various laboratory applications. Gelatin type A exhibits thermal reversibility, allowing it to transition between a solid gel and a liquid state depending on temperature changes.

Irgacure 2959 by Merck Group

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Irgacure 2959 is a photoinitiator used in various photopolymerization processes. It is a colorless to pale yellow crystalline solid that absorbs light in the ultraviolet and visible spectrum, enabling the initiation of free radical polymerization reactions when exposed to appropriate wavelengths of light.

Gelatin from porcine skin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Italy, France

Gelatin from porcine skin is a highly purified protein derived from the collagen found in porcine skin. It is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless powder that can be used as a gelling agent in various laboratory applications.

Phosphate buffered saline (pbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a widely used buffer solution in biological research and laboratory procedures. It is a balanced salt solution that maintains a physiological pH and osmolarity, making it suitable for a variety of applications. PBS is primarily used to maintain the viability and integrity of cells, tissues, and other biological samples during various experimental protocols.

What are the common types or variations of Anhydrides?

Anhydrides encompass a diverse range of compounds, including acyclic anhydrides (e.g., acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride), cyclic anhydrides (e.g., phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride), mixed anhydrides (e.g., acetylsalicylic acid), and more. These variations exhibit distinct chemical properties and find applications in various industries, from polymer synthesis to pharmaceutical intermediates.

What are some of the key applications of Anhydrides?

Anhydrides are versatile compounds with a wide range of applications. They are commonly used as curing agents and crosslinking agents in the production of plastics, resins, and composite materials. Anhydrides also serve as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other fine chemicals. Additionally, they are employed as acylating agents, dehydrating agents, and in the formation of esters and amides.

How can PubCompare.ai assist in optimizing the use of Anhydrides?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers streamline their workflow and identify the most effective protocols related to Anhydrides. By screeening protocol literature more efficiently and leveragng AI to pinpoint critical insights, the platform can assist in choosing the best protocols for your specific research goals. This can enhance reproducibility, accuaracy, and ultimately, your scientific discoveries.

What are some common usage challenges associated with Anhydrides?

Anhydrides can be sensitive to hydrolysis, forming carboxylic acids and potentially compromising their intended functionality. Careful handling and storage conditions are essential to maintain the stability and reactivity of anhydrides. Additionally, some anhydrides may exhibit toxicity or environmental concerns, requiring appropriate safety measures during their use.

More about "Anhydrides"

Anhydrides are a class of versatile organic compounds characterized by the anhydride functional group, consisting of two acyl groups bonded to a central oxygen atom.
These compounds are widely utilized in chemical synthesis, polymer production, and various industrial applications due to their diverse reactivity.
Anhydrides can undergo reactions to form esters, amides, and other derivatives, making them crucial intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals, plastics, and other materials.
The study of anhydrides and their reactions is an important area of organic chemistry research, contributing to the development of new synthetic methodologies and advancements in fields such as material science.
Methacryllic anhydride, for instance, is a common anhydride used in the production of polymers and coatings.
Gelatin, a protein derived from collagen, is another related substance that can be used in conjunction with anhydrides for various applications, such as in tissue engineering and drug delivery.
Sodium hydroxide, a common base, may also be utilized in reactions involving anhydrides.
Cell culture media components like fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics like penicillin/streptomycin can be used to support cell growth and proliferation in studies related to anhydride-based materials.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a versatile solvent that can be employed in the synthesis and characterization of anhydride-containing compounds.
Gelatin type A, derived from porcine skin, is another form of gelatin that can be explored in conjunction with anhydrides for biomedical applications.
The photoinitiator Irgacure 2959 is often used in the crosslinking of anhydride-based hydrogels and other materials.
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a commonly used buffer solution in biological experiments involving anhydride-related materials.
By understanding the properties, reactivity, and applications of anhydrides, researchers can leverage these versatile compounds to develop innovative solutions in various fields, from pharmaceuticals to materials science.