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Arbutin

Q: What are the different variations or types of Arbutin?

Arbutin is available in different forms, including alpha-Arbutin and beta-Arbutin. These variations have subtle differences in their chemical structures and may exhibit slightly different effects on skin pigmentation and hyperpigmentation.

Q: What are the specific applications of Arbutin?

Arbutin has been studied for its potential use in treating various skin conditions, such as age spots, melasma, and other forms of hyperpigmentation. It is often used in cosmetic and skincare products for its skin-lightening and brightening properties.

Q: What are some common usage challenges with Arbutin?

One of the key challenges with using Arbutin is ensuring its stability and potency, as it can be sensitive to factors like pH, temperature, and exposure to light. Proper storage and formulation are important to maintain the effectiveness of Arbutin-containing products.

Arbutin is a naturally occurring glycoside found in various plants, including bearberry, blueberry, and cranberry.
It has been studied for its potential effects on skin pigmentation and as a treatment for hyperpigmentation.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocols can help optimize Arbutin research by locating the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, using intelligent comparisons to identify the optimal approaches.
This can enhance reproducibility and accuracy in Arbutin research, leading to improved understanding of its mechanisms and potential applications.
Experiance enhanced research with PubCompare.ai.

Most cited protocols related to «Arbutin»

Melanin Formation Assay in B16F10 Cells

Cited 7 times

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Publication 2017

alpha Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Arbutin Biological Assay Buffers Cells Culture Media Glycerophosphates Melanins Nonidet P-40 Pellets, Drug secretion Sodium Chloride Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Tromethamine

Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity Assay

Cited 5 times

Tyrosinase inhibition activity was determined as described by Momtaz et al.
[35 (link)], with _L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA, Sigma) and tyrosine as substrates. Samples were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to a concentration of 20 mg/ml, and further diluted in potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 6.5) to 600 μg/ml. Assays were carried out in a 96-well micro-titre plate and a Multiskan FC plate reader (Thermo scientific technologies, China) was used. All the steps in the assay were conducted at room temperature. In triplicate, each prepared sample (70 μl) was mixed with 30 μl of tyrosinase (333 Units/ml in phosphate buffer, pH 6.5). After 5 min incubation, 110 μl of substrate (2 mM _L -tyrosine or 12 mM L-DOPA) was added to the reaction mixtures and incubated further for 30 min. The final concentration of the extract was between 2.6 – 333.3 μg/ml. Arbutin (1.04 – 133.33 μg/ml) was used as a positive control while a blank test was used as each sample that had all the components except _L-tyrosine or _L-DOPA. Results were compared with a control consisting of DMSO instead of the test sample. Absorbance values of the wells were then determined at 492 nm. The percentage tyrosinase inhibition was calculated as follows:

% inhibition = [(A_{control} - A_{sample}) / A_{control}] x 100

where A_control is the absorbance of DMSO and A_sample is the absorbance of the test reaction mixture containing extract or arbutin. The IC₅₀ values of extracts and arbutin were calculated.

Fawole O.A., Makunga N.P, & Opara U.L. (2012). Antibacterial, antioxidant and tyrosinase-inhibition activities of pomegranate fruit peel methanolic extract. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12, 200.

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Publication 2012

2-tyrosine Arbutin Biological Assay Buffers Dopa Levodopa Monophenol Monooxygenase Phosphates potassium phosphate Psychological Inhibition Sulfoxide, Dimethyl TEST mixture Tyrosine

Melanin Inhibition Assay with NNFE

Cited 4 times

Cells were seeded at a density of 1 × 10⁵ cells/mL into a 24-well culture plate (BD Falcon, Bedford, MA, USA) and left to grow overnight. The old media was substituted with fresh media and treated with various concentrations of NNFE. After incubation for 3 d, cells were rewashed with PBS, lysed using 1 N NaOH. The absorbance of the sample at 405 nm was measured with a microplate reader (VICTOR3, Perkin Elmer)⁹. Inhibition of melanin biosynthesis (%) was estimated as follows:

Inhibition of melanin production (%) = (A - B) / A \times 100

where A and B is the absorbance of cells lysate treated with and without of NNFE or arbutin (positive control), respectively.

Alam M.B., Ahmed A., Motin M.A., Kim S, & Lee S.H. (2018). Attenuation of melanogenesis by Nymphaea nouchali (Burm. f) flower extract through the regulation of cAMP/CREB/MAPKs/MITF and proteasomal degradation of tyrosinase. Scientific Reports, 8, 13928.

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Publication 2018

Anabolism Arbutin Melanins Psychological Inhibition Somatostatin-Secreting Cells

Bacterial Haplotype Profiling via API 50CHB

Cited 4 times

Haplotypes were tested by API 50CHB strips (BioMerieux, Inc., France) for utilization of the following substrates: glycerol, erythritol, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, ribose, D-xylose, L-xylose, Adonitol, Β-methyl xyloside, galactose, glucose, fructose, mannose, L-sorbose, rhamnose, dulcitol, inositol, sorbitol, mannitol, L-methyl-D-mannoside, D-methyl-D-glucoside, N-acetylglucosamine, amygdalin, arbutin, aesculin, salicin, cellobiose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, Trehalose, gentiobiose, melibiose, raffinose, melezitose, starch, glycogen, inulin, D-turanose, D-tagatose, D-fucose, L-fucose, D-lyxose, D-arabitol, L-arabitol, xylitol, gluconate, and 2,5-ketogluconate. One hundred µl of suspended bacteria was injected into the strips and incubated at 50–55°C for 48 h. Any change in the color to yellow was measured according to kit instructions. The presence of catalase and oxidase enzymes was investigated according to the methods described by Prescott et al. [27 ].

Mohammad B.T., Al Daghistani H.I., Jaouani A., Abdel-Latif S, & Kennes C. (2017). Isolation and Characterization of Thermophilic Bacteria from Jordanian Hot Springs: Bacillus licheniformis and Thermomonas hydrothermalis Isolates as Potential Producers of Thermostable Enzymes. International Journal of Microbiology, 2017, 6943952.

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Publication 2017

Acetylglucosamine Amygdalin Arabinose arabitol Arbutin Bacteria Catalase Cellobiose Dulcitol Enzymes Erythritol Esculin Fructose Fucose Galactose gentiobiose gluconate Glucose Glucosides Glycerin Glycogen Haplotypes Inositol Inulin L-Sorbose Lactose lyxose Maltose Mannitol Mannose Mannosides melezitose Melibiose Oxidases Raffinose Rhamnose Ribitol Ribose salicin Sorbitol Starch Sucrose tagatose Trehalose turanose Xylitol Xylose

Cell Culture Optimization and Gene Expression Analysis

Cited 3 times

B16-F10 and HaCaT cells (5 × 10⁴ cells/well) were plated on 12-well plates and incubated. Then, B16-F10 cells were treated with 1% (v/v) CFS or arbutin (200 µM) for 6 h and 40 h in the presence or absence of 200 nM α-MSH. HaCaT cells were pretreated with CFS (1 and 3% (v/v)) for 30 min and then co-treated 100 µM H₂O₂ for 24 h. Then, the cells were harvested and washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline. Total cellular RNA was prepared using TRIzol solution according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA was converted to cDNA using RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 2X GreenStar qPCR Master Mix (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea) was used in all the samples, and reactions were carried out in a 20 µL final reaction volume. Each experiment was performed at least twice in duplicates using the following primers in Supplementary Table S1. All gene expression levels were calculated by using the Ct value by the method 2^−ΔΔCt (where ΔCt = Ct_{[target gene]} − Ct_[GAPDH]).

Lee S., Park H.O, & Yoo W. (2022). Anti-Melanogenic and Antioxidant Effects of Cell-Free Supernatant from Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17. Microorganisms, 10(4), 788.

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Publication 2022

alpha Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Anabolism Arbutin Cells DNA, Complementary GAPDH protein, human Gene Expression Genes HaCaT Cells Oligonucleotide Primers Peroxide, Hydrogen Phosphates Saline Solution trizol

Most recents protocols related to «Arbutin»

Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Evaluation of URADP Extracts

The antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory capability of various URADP extracts was evaluated using the procedures outlined in earlier publications [8 (link),39 (link),52 (link),53 (link)]. Antioxidant experiments employed ascorbic acid as a positive control. In contrast, specific enzyme inhibitors, including arbutin, acarbose, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were utilized for the mushroom tyrosinase, α-glucosidase, and elastase enzyme assays, respectively. The percentage inhibition of DPPH- and ABTS-scavenging, mushroom tyrosinase, α-glucosidase, and elastase activity was calculated using Equation (3).

(% i n h i b i t i o n) = [(1 - \frac{A b s_{s a m p l e}}{A b s_{c o n t r o l}})] \times 100

where Abs_control and Abs_sample are the absorbance of the control and absorbance of the sample, respectively. Each sample was examined three times. Each sample’s 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value was also computed to compare various extraction method efficacies.

Alshammari F., Alam M.B., Song B.R, & Lee S.H. (2023). Antioxidant, Tyrosinase, α-Glucosidase, and Elastase Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Optimized Unripe Ajwa Date Pulp (Phoenix dactylifera) Extracts by Response Surface Methodology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3396.

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Publication 2023

2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid Acarbose Agaricales alpha Glucosidase Antioxidants Arbutin Ascorbic Acid Catechol Oxidase Enzyme Assays Enzyme Inhibitors Enzymes epigallocatechin gallate Pancreatic Elastase Psychological Inhibition

MTT Assay for Melanoma Cell Viability

A cell viability was determined using MTT assay to estimate the probable cytotoxic effect of hdTIPs and positive controls (kojic acid and arbutin) on melanoma cells. The number of viable cells was determined by the ability of mitochondria to convert MTT to formazan dye. The quantity of formazan formed is proportional to the number of viable cells present and can be measured spectrophotometrically. The method for MTT assay in this study was modified from Zaidi et al. [74 (link)]. Briefly, when cells density from Section 4.2 reached 70% of culture flask, the remaining adherent cells were trypsinized for 5 min, counted by a hemocytometer and seeded into 96-well plates at 10 × 10⁴ cells/mL, then incubated overnight. The cells were then treated with each hdTIP candidates (TIP1, TIP2, KNN1, KNN2, KNN3, RF1, RF2, and RF3) at various concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 μM, along with the two positive controls, kojic acid (KA) and arbutin at various concentrations (0, 125, 150, 500, and 1,000 μg/mL). After 24 h incubation, 1 mg/mL of MTT (Invitrogen, Eugene, USA) solution was replaced prior to incubation at 37 °C for 3 h. The formazan precipitates were dissolved by 100 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the concentrations were measured at 570 nm in a microplate reader (Synergy H1, BioTek, Santa Clara USA). Cell viability was calculated using the following formula: cell viability (%) = (A_sample/A_control) × 100, where A_sample and A_control are the absorbances from the mixture with or without the addition of test sample, respectively.

Kongsompong S., E-kobon T., Taengphan W., Sangkhawasi M., Khongkow M, & Chumnanpuen P. (2023). Computer-Aided Virtual Screening and In Vitro Validation of Biomimetic Tyrosinase Inhibitory Peptides from Abalone Peptidome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3154.

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Publication 2023

Arbutin Biological Assay Cells Cell Survival Formazans kojic acid Melanoma Mitochondria MTT formazan Sulfoxide, Dimethyl

Tyrosinase Inhibition Assay for Skin Lightening

Tyrosinase activity was measured based on Dopa oxidase activity by estimating the dopachrome production according to the method by Qiao et al., 2012 [54 (link)], with some modifications. B16F10 cells were seeded at 5 × 10⁶ cells/mL in 24-well plates. Cells were incubated for 24 h with 70 μM of hdTIPs and 100 μg/mL of kojic acid or arbutin as positive controls. Each well was then washed and replaced with PBS 600 μL and induced with UVA (314–400 nm, 3.0 W) and UVB (280–315 nm, 13.6 W) using OSRAM (Ultra-Vitalux, Germany) for 22 s (0.32 J/cm²). After that, the cells were incubated with medium 600 μL/well for a further 24 h. Then, the cells were trypsinized and the harvested cells were lysed in cell extraction buffer. After normalized protein concentration, 10 μL of each lysate supernatant was aliquoted into a 96-well plate and shaking incubated in dark conditions with 1 mM L-DOPA 90 μL in PBS at 37 °C at 280 rpm for 10 min. The absorbance was measured at 475 nm and all experiments were performed in triplicate to determine the IC₅₀ of the samples.
The cellular tyrosinase inhibitory activity was calculated with the following equation:

% C e l l u l a r t y r o s i n a s e i n h i b i t i o n = [\frac{(C) - (S)}{(C)}] \times 100,

where, C are defined as in the previous section.

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Publication 2023

Arbutin Buffers Cells dopachrome kojic acid Levodopa Monophenol Monooxygenase Proteins Psychological Inhibition

UV-Induced Melanin Content Assay

Cellular melanin content was measured using a modified method by Jegal, et al. [75 (link)]. B16F10 cells were seeded at 5 × 10⁵ cells/mL in 24-well plates. Cells were then incubated for 24 h with 70 μM hdTIPs and 100 μg/mL kojic acid or arbutin as positive controls. After that, the cells in each well were washed and replaced by PBS. The UV stimulation process was performed by the exposure to UVA (314–400 nm, 3.0 W) and UVB (280–315 nm, 13.6 W) for 22 s. Then, PBS was replaced with media and further incubated for 24 h. The UV-stimulated cells were then trypsinized and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min. The cell pellet was then dissolved in 2 M NaOH at 60 °C for 1 h to solubilize the melanin. The melanin content was estimated by measuring the absorbance at 405 nm.
The melanin content was calculated with the following equation:

% M e l a n i n c o n t e n t = \frac{(S)}{(C)} \times 100,

where, S is the OD₄₀₅ of sample and C represents the OD₄₀₅ of control. All experiments were performed in triplicate.

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Publication 2023

Arbutin Cells kojic acid Melanins S100 Proteins

Phytochemical Compounds from Natural Sources

Silybin, 7-hydroxyflavone, flavanone, saponin, lupeol, gluconic acid, galacturonic acid, D-sorbitol, digitonin, arbutin, D- (-) salicin, kaempferitrin, isoquercitrin, chrysophanic acid, aloe-emodin, o-coumaric acid, and vanillin were purchased from Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA. Pinocembrin, β-sitosterol, and β-sitosterol-O-glucoside were isolated from Centaurea eryngioides [25 ]. Glucuronic acid and ouabain were obtained from Serva, Feinbiochemica, Heidelberg, Germany. Naringin was isolated from the peel of Citrus jambhiri Lush. fruit [26 (link)]. The investigated phytochemicals in the current study are discussed in Table 1.

Shokry S., Hegazy A., Abbas A.M., Mostafa I., Eissa I.H., Metwaly A.M., Yahya G., El-Shazly A.M., Aboshanab K.M, & Mostafa A. (2023). Phytoestrogen β-Sitosterol Exhibits Potent In Vitro Antiviral Activity against Influenza A Viruses. Vaccines, 11(2), 228.

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Publication 2023

7-hydroxyflavone aloe emodin Arbutin Centaurea chrysophanic acid Coumaric Acids Digitonin flavanone Fruit, Citrus galacturonic acid gluconic acid Glucosides Glucuronic Acid isoquercetin lespenefril lupeol naringin Ouabain Phytochemicals pinocembrin salicin Saponin Silybin sitosterol Sorbitol vanillin

Top products related to «Arbutin»

Arbutin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, Italy

Arbutin is a plant-derived compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It functions as a hydroquinone precursor, with applications in various analytical and research procedures.

L dopa by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Spain, Macao, China, Italy, Sweden, Japan, United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Poland, India, Israel

L-DOPA is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a chemical compound used as a precursor in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical and research-related substances. The core function of L-DOPA is to serve as a starting material or intermediate in chemical reactions and processes. No further details or interpretations are provided.

α msh by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Australia

α-MSH is a peptide that is used in laboratory research. It is the principal endogenous melanocortin agonist and plays a role in pigmentation, energy homeostasis, and other physiological processes. α-MSH functions as a ligand for melanocortin receptors.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Macao, India, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Brazil, Czechia, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia, Slovakia, Cameroon, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Finland, Malaysia, Latvia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Uruguay, Bangladesh

DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.

Mushroom tyrosinase by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, Singapore, Spain, Sao Tome and Principe

Mushroom tyrosinase is a laboratory enzyme derived from mushrooms. It catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to melanin, a pigment. The core function of mushroom tyrosinase is to facilitate this biochemical reaction in a controlled laboratory setting.

Kojic acid by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, France, Sao Tome and Principe, India

Kojic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound. It functions as a tyrosinase inhibitor, which is an enzyme involved in the production of melanin pigment in the skin.

Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal

Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.

L tyrosine by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, China, Spain, Sao Tome and Principe, Macao, Japan

L-tyrosine is a naturally occurring amino acid that is used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a precursor in the synthesis of important biomolecules, including neurotransmitters and melanin. L-tyrosine is a white crystalline powder and is soluble in water and other polar solvents.

Microplate reader by Agilent Technologies

Sourced in United States, China, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, France, Australia, Switzerland, Ireland, Canada, India, Mongolia, Hong Kong

The Microplate reader is a versatile laboratory instrument used to measure and analyze the optical properties of samples in microplates. It is designed to quantify absorbance, fluorescence, or luminescence signals from various assays and applications.

Quercetin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, India, Spain, United Kingdom, France, Poland, China, Sao Tome and Principe, Australia, Brazil, Macao, Switzerland, Canada, Chile, Japan, Singapore, Ireland, Mexico, Portugal, Sweden, Malaysia, Hungary

Quercetin is a natural compound found in various plants, including fruits and vegetables. It is a type of flavonoid with antioxidant properties. Quercetin is often used as a reference standard in analytical procedures and research applications.

What is Arbutin?

How can PubCompare.ai help with Arbutin research?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocols can help optimize Arbutin research by locating the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, using intelligent comparisons to identify the optimal approaches. This can enhance reproducibility and accuracy in Arbutin research, leading to improved understanding of its mechanisms and potential applications. PubCommpare.ai allows you to screen protocol literature more efficiently and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights, helping researchers identify the most effective protocols related to Arbutin for their specific research goals. The platform's AI-driven analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy.

What are the different variations or types of Arbutin?

What are the specific applications of Arbutin?

What are some common usage challenges with Arbutin?

More about "Arbutin"

Arbutin is a naturally occurring botanical compound found in various plants, including bearberry, blueberry, and cranberry.
This glycoside has been extensively studied for its potential effects on skin pigmentation and as a treatment for hyperpigmentation conditions.
Closely related to the pigment precursor L-DOPA and the melanocortin receptor agonist α-MSH, Arbutin has demonstrated the ability to inhibit the enzyme mushroom tyrosinase, which plays a key role in melanin synthesis.
In addition to its skin-lightening properties, Arbutin has also been investigated for its use as an antioxidant, with studies suggesting it may have protective effects against UV-induced skin damage.
The solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been utilized in some Arbutin-based formulations to enhance skin penetration.
Researchers often employ cell culture models, such as those utilizing fetal bovine serum (FBS) and L-tyrosine as a substrate, to evaluate the pigment-inhibiting effects of Arbutin.
Microplate readers are commonly used to quantify melanin levels and assess the efficacy of Arbutin and other skin-lightening agents, such as Kojic acid and Quercetin.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocols can help optimize Arbutin research by identifying the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, using intelligent comparisons to find the most effective approaches.
This can enhance reproducibility and accuracy in Arbutin research, leading to a better understanding of its mechanisms and potential applications in cosmetic and dermatological fields.