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AT-001

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Most cited protocols related to «AT-001»

1
Genome-wide Transcript Abundance Analysis
Cited 18 times
As detailed in [2] (link), whole genome variation in transcript abundance was assessed for both young males and females of each of 40 highly inbred lines using Affymetrix Drosophila 2.0 arrays. RNA was extracted in two independent pools of 15 flies/sex/line (40 lines×2 sexes×2 replicates = 160 samples). The raw array data was normalized using a median standardization. After normalization, an analysis of variance was used to partition variation in expression between sexes, among lines, and the sex×line interaction for each expressed transcript. At a false discovery rate of 0.001, the line term was significant for 10,096 of the expressed transcripts. A regression model identified 414 transcripts among these 10,096 that were significantly associated with the competitive fitness phenotype. The residuals from the regression model were used to compute the genetic correlations for MMC in Figure 5A. Tissue-specific expression data for each of the genes in Module 9 was obtained from [31] (link). The values shown in Figure 5C report the tissue-specific expression of each gene as a fraction its expression across all eleven tissues. The doublesex motif whose logo is shown in Figure 5D represents one of 62 Drosophila melanogaster transcription factors whose position-weight matrices were downloaded from http://www.bioinf.manchester.ac.uk/bergman/data/motifs/. The 5′ UTR of each gene in Module 9 was scored for the presence of all 62 motifs; our protocols for calling a motif present and for assessing enrichment are as described in [2] (link).
Stone E.A, & Ayroles J.F. (2009). Modulated Modularity Clustering as an Exploratory Tool for Functional Genomic Inference. PLoS Genetics, 5(5), e1000479.
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Publication 2009
AT-001 Diptera Drosophila Drosophila melanogaster Females Gene Expression Genes Genome Males Phenotype Reproduction Tissues Tissue Specificity Transcription Factor
2
Quality Control and Imputation Pipeline
Cited 17 times
Quality control filters were applied both before and after imputation. Before imputation, individuals with more than 10% missing genotypes were removed, and SNPs showing a missing rate greater than 10%, a deviation for HWE at a p-value less than 0.001 were dropped. After imputation, monomorphic SNPs were excluded from analyses.
To speed up the imputation process, the genome was broken into small chunks that were phased and imputed separately and then re-assembled. This was achieved using the ChunkChromosome tool (http://genome.sph.umich.edu/wiki/ChunkxChromosome), and specifying chunks of 1000 SNPs, with an overlap window of 200 SNPs on each side, which improves accuracy near the edges during the phasing step. Each chunk was phased using the program MACH1 with the number of states set to 300 and the number of rounds of MCMC set to 20 for all chunks. Phased haplotypes were used as a basis for imputation of untyped SNPs using the software Minimac with 1000 Genomes European ancestry reference haplotypes (phase1 version 3, March 2012) to impute SNPs not genotyped on the Illumina array. Variants with a MAF less than 0.001 were also excluded post-imputation. The data was then collated in probability format that can be used by the R Package snpStats [39] .
Giambartolomei C., Vukcevic D., Schadt E.E., Franke L., Hingorani A.D., Wallace C, & Plagnol V. (2014). Bayesian Test for Colocalisation between Pairs of Genetic Association Studies Using Summary Statistics. PLoS Genetics, 10(5), e1004383.
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Publication 2014
AT-001 Europeans Genome Haplotypes Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
3
Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis
Cited 16 times
First, a gene expression correlation matrix M, whose elements are Pair-wise Pearson correlation coefficients (r) in the range of (-1.0, 1.0), was constructed. If there are missing values in the expression files, only the experiments that both genes have values are used to calculate Pearson correlation. Then, a series of correlation matrices were constructed using different cutoff values. If the absolute value of an element in the original correlation matrix is less than the selected cutoff, it is set to 0. Eigenvalues of each correlation matrix were obtained by direct diagonalization of the matrix. Standard spectral unfolding techniques [26 ] were applied to have a constant density of eigenvalues and subsequently the nearest neighbour spacing distribution P(s) (see Additional File 3, Supplemental Note A for details), which is employed to describe the fluctuation of eigenvalues of the correlation matrix. We used the Chi square test to determine two critical threshold values, rl at which P(s) start to deviate from GOE at a confidence level of p = 0.001, and rh at which P(s) follows the Poisson distribution at a confidence level of p = 0.001. The critical point rh is chosen to be the threshold used for constructing the gene co-expression network. Same procedure is used for analyzing the correlation matrix based on mutual information to determine the threshold.
Luo F., Yang Y., Zhong J., Gao H., Khan L., Thompson D.K, & Zhou J. (2007). Constructing gene co-expression networks and predicting functions of unknown genes by random matrix theory. BMC Bioinformatics, 8, 299.
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Publication 2007
AT-001 Gene Expression Gene Regulatory Networks Genes Matrix-M
4
Annotation and Identification of Symbiodinium Genes
Cited 11 times
A set of gene model predictions (Gene Model ver. 1) was generated mainly with AUGUSTUS [4 (link)], and a genome browser has been established using the Generic Genome Browser (JBrowser) [79 (link)]. Annotation and identification of Symbiodinium genes were performed using three methods or combinations of methods: reciprocal BLAST analyses, screening of gene models against the Pfam database [80 (link)] at an E-value cutoff of 0.001, and phylogenetic analyses. Gene annotations are available at the genome browser site (http://marinegenomics.oist.jp/gallery/). Scaffold 1 of both SymA and SymC manifested similarities to a bacterial genome, which was identified by genome sequencing of Symbiodinium minutum [4 (link)], but which was not included for gene annotation. Expansions of gene families were predicted by chi-square values from comparisons of gene numbers with Pfam domains.
Shoguchi E., Beedessee G., Tada I., Hisata K., Kawashima T., Takeuchi T., Arakaki N., Fujie M., Koyanagi R., Roy M.C., Kawachi M., Hidaka M., Satoh N, & Shinzato C. (2018). Two divergent Symbiodinium genomes reveal conservation of a gene cluster for sunscreen biosynthesis and recently lost genes. BMC Genomics, 19, 458.
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Publication 2018
AT-001 Gene Annotation Generic Drugs Genes Genes, vif Genome Genome, Bacterial
5
Simulating Diverse Transcriptomes for RNA-seq Evaluation
Cited 11 times
The human K562 data used here correspond to the K562 poly(A)+ RNA samples produced at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory for the ENCODE project19 (link) and can be accessed at http://www.encodeproject.org/. RNA-seq libraries were sequenced using a strand-specific protocol and comprise two biological replicates each of whole-cell, cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA. The mouse RNA-seq data set was produced at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute as part of the Mouse Genomes Project using brain tissue from adult mice of strain C57BL/6NJ. The library was constructed using the standard Illumina protocol that does not retain strand information. These data have been previously described20 (link) and are available from the European Nucleotide Archive (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/) under accessions ERR033015 and ERR033016. All of the data used in this study have been consolidated as a single experimental record in the ArrayExpress repository (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/) under accession E-MTAB-1728.
Simulated RNA-seq data were generated using the BEERS toolkit (http://cbil.upenn.edu/BEERS/), and additional modeling of base-call errors and quality scores was done with simNGS (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/goldman-srv/simNGS/). BEERS has been previously described18 (link). Briefly, the simulator takes as input a database of transcript models and a quantification file that specifies expression levels for each transcript and intron in the database. A transcriptome is simulated by sampling a specified number of transcript models from the database at random and creating additional alternative splice forms from each model. Polymorphisms (indels and substitutions) are introduced into the exons according to independent rates. Reads are then produced from the transcriptome in an iterative manner. In each iteration, a transcript is chosen with probability proportional to its expression level in the quantification file. An intron may be left in, with probability based on the intronic expression levels in the quantification file. A fragment of normally distributed length is sampled from the transcript, and the L bases from each end of this fragment are reported, where L is the read length.
Here, the simulator was executed using the transcript database and quantification file previously described18 (link). This database comprises 538,991 transcript models merged from 11 annotation tracks available from the UCSC Genome Browser (AceView, Ensembl, Geneid, Genscan, NSCAN, Other RefSeq, RefSeq, SGP, Transcriptome, UCSC and Vega), and expression levels were derived from a human retina RNA-seq data set. In each of the two simulations, 25,000 transcripts were randomly chosen from the database, and two additional alternative isoforms were generated for each sampled transcript. The proportion of signal originating from novel isoforms was 20% and 35% for simulation 1 and 2, respectively. Substitution variants were introduced into exons at rates of 0.001 (simulation 1) and 0.005 (simulation 2) events per base pair, and indel polymorphisms at rates of 0.0005 (simulation 1) and 0.0025 (simulation 2). The simulated transcriptomes included 136,226 (simulation 1) and 134,717 (simulation 2) unique splice junctions, of which 90% and 92%, respectively, were represented in the simulated reads (Supplementary Table 9).
The option to simulate sequencing errors was disabled. Instead, the program simNGS was used to add noise to the simulated reads. simNGS recreates observations from Illumina sequencing machines using the statistical models underlying the AYB base-calling software21 (link). Here, base-call errors and quality scores were simulated by applying simNGS version 1.5 with a paired-end simulation model. The model was trained on intensity data released by Illumina from a sequencing run on the HiSeq 2000 instrument using TruSeq chemistry. The resulting quality-score distributions are shown in Supplementary Figure 8, and the correct alignments of simulated data have been deposited in ArrayExpress under accession E-MTAB-1728.
Alignment protocols making use of gene annotation were provided with annotation from Ensembl only (Supplementary Note), whereas the simulated transcriptomes were based on Ensembl as well as several additional gene catalogs. In addition, novel transcript isoforms and retained introns were simulated, as detailed above. This reflects a realistic scenario where knowledge of the transcriptome is incomplete even for well-studied organisms, and a proportion of transcripts captured by RNA-seq correspond to pre-spliced mRNAs.
Engström P.G., Steijger T., Sipos B., Grant G.R., Kahles A., Rätsch G., Goldman N., Hubbard T.J., Harrow J., Guigó R, & Bertone P. (2013). Systematic evaluation of spliced alignment programs for RNA-seq data. Nature Methods, 10(12), 1185-1191.
Publication 2013
Adult AT-001 Base Pairing Beer Biopharmaceuticals Brain cDNA Library Cells Cold Temperature Cytoplasm Europeans Exons Gene Annotation Genetic Polymorphism Genome Homo sapiens INDEL Mutation Introns Mice, Inbred C57BL mRNA Precursor Multiple Birth Offspring Mus Nucleotides Protein Isoforms Retina RNA, Nuclear RNA, Polyadenylated RNA-Seq Strains Tissues Transcriptome

Most recents protocols related to «AT-001»

1
Illumina MiSeq Sequencing and Fitness Analysis
Output files from Illumina MiSeq were first run through FastQC (Andrews et al. 2018 (link)) to check read quality. The paired-end reads were merged using PEAR (Stamatakis et al. 2014 (link)) set to a minimum assembly length of 150 base pairs reads allowing for high quality scores at both ends of the sequence. Adapters were trimmed from the ends of the antibiotic resistance genes' coding sequence using Trimmomatic (Bolger et al. 2014 (link)). Enrich2 (Rubin et al. 2017 ) was used to count the frequency of each allele for use in calculating selection coefficients and associated statistical measures. We set Enrich2 to filter out any reads containing bases with a quality score below 20, bases marked as N, or mutations at more than one codon.
Fitness of an allele (wi) was calculated from the enrichment of the synonyms of the wild-type gene ( εwt ), the enrichment of allele i ( εi ) and the fold increase in the number of cells during the growth competition experiment (r) as described by Equation 1. We utilize the frequency of wildtype synonymous alleles as the reference instead of the frequency of wildtype because wildtype synonyms occurred more frequently in the library and wildtype sequencing counts are more prone to being affected by the artifact of PCR template jumping during the preparation of barcoded amplicons for deep-sequencing. Detailed derivations of the following equations (Equations 1–6) can be found in our previous work (Mehlhoff et al. 2020 (link)).
We calculate the variance in the fitness as
where the frequency of allele (fi) is calculated from counts of that allele (ci) and the total sequencing counts (cT).
From the variance in fitness, we calculated a 99% confidence interval. Additionally, we calculated a P-value using a 2-tailed test. Details of the Z-score and P-value equations are available in Mehlhoff et al. (2020) (link).
We estimated the number of false positives that would be included at P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 significance in order to correct for multiple testing (Storey and Tibshirani 2003 (link)) in our DMS datasets as described previously (Mehlhoff et al. 2020 (link)). For TEM-1, we estimated that our data would contain approximately 55.0 false positives on average at P < 0.01 significance and an estimated 5.6 false positives on average at P < 0.001 significance for a single replica (Mehlhoff et al. 2020 (link)). Those values are 44.1 and 4.3 (CAT-I), 52.8 and 5.3 (NDM-1), and 33.8 and 3.4 (aadB) at P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 significance, respectively. We chose to report the frequency of mutations having fitness effects that met the P-value criteria in both replica experiments to limit the occurrence of false positives.
Mehlhoff J.D, & Ostermeier M. (2023). Genes Vary Greatly in Their Propensity for Collateral Fitness Effects of Mutations. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 40(3), msad038.
Publication 2023
Alleles Antibiotic Resistance, Microbial AT-001 Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase Codon DNA Library Genes Mutation Open Reading Frames Pears
2
Propagation and Titration of RNA Viruses
Vero, Vero E6, Vero.DogSLAMtag, which is stably expressing a CDV receptor, canine SLAM (Seki et al., 2003 (link); Sakai et al., 2013 (link)), MDCK and 293T cells were grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM; catalog number 041-30081, Wako, Osaka, Japan) supplemented with 5% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (catalog number 15140122, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). In some cases, an antibiotic for Mycoplasma spp., BIOMYC-3 (catalog number PK-CC03-038-1D, Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan), was added to the culture medium at 100-fold dilution. The working stocks of RNA viruses were prepared as described and were aliquoted and stored at −80°C.
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strain WE (Genbank Accession Numbers LC413283 and LC413284) was propagated in Vero cells at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01. The culture supernatants were harvested at 4 days post-infection. The infectious dose was determined using Vero cells with the standard 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay, with visualization of infection on the wells in a 96-well plate by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), as described previously (Taniguchi et al., 2020 (link)).
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) strain YG-1 (Genbank Accession Numbers AB817979, AB817987, and AB817995) was propagated in Vero cells at an MOI of 0.01. The culture supernatants were harvested at full cytopathic effect (CPE). The infectious dose was determined with the standard TCID50 assay, with visualization of infection on the wells in a 96-well plate by an IFA, as described previously (Takahashi et al., 2014 (link)).
Influenza A virus (IAV) strain H1N1 A/PR/8/34 (Genbank Accession Numbers LC662537, LC662538, LC662539, LC662540, LC662541, LC662542, LC662543, and LC662544) purchased from ATCC was propagated in MDCK cells with the addition of 1.0 μg/ml trypsin (catalog number 207-19183, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan) in DMEM and passaged twice at an MOI of 0.01. The culture supernatants were harvested 3 days post-infection, and the infectious dose was determined using MDCK cells with the standard TCID50 assay in a 96-well plate.
Canine distemper virus (CDV) strain CYN07-dV (Genbank Accession Number AB687720) was propagated in Vero.DogSLAMtag cells at an MOI of 0.01. The cells and culture supernatants were harvested at full CPE and frozen and thawed twice, which is necessary to release the cell-associated virus into the culture supernatant. The samples were centrifuged at 1,000 ×g for 10 min, and the infectious dose was determined with the standard TCID50 assay in a 96-well plate.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strain 2019-nCoV/Japan/TY/WK-521/2020 (GISAID ID: EPI_ISL_408667) was propagated in VeroE6 cells stably expressing transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 (VeroE6/TMPRSS2) (Matsuyama et al., 2020 (link)) at an MOI of 0.1. The culture supernatants were harvested at full CPE, and the infectious dose was determined using VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells with the standard TCID50 assay in a 96-well plate.
Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) strain Miyazaki-Bali/2007 (Genbank Accession Numbers AB908278.1, AB908279.1, AB908280.1, AB908281.1, AB908282.1, AB908283.1, AB908284.1, AB908285.1, AB908286.1, and AB908287.1) was propagated in 293T cells at an MOI of 0.001. The culture supernatants were harvested at full CPE and titrated using Vero cells with the standard TCID50 assay in a 96-well plate.
Misu M., Yoshikawa T., Sugimoto S., Takamatsu Y., Kurosu T., Ouji Y., Yoshikawa M., Shimojima M., Ebihara H, & Saijo M. (2023). Rapid whole genome sequencing methods for RNA viruses. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1137086.
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Publication 2023
Antibiotics AT-001 Biological Assay Canine Distemper Canis familiaris Cell Culture Techniques Cells Culture Media Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral Distemper Virus, Canine Eagle Fetal Bovine Serum Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect Freezing HEK293 Cells Infection Influenza A virus Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells Mycoplasma Orthoreoviruses Penicillins PRSS1 protein, human Receptors, Virus RNA Viruses SARS-CoV-2 Satellite Viruses Serine Proteases Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Bunyavirus Strains Streptomycin Technique, Dilution Tissues TMPRSS2 protein, human Vero Cells
3
Animal and Plant Stable Isotope Analysis
Before the analysis of stable isotopes, all samples were dried at 50 °C for 48 h to the constant weight and grounded to a fine homogenous powder. Approximately 0.6 mg of animal samples and 1.5 mg of plant and detritus samples were weighed (at the precision of 0.001 mg) and transferred into tin cups. Stable isotope analyses were performed at the University of Jyväskylä using a Carlo Erba Flash EA 1112 elemental analyser connected to Thermo Finnigan DELTAplus and Advantage continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA).
Vienna Pee Dee belemnite and atmospheric N2 were used as reference standards for carbon and nitrogen, respectively. To control instrument stability, northern pike Esox lucius L., 1758 muscle tissue and birch Betula pendula R. leaves of known isotopic compositions were run after every six samples. Results are expressed using the conventional δ notation as parts per thousand difference from the international standards. Analytical precision was < 0.1 ‰ for δ13C and < 0.3 ‰ for δ15N.
Veselý L., Ercoli F., Ruokonen T.J., Bláha M., Duras J., Haubrock P.J., Kainz M., Hämäläinen H., Buřič M, & Kouba A. (2023). Strong temporal variation of consumer δ13C value in an oligotrophic reservoir is related to water level fluctuation. Scientific Reports, 13, 3642.
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Publication 2023
Animals AT-001 Betula Betula pendula Carbon Electrons Esox lucius Gene, THRA Homozygote Isotopes Muscle Tissue Nitrogen Plants Powder
4
Generating Infectious SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 Viruses
Vero E6, Huh-7, and Vero E6-TMPRSS2 cells were grown to 95% confluence in 12.5 cm2 flasks and transfected with 6 μg of each infectious SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV cDNA clones, and 18 μL of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen), according to the manufacturer’s specifications. At 6 h posttransfection the transfection medium was replaced by standard Dulbecco’s medium with 10% fetal calf serum and incubated at 37°C for 72 h. Cell supernatants were harvested and passaged once on fresh cells, and the recovered viruses were cloned by three rounds of plaque purification, following standard procedures for SARS-CoV. In the case of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the supernatants were collected at 72 h posttransfection and titrated by plaque lysis formation in semisolid medium. Viruses were then amplified in 75 cm2 flasks, by infecting monolayers of the cells indicated for each virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001. The supernatants were collected at 72 hpi and titrated. The 3′-end genome of different viruses, from the end of the replicase to the untranslated region, was sequenced. All sequences were compared to that of the parental wt virus sequence using SeqMan software (Lasergene, Madison, WI).
Honrubia J.M., Gutierrez-Álvarez J., Sanz-Bravo A., González-Miranda E., Muñoz-Santos D., Castaño-Rodriguez C., Wang L., Villarejo-Torres M., Ripoll-Gómez J., Esteban A., Fernandez-Delgado R., Sánchez-Cordón P.J., Oliveros J.C., Perlman S., McCray PB J.r., Sola I, & Enjuanes L. (2023). SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Lung Edema and Replication Are Diminished by Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulators. mBio, 14(1), e03136-22.
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Publication 2023
AT-001 Cells DNA, Complementary Fetal Bovine Serum Infection lipofectamine 2000 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Parent SARS-CoV-2 Senile Plaques Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus TMPRSS2 protein, human Transfection Untranslated Regions Vero Cells Viral Genome Virus
5
Europium-doped CCTO Ceramics Synthesis and Characterization
Muffle and microwave furnaces (VB CERAMIC CONSULTANTS, Chennai, India) were used to sinter the green pellets at 1100 °C for 12 h and 30 min, respectively. The microwave and traditional sintering heating rates were 50 and 5 °C min−1, respectively. Studies employing X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed using the X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8 Advance, Karlsruhe, Germany equipped with a 2.2 kW Cu anode and Ni filter over the 2ϴ range of 20–80°, with a step size of 0.05. Field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) (Thermo Fisher FEI QUANTA 250 FEG) at 20 keV was used for microstructure investigation and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of europium-doped CCTO samples. Samples were sputter coated with a thin film of noble metals to offer conductivity before microscopic analysis. Moreover, the samples were thermally etched at 950 °C for 15 min in a standard furnace to easily distinguish the grain and grain boundaries. For the purpose of determining the bonding energies of valence electrons and their function in IBLC, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; ULVAC-PHI, Inc; Model: PHI5000 Version Probe 94 III) was employed in conjunction with an Al monochromatic radiation source at 280 eV. Broadband dielectric spectrometer (BDS) measurements included dielectric constant (ε), tan δ, and relaxation peaks (Concept 80, Novocontrol Technologies, Montabaur, Germany). A silver adhesive paste of sheet resistance 0.25/square at 0.001 mm in thickness (Thermo Fisher Scientific India Pvt Ltd., Mumbai, India) was applied to both ends of the pellets, and then heat treated at 150 °C for 1 h to generate electrodes, which facilitated the dielectric measurement.
Evangeline T G., Annamalai A R, & Ctibor P. (2023). Effect of Europium Addition on the Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of CCTO Ceramic Prepared Using Conventional and Microwave Sintering. Molecules, 28(4), 1649.
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Publication 2023
AT-001 Cereals Electric Conductivity Electrons Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy Europium Metals Microscopy Microwaves Paste Pellets, Drug Radiation Radiography Scanning Electron Microscopy Silver X-Ray Diffraction

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MTT is a colorimetric assay used to measure cell metabolic activity. It is a lab equipment product developed by Merck Group. MTT is a tetrazolium dye that is reduced by metabolically active cells, producing a colored formazan product that can be quantified spectrophotometrically.
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Penicillin is a type of antibacterial drug that is widely used in medical and laboratory settings. It is a naturally occurring substance produced by certain fungi, and it is effective against a variety of bacterial infections. Penicillin works by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of bacteria, making it a valuable tool for researchers and medical professionals.
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Trypsin is a serine protease enzyme that is commonly used in cell biology and biochemistry laboratories. Its primary function is to facilitate the dissociation and disaggregation of adherent cells, allowing for the passive release of cells from a surface or substrate. Trypsin is widely utilized in various cell culture applications, such as subculturing and passaging of adherent cell lines.

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