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Benoxinate

Benoxinate is a local anesthetic agent used for ophthalmic and topical applications.
It is commonly employed to provide numbing relief for various eye conditions, including corneal abrasions, burns, and other ocular irritations.
Benoxinate works by blocking sodium channels in nerve fibers, effectively reducing pain transmission.
Reseaachers can optimize their Benoxinate studies using PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform that helps identify the most reliable protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
By leveraging advanced comparisons, scientists can pinpoint the best protocols and products to enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their Benoxinate research, streamlining the process and improving outcomes.

Most cited protocols related to «Benoxinate»

All study subjects were examined using Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT III, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) [9 (link)]. The technicians who were performing CCM examination were blinded to patient groups and the signs and symptoms of patients. The examined eye was anesthetized by instilling one drop of 0.4% benoxinate hydrochloride (Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Osaka, Japan). Comfort Gel (Dr. Mann Pharma, Berlin, Germany) was applied to the lens, and a disposable sterilized TomoCap (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Dossenheim, Germany) was mounted on the holder to cover the objective lens. After applying Comfort Gel to the TomoCap, the lens was slowly advanced until the gel touched the cornea. More than 50 images of the subbasal nerve plexus were captured using a section mode, and we analyzed at least 6 high-clarity images per subject for the quantification of the following parameters to define changes in the CNFs: (1) CNF density (CNFD): the total number of major nerve fibers/mm2 of corneal tissue; (2) CNF length (CNFL): the total length of all nerve fibers (mm/mm2); (3) corneal nerve branch density (CNBD): the number of branches emanating from all major nerve trunks/mm2 of corneal tissue; (4) tortuosity grade (TG); (5) frequency/0.1 mm of beading (BF); and (6) BS determined after enlarging 5 times and smoothing the original image of CCM using S-Spline Max algorithm (PhotoZoom Pro 4, Gungle Inc., Tokyo, Japan). The pixel numbers of 120 beads were counted using Photoshop Elements 8.0 (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) and averaged.
Except for the TG and BS, all measurements were performed using ImageJ (Texelcraft, Tokyo, Japan); the TG was measured by the grading system of Oliveira-Soto and Efron [15 (link)].
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Publication 2016
benoxinate hydrochloride Cornea Lens, Crystalline Nerve Fibers Nerve Tissue Nervousness Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Retina Tomography Torso
Subjects were examined using a Heidelberg Retina Tomograph 3 equipped with a Rostock Cornea Module (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). The laser source used in the module was a diode laser with a wavelength of 670 nm. The two‐dimensional images acquired had a definition of 384 × 384 pixels over an area of 0.16 mm2 with a lateral digital resolution of 1 μm/pixel and a depth resolution of 2 μm/pixel. Each eye examined was anesthetized with one drop of 0.4% benoxinate hydrochloride (Santen Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan). The objective lens of the cornea module was disinfected with 70% isopropyl alcohol swabs. A drop of Comfort Gel (Dr Mann Pharma, Berlin, Germany) was applied to the tip of the lens and a disposable sterilized Tomocap was mounted on the holder to cover the objective lens. After applying Comfort Gel to the Tomocap, the lens was slowly advanced forward until the gel touched the cornea, allowing optical contact between the objective lens and the corneal epithelium during the examination. Correct alignment and contact with the cornea were monitored by magnified images captured by a camera tangential to the eye. After focusing on the corneal epithelium, the nerve fiber layer (sub‐basal layer) was recorded by fine turning the focus. It took 3–5 min to acquire 10–20 satisfactory images of the corneal nerve fibers. Four to five high‐quality images of the sub‐basal layer were used to analyze morphological parameters of the corneal nerve fibers. The images collected were used to quantify the following parameters to define corneal nerve fiber changes: (i) corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD; /mm2); (ii) corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL; mm/mm2); (iii) corneal nerve fiber branch density (CNBD; /mm2); (iv) length of the corneal nerve branch emanating from the major nerve trunk (CNBL; mm/mm2); (v) tortuosity; and (vi) frequency of beading (/0.1 mm). All measurements, except for tortuosity, were made using Image J (Texelcraft, Tokyo, Japan); tortuosity was determined according to the grading system proposed by Oliveira‐Soto and Efron15. The reproducibility of the assessment of morphological parameters by CCM was evaluated in 14 healthy volunteers by repeating the CCM examination with different examiners and calculating the coefficient of variation (CV) for individual parameters.
Publication 2011
benoxinate hydrochloride Contact Lenses Cornea Epithelium, Anterior Corneal Healthy Volunteers Isopropyl Alcohol Lasers, Semiconductor Nerve Fibers Nervousness Pharmaceutical Preparations Retina Thumb Tomography Vision
Patients underwent examination with the Heidelberg retina tomograph III in vivo corneal confocal microscope. The subject's eyes were anesthetized using a drop of 0.4% benoxinate hydrochloride, and Viscotears were applied on the front of the eye for lubrication. A drop of viscoelastic gel was placed on the tip of the objective lens, and a sterile disposable Perspex cap was placed over the lens allowing optical coupling of the objective lens to the cornea. The patient was instructed to fixate on a target with the eye not being examined. Several scans of the entire depth of the cornea were recorded by turning the fine focus of the objective lens backward and forward for ~2 min using the section mode, which enables manual acquisition and storage of single images of all corneal layers. This provides en face two-dimensional images with a lateral resolution of ~2 µm/pixel and final image size of 400 × 400 pixels of the subbasal nerve plexus of the cornea from each patient and control subject. This layer is of particular relevance for defining neuropathic changes since it is the location of the main nerve plexus that supplies the overlying corneal epithelium. Each nerve fiber bundle contains unmyelinated fibers, which run parallel to Bowman’s layer before dividing and terminating as individual axons underneath the surface epithelium (26 (link)). Five images per patient from the center of the cornea were selected and examined in a masked and randomized fashion (27 (link)). Three corneal nerve parameters were quantified: 1) CNFD, the total number of major nerves per square millimeter of corneal tissue; 2) corneal nerve branch density (CNBD), the number of branches emanating from all major nerve trunks per square millimeter of corneal tissue; and 3) corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL), the total length of all nerve fibers and branches (mm/mm2) within the area of corneal tissue. CNFD and CNFL are considered to reflect overall nerve fiber degeneration, whereas CNBD reflects nerve fiber regeneration, which is partially also captured by CNFL.
Publication 2012
Axon benoxinate hydrochloride Cornea Epithelium Epithelium, Anterior Corneal Fibrosis Lubrication Microscopy, Confocal Nerve Degeneration Nerve Fibers Nervousness Patients Perspex Radionuclide Imaging RCE1 protein, human Regeneration Retina Sterility, Reproductive Tissues Tomography Torso Vision
This is a prospective non-comparative study conducted at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre -Jeddah branch between March 2007 and 2009. The study included 300 patients (300 eyes) whom underwent phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia by the same surgeon (S. W). All patients were evaluated in the clinic for refraction, anterior segment examination, applanation tonometry, and dilated indirect fundus examination using the full illumination of the instrument. Biometry was done, routine blood tests and electrocardiogram (ECG) requested, and patients were sent for anesthesia clearance regarding the possibility and safety of intravenous (IV) sedation administration.
Certain groups of patients were determined as “unfit” for topical anesthesia and these were not included in the study. Those were patients who had communication problems (short of hearing, language barriers, dementia, etc.). Patients who were not cooperative during applanation tonometry or who were excessively photophobic during indirect fundus examination were also excluded. Patients who had very small and difficult to dilate pupils with the anticipated use of iris dilators or sphincterotomies, and pseudoexfoliation (PXS) were excluded. Brown cataracts or anticipated long surgeries (over 20 min) were also not included for topical anesthesia.
All selected patients were counseled regarding the steps of surgery, and what they should expect during it. They were told they will need to be relaxed, avoid closing their eyes, and avoid excessive motility. All patients signed an informed consent.
On the day of surgery, all patients were brought on fasting, Benoxinate 0.4% eye drops were instilled twice, 5 min apart, then 2% Xylocaine gel. Gel was put in the conjunctival sac 10 min before draping. Additional Benoxinate 0.4% eye drops (preservative-free minims) were available for use intra-operatively if needed. Patients who expressed severe discomfort or who were excessively anxious during surgery were administered low grade sedation (Propofol infusion).
All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon using clear cornea 2.2-3.0 mm incision, wide anterior continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis (ACCC), hydrodissection, phacoemulsification using the Everest (updated legacy-Alcon) or Infinity machines, and automated irrigation/aspiration (I/A). A foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL) was injected using the manufacturer’s recommended injector.
Post-operatively, the level of patient’s pain and / or discomfort was recorded by the operating room (OR) staff nurse as mild, moderate, or severe. The surgeon’s satisfaction was reported by the assistant surgeon attending surgery and was assessed by the degree of patient’s cooperation, eye motility, squeezing of the eyelids, excessive positive pressure, and rate of complications.
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Publication 2010
Anesthesia benoxinate Capsulorhexis Cataract Cornea Dementia Dilatation Electrocardiography Eye Eye Drops Eyelids Eye Movements Hematologic Tests Intravenous Infusion Iris Lens Implantation, Intraocular Lighting Motility, Cell Nurses Ocular Refraction Operative Surgical Procedures Pain Patients Phacoemulsification Pharmaceutical Preservatives Photophobia Pressure Propofol Pupil Sac, Conjunctival Safety Satisfaction Sedatives Specialists Sphincterotomy Surgeons Surgery, Day Tonometry, Ocular Topical Anesthetics Xylocaine
All study subjects were scanned with a laser IVCCM (Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph III Rostock Cornea Module [HRT III RCM]; Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) by a purpose-trained optometrist. This IVCCM uses a 670-nm wavelength helium neon diode laser, which is a class I laser and therefore does not pose any ocular safety hazard. A 63× objective lens with a numerical aperture of 0.9 and a working distance relative to the applanating cap (TomoCap; Heidelberg Engineering GmbH) of 0.0–3.0 mm was used. The size of each two-dimensional image produced was 384 × 384 μm, which has a 15° × 15° field of view and 10 μm/pixel transverse optical resolution. HRT III RCM uses an entirely digital image capture system, and all images are stored in an external hard drive. A drop of 0.4% benoxinate hydrochloride (Chauvin Pharmaceuticals, Chefaro, U.K.) was used to anesthetize each eye, and Viscotears (Carbomer 980, 0.2%; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Surrey, U.K.) were used as the coupling agent between the cornea and the applanating cap. All subjects were asked to fixate on an outer fixation light throughout the IVCCM scan, and a charge-coupled device camera was used to image the cornea and correctly position the applanating cap onto the corneal apex. The overall examination took ∼5 min for both eyes of each subject, and in this study, two experienced examiners performed all IVCCM scans. All images were captured using the “section” mode in the Heidelberg Explorer of the HRT III RCM. There is no consensus on optimal IVCCM image sampling, but it has been proposed that any number between five and eight images will provide an acceptable level of accuracy to quantify the corneal subbasal nerve morphology (22 (link)). We selected and analyzed six high-clarity images per subject from the central subbasal nerve plexus captured by 1-μm intervals at the z-axis using the “section” mode. Criteria for image selection were depth, focus position, and contrast.
Publication 2013
benoxinate hydrochloride carbomer Cornea Epistropheus Eye Helium Neon Gas Lasers Lens, Crystalline Light Medical Devices Nervousness Optometrist Pharmaceutical Preparations Radionuclide Imaging Retina Safety Tomography Vision

Most recents protocols related to «Benoxinate»

The aqueous humor sample (100 µL) was collected from the eye via anterior chamber paracentesis. Donkeys received intravenous (IV) 2% xylazine HCl (1.1 mg/kg, Xyla-Ject, ADWIA Co., SAE, Egypt) and 5% Ketamine HCl (2.2 mg/kg, Ketamine, Sigma-tec Pharmaceutical Industries, SAE, Egypt). The ocular surface was then desensitized by two drops of 0.4% benoxinate hydrochloride ophthalmic solution (Benox, sterile ophthalmic solution, 10 ml, Egyptian International Pharmaceutical Industries Company, EPICO, Egypt). A sterile 1-mL insulin syringe with a 30-G needle was inserted into the anterior chamber at the limbus parallel to the iris with the bevel facing upwards (Fig. 1B). The samples were stored in Eppendorf tubes at -80 ℃ until analysis. Aqueous humor samples were analyzed within 30 days of collection.
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Publication 2024
Fouling refers to the deposition of mineral salts and/or biologic matter on the surface or within the body of a transparent synthetic polymer device that is in direct contact with tissues.29 (link) A list of topical drugs commonly used in the field of ophthalmology for diagnosis or treatment of a condition was created for investigation (Table).
Individual synthetic cornea devices were first placed into a vial containing approximately 0.5 mL of each commercially available pharmaceutical to immerse the device in its entirety. The vial was then incubated for 24 hours at 37°C while on an orbital shaker set at 180 cycles/min. After 24 hours, the devices were removed and placed in a vial containing approximately 0.5 mL of artificial aqueous humor (Biochemazone, Alberta, Canada) and then incubated again for 24 hours at 37°C on an orbital shaker set at 180 cycles/min. Devices were not rinsed during the change. Exposure to 0.9% saline followed by artificial aqueous humor was used as a control.
The devices were then placed in vials of deionized water for storage. Devices were removed from deionized water, lightly patted dry with a nonshedding cloth, and observed via light microscopy for any defects. Images of the post-exposure devices were created at magnifications ranging from 25× to 200×. Three devices were tested per topical medication.
The wetting behavior of the devices was assessed during the rabbit surgical experiments26 (link) while in situ at monthly intervals up to 12 months under an operating microscope. Fluorescein drops (fluorescein sodium/benoxinate hydrochloride 0.25%/0.4%; Altaire Pharmaceuticals Inc., Aquebogue, NY) were instilled directly onto the device after having placed a wire lid speculum. The eye was inspected under the operating microscope with a low magnification and a broad beam using a cobalt blue filter to visualize the entire device optic and the device tissue joint. The fluorescein stains the preoptic tear film and appears green in color (Fig. 3). The appearance of a black spot indicates the break-up in the predevice tear film. Tear film break-up time is the time interval between the instillation of the fluorescein dye and the appearance of the first randomly distributed dry spot measured in seconds.
Publication 2024
This is a retrospective multi-centered analytic study that included the patients with nystagmus referred to the electrophysiology units from the ophthalmology outpatient clinics at the University Hospitals of Minia, Ain Shams, Banha, and Cairo, Egypt during the period from January 2019 to June 2019.
The study included 60 (120 eyes) patients with horizontal nystagmus, which is the most prevalent form of nystagmus that needs investigations especially by electrophysiology to help in the diagnosis of the underlying causes. Patients with associated neurological disorders, strabismus, or media opacity were excluded from the study. The study was approved by the Faculty of Medicine, Research Ethics Committee (FMREC) of Minia University (approval number 291:9/2019). The Ethical committee waived the patient consent due to the retrospective nature of the study.
All enrolled patients had full ophthalmological examination and investigations including electrophysiology that was performed on another day of the same week. The sequence of testing was as follows: first without dilatation in the form of pattern visual evoked potential, flash visual evoked potential (FVEP), and pattern electroretinography (PERG), followed by pupillary dilatation for full-field electroretinography (ffERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT-angiography (OCT-A), and fundus autofluorescence (FAF).
The FVEP [9] , ffERG [10] , and PERG [11] were performed following the standard protocols of the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV). All electrophysiological tests were performed without sedation or anesthesia and were recorded with the RETI-port/scan 21 (Roland Consult, Brandenburg, Germany). Young children can have all the investigations performed, in the hands of well-trained experts, without sedation; however, they need a longer test duration.
Monocular visual evoked potential (VEPs), starting with the right eye according to the machine protocol settings, were recorded without pupillary dilatation using three electrodes: red active electrode (Oz) attached 1.5 cm above the occipital protuberance, blue reference electrode (Fz) attached at the mid forehead, and black ground electrode (Cz) attached at the midline anterio-auricular line midway between Oz and Fz electrodes. Stimuli for VEP testing were flash VEPs elicited by a white flash (3 cd.s/m 2 ) luminance. ffERGs were recorded in both eyes simultaneously. The pupils were dilated with topical eye drops in the form of 1% tropicamide (Alcon, Fortworth, Texas, USA) and 5% phenylephrine hydrochloride (Cooper Pharmaceuticals, Athens, Greece). After dark adaptation for 20 min, topical anesthetic eye drops (Benoxinate hydrochloride 0.4%, Eipico, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt) was used. The HK Loop electrodes were then installed under the dim red light into the lower fornix, while the reference skin electrodes were attached on the skin near the orbital rim temporally of each eye, and the ground skin electrodes were attached on the central part of the forehead. Using white flash Ganzfeld (GF) stimulation, recording was with the standard ISCEV ERG measurements (six steps): Dark-adapted (DA) 0.01 ERG (rod response), DA 3 and 10 ERG (combined rod and cone responses), and DA oscillatory potentials (amacrine cells responses). Subjects were then light-adapted for ten minutes by exposure to a white 30 cd/m 2 rod-saturating background, and photopic ERGs were recorded to standard ISCEV intensity: Light-adapted 3 ERG (cone response) and to white 30 Hz flicker ERG (cone photoreceptors response). The examination parameters were GF LED flash (3, 00 cds/m 2 ) 29.412 Hz, Avg: 8, Amplifier:±1 mV 1-300 Hz.
Whenever available, the patients underwent color fundus photography, FAF, OCT, and OCT-A by Solix Optovue, (Haag-Streit USA, Mason, Ohio, USA) and Retina scan RS-3000 advance (Nidek, Gamagori, Japan).
The analyzed data included age, sex, fundus findings, electrophysiological diagnosis, and test findings and characteristics. The final electrophysiological diagnosis was obtained after combining the features of history, fundus picture, and results of the investigations performed.
Publication 2024
All the reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade. The National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt, provided benoxinate hydrochloride (BEN-HCl) with a purity of 99.80 ± 0.6%. A 0.4%, w/v (11.6 mM) sterile ophthalmic solution (BENOX®, B. no. MF07) was purchased from a local Pharmacy.
By dissolving 10.0 mg of BEN-HCl in 100.0 mL of ultra-pure distilled water, a standard solution of BEN-HCl (0.1 mg/mL) was made. The calibration graphs and quality control (QC) samples were prepared using this solution. The quality control samples were generated at three concentration levels of 0.1, 0.4, and 1.0 μg/mL, and the calibration curve was obtained using six concentration levels in the range of 0.1–1.0 μg/mL. The solution was found to be stable for at least a week when stored in a cool and dark area.
Fluorescamine dye was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company (Germany). It was freshly made in acetone at a concentration of 0.04%, w/v. Boric acid and sodium hydroxide were used to prepare a borate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.5–9). To imitate the chemical composition of human aqueous humour, artificial aqueous humour was created according to the method reported by Macri et al.31 (link).
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Publication 2023
Acetone Aqueous Humor benoxinate hydrochloride Borates boric acid Buffers chemical composition Fluorescamine Homo sapiens Ophthalmic Solution Sodium Hydroxide Sterility, Reproductive
To sedate the animals, they were given an intravenous (IV) injection of 1.1 mg/kg xylazine hydrochloride 2% (Xyla-Ject, ADWIA Co., SAE, Egypt) and 2.2 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride 5% (Ketamine, Sigma- tec Pharmaceutical Industries, SAE, Egypt). Additionally, three drops of benoxinate hydrochloride 0.4% (Benox, Sterile Ophthalmic Solution, Egyptian Int. Pharmaceutical Industries Co., Egypt) were applied to the corneal surface as a surface analgesia.
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Publication 2023

Top products related to «Benoxinate»

Sourced in Germany
The Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph III Rostock Cornea Module is a diagnostic device used for imaging the cornea. It utilizes confocal scanning laser technology to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional images of the corneal surface and structures.
Sourced in United Kingdom
Viscotears is a sterile, clear, gel-like eye drop containing Carbomer 980, a high-molecular-weight, cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymer. It is designed to provide temporary relief for dry eye symptoms.
Sourced in Germany
The Rostock Cornea Module is a laboratory equipment designed for the analysis of the cornea. It provides high-resolution imaging and measurement capabilities for various corneal parameters. The core function of the Rostock Cornea Module is to enable detailed examination and evaluation of the corneal structure and properties.
Sourced in Germany, United States
TomoCap is a device designed for optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. It captures cross-sectional images of the anterior segment of the eye, providing detailed structural information. The TomoCap system utilizes advanced optical technology to generate high-resolution, three-dimensional visualizations of the cornea, iris, and lens.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
The Espion E2 is a laboratory equipment product from Diagnosys. It is a compact, high-performance device designed for electrochemical measurements and analysis. The Espion E2 provides precise and reliable data acquisition for a variety of applications in research and development, quality control, and analytical chemistry.
Sourced in United Kingdom, Switzerland
Viscotears is a sterile eye gel that is designed to provide temporary relief for dry eyes. It is a clear, viscous gel that is applied directly to the eye. Viscotears is intended to help retain moisture in the eyes and provide a protective barrier.
Sourced in Japan
Benoxinate hydrochloride is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It is a local anesthetic agent that can be used to numb or desensitize specific areas for research or testing purposes. The core function of benoxinate hydrochloride is to provide a temporary numbing effect on targeted tissues or cells.
Sourced in United States, Ireland, Germany, Canada
Vigamox is an ophthalmic solution used in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. It contains the active ingredient moxifloxacin hydrochloride, a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic.
Sourced in United States
The IFS Advanced femtosecond laser is a high-performance laser system that generates ultrashort pulses with a duration of femtoseconds. It is designed to provide precise and reliable laser pulses for a variety of scientific and industrial applications.
Sourced in United States
Aflibercept is a recombinant fusion protein that acts as a soluble decoy receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It is designed to bind to and inhibit the biological activity of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and placental growth factor (PlGF).

More about "Benoxinate"

Benoxinate, also known as oxybuprocaine, is a highly effective local anesthetic agent commonly used for ophthalmic and topical applications.
It is primarily employed to provide numbing relief for a variety of eye conditions, including corneal abrasions, burns, and other ocular irritations.
Benoxinate works by blocking sodium channels in nerve fibers, effectively reducing the transmission of pain signals.
This mechanism of action allows it to efficiently numb the targeted area, providing quick and effective relief for patients.
Researchers can optimize their Benoxinate studies by leveraging the power of PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform that helps identify the most reliable protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
By utilizing advanced comparisons, scientists can pinpoint the best protocols and products to enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their Benoxinate research, streamlining the process and improving outcomes.
In addition to Benoxinate, other related ophthalmic products and technologies that can be useful for researchers include the Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph III Rostock Cornea Module, Viscotears (Carbomer 980), the Rostock Cornea Module, TomoCap, Espion E2, Benoxinate hydrochloride, Vigamox, the IFS Advanced femtosecond laser, and Aflibercept.
By leveraging these tools and technologies, researchers can optimize their Benoxinate studies and achieve more reliable and accurate results.