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Benzo(a)pyrene

Benzo(a)pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound that is commonly found in the environment as a byproduct of incomplete combustion.
It is known to be carcinogenic and can cause DNA damage, making it an important target for research into its detection, quantification, and mitigation.
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Most cited protocols related to «Benzo(a)pyrene»

1
Quantification of Nitro-PAHs and PAHs
Cited 433 times
In this work, we used as authentic nitro-PAH standards a NIST SRM 2265 (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons nitrated in methylene chloride II), which contained 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFLT, CAS# 13177-29-2), 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-NFL, CAS# 892-21-7), 1-nitropyrene (1-NPYR, CAS# 5522-43-0), 2-nitropyrene (2-NPYR, CAS# 789-07-1), and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA, CAS# 17117-34-9), among others. Their certified concentrations were 5.46 ± 0.15 µg mL−1 (2-NFLT), 6.14 ± 0.13 µg mL−1 (3-NFLT), 6.91 ± 0.27 µg mL−1 (1-NPYR), 6.91 ± 0.27 µg mL−1 (2-NPYR), and 4.39 ± 0.11 µg mL−1 (3-NBA). Since SRM 2265 does not include 2-nitrobenzanthrone (2-NBA, CAS# 111326-48-8), this compound was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA) (>99% purity) and added to that. Authentic standards for fluoranthene (FLT, CAS# 206-44-0), pyrene (PYR, CAS# 129-00-0), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, CAS# 50-32-8), and benzo[a]anthracene (BaA, CAS# 56-55-3), among others, are included in the EPA 610 PAH mix, at 2000 µg mL−1 each, in methanol: methylene chloride (1:1) (Supelco, USA). In this study, stock and analytical solutions were prepared by successive dilutions in acetonitrile (chromatographic and spectroscopic grade, J.T. Baker, USA).
Santos A.G., da Rocha G.O, & de Andrade J.B. (2019). Occurrence of the potent mutagens 2- nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone in fine airborne particles. Scientific Reports, 9, 1.
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Publication 2019
1-nitropyrene 2-nitrobenzanthrone 2-nitrofluoranthene 2-nitropyrene 3-nitrobenzanthrone 3-nitrofluoranthene acetonitrile anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Chromatography fluoranthene Methanol Methylene Chloride Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic pyrene Spectrum Analysis Technique, Dilution
2
Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of PM2.5-bound PAHs
Cited 411 times
Carcinogenic and mutagenic risk assessments15 (link),60 (link)–63 (link),67 (link)–69 (link) induced by inhalation of PM2.5-bound enriched with selected nitro-PAHs (1-NPYR, 2-NPYR, 2-NFLT, 3-NFLT, 2-NBA, and 3-NBA) and PAHs (PYR, FLT, BaP, and BaA) were estimated in the bus station and coastal site samples according to calculations done by Wang et al.60 (link), Nascimento et al.61 (link), and Schneider et al.67 (link) PAH and PAH derivatives risk assessment is done in terms of BaP toxicity, which is well established67 (link)–73 (link). The daily inhalation levels (EI) were calculated as: EI=BaPeq×IR=(∑Ci×TEFi)×IR where EI (ng person−1 day−1) is the daily inhalation exposure, IR (m³ d−1) is the inhalation rate (m³ d−1), BaPeq is the equivalent of benzo[a]pyrene (BaPeq = Σ Ci × TEFi) (in ng m−3), Ci is the PM2.5 concentration level for a target compound i, and TEFi is the toxic equivalent factor of the compound i. TEF values were considered those from Tomaz et al.15 (link), Nisbet and LaGoy69 (link), OEHHA72 , Durant et al.73 (link), and references therein. EI in terms of mutagenicity was calculated using equation (1), just replacing the TEF data by the mutagenic potency factors (MEFs) data, published by Durant et al.73 (link). Individual TEFs and MEFs values and other data used in this study are described in SI, Table S4.
The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was used to assess the inhalation risk for the population in the Greater Salvador, where the bus station and the coastal site are located. ILCR is calculated as: ILCR=(EI×SF×ED×cf×EF)/(AT×BW) where SF is the cancer slope factor of BaP, which was 3.14 (mg kg−1 d−1)−1 for inhalation exposure60 (link), EF (day year−1) represents the exposure frequency (365 days year−1), ED (year) represents exposure duration to air particles (year), cf is a conversion factor (1 × 10−6), AT (days) means the lifespan of carcinogens in 70 years (70 × 365 = 25,550 days)70 ,72 , and BW (kg) is the body weight of a subject in a target population71 .
The risk assessment was performed considering four different target groups in the population: adults (>21 years), adolescents (11–16 years), children (1–11 years), and infants (<1 year). The IR for adults, adolescents, children, and infants were 16.4, 21.9, 13.3, 6.8 m3 day−1, respectively. The BW was considered 80 kg for adults, 56.8 kg for adolescents, 26.5 kg for children and 6.8 kg for infants70 .
Santos A.G., da Rocha G.O, & de Andrade J.B. (2019). Occurrence of the potent mutagens 2- nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone in fine airborne particles. Scientific Reports, 9, 1.
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Publication 2019
Adolescent Adult Benzo(a)pyrene Body Weight Carcinogens Child derivatives Factor X Fibrinogen fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether Health Risk Assessment Infant Inhalation Inhalation Exposure Malignant Neoplasms Mutagens Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Population at Risk Population Group Respiratory Rate
3
Quantifying PAHs in Environmental Samples
Cited 15 times

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Publication 2015
2,2,4-trimethylpentane acenaphthylene Benzo(a)pyrene chrysene Environmental Pollutants fluoranthene naphthalene Perylene phenanthrene Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Solvents Technique, Dilution
4
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Quantification in Aquatic Environments
Cited 11 times
PAH standards (purities ≥ 99%) were obtained from ChemService, Inc. (West Chester, PA, USA). Target analytes included naphthalene (NAP), acenaphthene (ACE), acenaphthylene (ACY), fluorene (FLO), anthracene (ANT), phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLA), pyrene (PYR), chrysene (CHR), benz(a)anthracene (BAA), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BBF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BKF), benzo(a)pyrene (BAP), benzo(ghi)perylene (BPL), and indeno123(cd)pyrene (IPY). Cleanup and extraction solvents were pesticide or Optima® grade from Fisher Scientific (Fairlawn, NJ, USA).
Water quality data included temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, specific conductivity, oxidative-reductive potential (ORP) and nitrate and ammonium concentrations, and were collected at each site during sampler deployment and retrieval using a YSI® sonde. Additionally, grab samples were also taken at sampler deployment and retrieval at certain sites for analysis of total and dissolved organic carbon (TOC and DOC), as well as total suspended and total dissolved solids (TSS and TDS). The two measurements were averaged for each sampling event and results are summarized in Supporting Information.
SPMD field cleanup and laboratory extraction were performed as previously described (20 (link)) and in accordance with standard operating procedures and standard analytical methods. Quality control consisted of field blanks, trip blanks and field cleanup blanks. Laboratory quality control included reagent blanks, high and low concentration fortifications, and unexposed fortified SPMDs. Quality control resulted in duplicate sites average RSD equaling 15%, and target compounds in blanks were either non-detect or below levels of quantitation.
After extraction, samples were solvent exchanged into acetonitrile and analyzed by HPLC with diode-array and fluorescence detectors. DAD signals were 230 and 254 nm and FLD excitation and emissions were 230 and 332, 405, 460, respectively. Flow was 2.0 mL/min beginning with 40/60% acetonitrile and water and steadily ramping to 100% acetonitrile over a 28 minute run per column maker recommendations. Because the low molecular weight volatile compounds were impacted by the method solvent evaporation steps, SPMD concentrations were recovery corrected with method recovery averages ranging from 35% for NAP to 95% for BPL (Supporting Information Table S1).
The equation established for converting SPMD concentrations (CSPMD) to water concentrations (Cwater) using laboratory sampling rates (Rs) in L/day is:
Cwater=CSPMD•VSPMDRs•t where VSPMD is the volume of the sampler and t is the time in days. Laboratory sampling rates from the literature were used and temperature corrected using a trendline based on rates at three temperatures: 10, 18, and 26° C (9 , 21 (link)). Loads were calculated from the concentrations using USGS flow estimates at the Portland station. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel® 2003, SigmaStat® for t-tests and rank sum tests, S+® for principal component analysis and SigmaPlot® for graphing.
Sower G, & Anderson K.A. (2008). Spatial and temporal variation of freely dissolved PAHs in an urban river undergoing Superfund remediation. Environmental science & technology, 42(24), 9065-9071.
Publication 2008
acenaphthene acenaphthylene acetonitrile Ammonium anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene chrysene Dissolved Organic Carbon Electric Conductivity fluoranthene fluorene Fluorescence High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies naphthalene Nitrates Oxidation-Reduction Oxygen Perylene Pesticides phenanthrene pyrene Scapuloperoneal Myopathy, MYH7-Related Solvents
5
Urinary PAH Metabolites as Biomarkers
Cited 8 times
Total exposure to PAH was evaluated by analyzing 4 different PAH metabolites in urine. These metabolites have been suggested as biomarkers for PAH exposure. 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR) is a metabolite of pyrene and has been extensively used as a proxy for total exposure to PAH. For exposure to benzo[a]pyrene, we measured the metabolite 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH-BaP)34 (link); for exposure to phenanthrene and benzo[a]anthracene, we measured the metabolites 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (2-OH-PH) and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]anthracene (3-OH-BaA)36 (link), respectively.
Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS; QTRAP 5500, AB Sciex, Foster City, CA, USA) was used for measurement of PAH metabolites in urine. The urine samples were prepared in 96-well plates and hydrolysed using glucuronidase. Internal standards for all PAH metabolites were added. For analysis of 1-OH-PYR and 2-OH-PH, sample aliquots of 5 µL were injected onto a C18 column57 (link). For analysis of 3-OH-BaA and 3-OH-BaP, sample aliquots of 20 µL were injected onto a two-dimensional LC system with two analytical columns. Concentrations were determined by peak area ratios of the analytes versus the internal standards. All samples were prepared in duplicate and the average concentration of the duplicate samples was used. For more details, see Supplementary Methods and Supplementary Table S6.
A hand refractometer was used to measure the specific gravity (SG) of urine. PAH metabolite concentrations in urine (C) were adjusted for SG according to Cadjusted = C(measured) × (1.020 − 1)/(ρ − 1), where C(measured) was the determined concentration in a urine sample, ρ was the measured SG for the same sample, and 1.020 was the average SG of all urine samples in this study. Urinary creatinine was measured by an enzymatic colorimetric method58 (link). We adjusted PAH metabolites in urine to the creatinine concentrations for comparison with other studies (Supplementary Table S2).
Alhamdow A., Lindh C., Albin M., Gustavsson P., Tinnerberg H, & Broberg K. (2017). Early markers of cardiovascular disease are associated with occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Scientific Reports, 7, 9426.
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Publication 2017
1-hydroxypyrene 3-hydroxybenz(a)anthracene 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene beta-Glucuronidase Biological Markers Colorimetry Creatinine Enzymes Liquid Chromatography phenanthrene pyrene Tandem Mass Spectrometry Urine

Most recents protocols related to «Benzo(a)pyrene»

1
Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Dopamine Hydrochloride (DA·HCl, 98%) and octadecylamine (GC, >97%) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (China). Tris(hydroxymethyl)-amino methane (Tris, 99%) was obtained from Nanjing SunShine Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China). Acetonitrile (ACN) was of HPLC grade and purchased from TEDIA (USA). Other chemicals were of analytical grade. The sample vials were obtained from ANW Technologies (China). The normal saline for injection (Shijiazhuang Four Drugs Co., Ltd., 0.9%), benzylpenicillin sodium for injection (Shandong Lukang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 160 million units per 96 g) and omeprazole sodium for injection (Jiangsu Wuzhong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., 40 mg) were commercial products.
Standard mixtures of the 16 PAHs with 200 μg mL−1 of each compound dissolved in acetonitrile (for HPLC analysis) was obtained from Manhage Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (China). The 16 PAHs were naphthalene (NAP), acenaphthylene (ANY), acenaphthene (ANA), fluorene (FLU), phenanthrene (PHE), anthracene (ANT), fluoranthene (FLT), pyrene (PYR), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1,2,3 cd]pyrene (IPY), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) and benzo[ghi]perylene (BPE). The PAHs stock solution was prepared with acetonitrile at the concentration of each at 2 μg mL−1, and kept at 4 °C in darkness. PAHs working solutions were prepared by the dilution of the stock solution.
Yang H., Ding Y., Ding Y, & Liu J. (2023). In-vial solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drug formulations stored in packaging containing rubber. RSC Advances, 13(12), 7848-7856.
Publication 2023
acenaphthene acenaphthylene acetonitrile anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene chrysene Darkness fluoranthene fluorene High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Hydrochloride, Dopamine Methane naphthalene Normal Saline Omeprazole Sodium Penicillin G Sodium Perylene Pharmaceutical Preparations phenanthrene Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic pyrene stearamine Sunlight Technique, Dilution Tromethamine
2
Quantitative Analysis of 16 PAHs in Soil
The soil samples were tested for the following 16 USEPA priority PAHs: acenaphthene (Ace), benzo (ghi)perylene (BghiP), anthracene (Ant), acenaphthylene (Acy), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), chrysene (Chr), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DahA), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), fluorene (Flo), fluoranthene (Fluo), indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene (IcdP), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), naphthalene (Nap), pyrene (Pyr) and phenanthrene (Phe). Analytical procedures and sample preparation methods in this research were comparable to those mentioned in previous reports.5,11,40–42 (link) The samples were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS, Agilent 6890N GC-5975 MSD) for the 16 PAHs. Text S2 gives a detailed description of the chemical analysis, analytical procedures, and sample preparation.
Janneh M., Qu C., Zhang Y., Xing X., Nkwazema O., Nyihirani F, & Qi S. (2023). Distribution, sources, and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural and dumpsite soils in Sierra Leone. RSC Advances, 13(11), 7102-7116.
Publication 2023
acenaphthene acenaphthylene anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene chrysene fluoranthene fluorene Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry naphthalene Perylene phenanthrene Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic pyrene
3
Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Biochar
Concentrations of 16 PAHs were determined in biochar, including 2-ring [naphthalene-(Nap)], 3-ring [acenaphthene (Ace)], acenaphthylene (Acy), fluorene (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant)], 4-ring [fluoranthene (Fla)], pyrene (Pyr), chrysene (Chr), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), 5-ring [benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF)], benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DahA)], 6-ring [indeno-1,2,3-cd-pyrene (IcdP)], and benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP)]. Extraction and quantification of PAHs were conducted following the procedure described by Hilber et al. 2012. Briefly, the PAHs were extracted using the Soxhlet extraction method with 100% toluene for 36 h [36 (link)]; after which, 1 g of dried and homogenized biochar was briefly added to the sleeves of the Soxhlet extractor for 36 h with toluene. After extraction, the volume of the solvent was reduced to 10 mL using a rotary vacuum evaporator and then to approximately 1 mL using nitrogen. The extract was then spiked with 15 μL of the recovery standard (250 ng acenaphthene-d10 in toluene) and concentrated to 1 mL using GC-MS. Targeted PAHs were identified and quantified using a Thermo Scientific™ TSQ 8000™ triple–quadrupole GC-MS/MS system, equipped with a Thermo Scientific™ TRACE™ 1310 GC with an SSL Instant Connect™ SSL module and Thermo Scientific™ TriPlus™ RSH autosampler. The injection mode was splitless, with a splitless injection volume of 1 μL and a time of 1.0 min. A DB-5MS GC column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) was used. The carrier gas used was 99.99% pure He at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The temperature program was set at 100 °C, 1 min; 10 °C/min to 160 °C, 4 min; and 10 °C/min to 250 °C, 2 min. The ionization mode used was EI with 70 eV, the ion source temperature was 250 °C, and single reaction monitoring was used with a transition setup automatically built up by Auto SRM software.
Alharbi H.A., Alotaibi K.D., EL-Saeid M.H, & Giesy J.P. (2023). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Metals in Diverse Biochar Products: Effect of Feedstock Type and Pyrolysis Temperature. Toxics, 11(2), 96.
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Publication 2023
acenaphthene acenaphthylene anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene biochar chrysene fluoranthene fluorene Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry naphthalene Nitrogen Perylene phenanthrene Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic pyrene Solvents Toluene Vacuum
4
Comprehensive Heavy Metal and PAH Analysis
After microwave digestion with 65% HNO3, the concentrations of heavy metals (including Pb, Zn, Ba, Cu, Sr, Mn, Cr, Ni and Cd) in the samples were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). After sonication with ultrapure water and filtration through the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes with a pore size of 0.22 μm, the concentrations of the water-soluble ions (including Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F−, Cl−, SO42− and NO3−) and WSOC in the samples were determined by an ion chromatograph (IC, Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and a total organic carbon analyzer (TOC-L, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), respectively. After adding the internal standard solution and dichloromethane, the samples were subjected to ultrasonic filtration and rotary evaporation. Then, PAHs concentrations in the samples were measured by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). According to the list of class I and class II carcinogens published by IARC, 15 PAHs were detected in this study, including naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthylene (AcPy), acenaphthene (Acp), fluorene (Flu), phenanthrene (PA), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (FL), pyrene (Pyr), benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]A), chrysene (CHR), benzo[b&k]fluoranthene (B[b&k]F), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IND), Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBA) and Benzo[g,h,i]perylene (B[ghi]P). The standard curves of all tested substances were linear (r2 > 0.997). The blank samples with standard reference were analyzed in parallel with tested samples. The recovery rates of all tested substances were within 100 ± 15%. Further method details and instrumental conditions were given in Tables S1–S3.
Ge P., Liu Z., Chen M., Cui Y., Cao M, & Liu X. (2023). Chemical Characteristics and Cytotoxicity to GC-2spd(ts) Cells of PM2.5 in Nanjing Jiangbei New Area from 2015 to 2019. Toxics, 11(2), 92.
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Publication 2023
acenaphthene acenaphthylene anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Carbon Carcinogens Chromatography chrysene Digestion Filtration fluoranthene fluorene Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry Metals, Heavy Methylene Chloride Microwaves naphthalene Perylene phenanthrene Plasma Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Polytetrafluoroethylene pyrene Tissue, Membrane Ultrasonics
5
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Cytotoxicity Evaluation
The following tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) involved in the study were obtained as follows: dasatinib (DAS; MW 488.01; CAS 302962-49-8) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA), erlotinib (ERL; MW 393.4 CAS; 183321-74-6) from Apollo Scientific (Chesire, UK), nilotinib (NIL; MW 529.5; CAS 641571-10-0) from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), regorafenib (REG; MW 482.8; CAS 755037-03-7) from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co (Tokyo, Japan), and sorafenib (SOR; MW 464.8 CAS; 284461-73-0) from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). Stock solutions were prepared in DMSO (Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA)): dasatinib (102.5 mM), erlotinib (58.2 mM), nilotinib (94.4 mM), regorafenib (103.6 mM), and sorafenib (107.6 mM). They were aliquoted, and stored at −20 °C.
Etoposide (ET; MW 588.6; CAS 33419-42-0) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P; MW 252.3; CAS 50-32-8) from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) were used as positive controls. Stock solutions of etoposide (42.3 mM) and BaP (9.8 mM) were prepared sterile in DMSO, aliquoted, and stored at −20 °C.
Other chemicals were obtained as follows: HEPES and epidermal growth factor, Ethidium Monoazide Bromide (EMA), SYTOX™Green, Hoechst 33258 from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA); 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), acridine orange (AO), cytohalasin-B, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethidium bromide (EtBr), low-melting-point (LMP) agarose, normal-melting-point (NMP) agarose, methanol, sucrose from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA); penicillin/streptomycin, L-glutamine, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) from PAA Laboratories (Dartmouth, MA, USA); Leibovitz L-15 medium and foetal bovine serum for ZFL cells from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA); Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium and Ham’s F-12 medium from Gibco (Waltham, MA, USA); Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) from Gibco, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, CA, USA); Triton X-100 from Fisher Sciences (Waltham, MA, USA); citric acid, paraformaldehyde, ribonuclease inhibitor, sodium chloride, sodium citrate from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Kološa K., Žegura B., Štampar M., Filipič M, & Novak M. (2023). Adverse Toxic Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on Non-Target Zebrafish Liver (ZFL) Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3894.
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Publication 2023
Acridine Orange Benzo(a)pyrene Bromides Cells Citric Acid Dasatinib Eagle Edetic Acid Epidermal growth factor Erlotinib Ethidium Bromide Etoposide Fetal Bovine Serum Glutamine HEPES Hoechst 33258 Methanol nilotinib paraform Penicillins Phosphates regorafenib Ribonucleases Saline Solution Sepharose Sodium Chloride Sodium Citrate Sorafenib Sterility, Reproductive Streptomycin Sucrose Sulfoxide, Dimethyl SYTOX Green Triton X-100 Trypsin

Top products related to «Benzo(a)pyrene»

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Benzo a pyrene by Merck Group
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Benzo[a]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon commonly used as a reference compound in various laboratory applications. It serves as a standard for analytical techniques and is often employed in research, environmental monitoring, and regulatory compliance testing.
2
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Macao, India, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Brazil, Czechia, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia, Slovakia, Cameroon, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Finland, Malaysia, Latvia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Uruguay, Bangladesh
DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
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Phenanthrene by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, France, China, Spain
Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that consists of three fused benzene rings. It is a crystalline solid at room temperature. Phenanthrene is commonly used as a laboratory reagent and in the synthesis of other chemical compounds.
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Benzo b fluoranthene by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Benzo(b)fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound. It is used as a reference standard and analytical reagent in laboratory settings.
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Fluoranthene by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Canada
Fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound. It is a solid, crystalline substance used as a chemical standard and reference material in various analytical and research applications.
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Mitomycin c by Merck Group
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Mitomycin C is a laboratory reagent used in cell biology and cancer research. It is a potent DNA cross-linking agent that inhibits DNA synthesis and cell division. Mitomycin C is commonly used to study cellular processes and as a positive control in various cell-based assays.
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Naphthalene by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom
Naphthalene is a crystalline compound with the chemical formula C₁₀H₈. It is a common organic chemical used in various industrial and laboratory applications. Naphthalene is a colorless, volatile solid with a distinctive odor. It is known for its high melting and boiling points. The core function of naphthalene is as a chemical building block and intermediate in the production of other organic compounds.
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Anthracene by Merck Group
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Anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound with the chemical formula C14H10. It is a crystalline solid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent and in the production of various organic compounds.
9
Chrysene by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Chrysene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound. It is a solid crystalline material at room temperature. Chrysene is commonly used as a reference standard in analytical chemistry and environmental monitoring applications.
10
Acenaphthylene by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Canada
Acenaphthylene is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C₁₂H₈. Acenaphthylene is a colorless crystalline solid with a distinct odor.

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