Two adult rhesus macaques (Table 1 ; one 13-year-old male and one 4.5-year-old female) were deeply anesthetized with intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg i.v., Fatal-Plus, Vortech Pharmaceuticals, Dearborn, MI) and perfused transcardially with ice cold 1% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 2 minutes at a rate of 250 ml/min, followed by ice cold 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 10 minutes at a rate of 250 ml/minute, then continued for another 50 minutes at a rate of 100 ml/min. The monkey’s head was packed in ice for the entire duration of the perfusion. The brains were extracted immediately following perfusion and postfixed for 6 hours in the same fixative at 4°C under constant, gentle agitation. Brains were then immersed in a cryoprotective solution made of 10% glycerol and 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) in 0.1M phosphate buffer for 24 hours at 4°C, followed by 72 hours in 20% glycerol and 2% DMSO in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at 4°C. Finally, the brains were cut into three blocks in the coronal plane using a histological blade, then flash frozen in isopentane (2-methyl-butane, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) cooled in a 100% ethanol dry ice bath. The blocks were then wrapped with aluminum foil and stored at −70°C until cutting.
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Butane
Butane
Butane is a colorless, odorless, flammable gas used as a fuel and in the production of other chemicals.
It is a simple alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C4H10.
Butane has a wide range of applications, including as a propellant in aerosol products, a refrigerant, and a component of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas.
It is also used in the synthesis of other organic compounds.
Reasearchers can optimize their butane studies with PubCompare.ai, which uses AI-powered comparissons to easily locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This enhances reproducibilty and accuaracy, allowing scientists to discover the most reilable methods for their butane research.
It is a simple alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C4H10.
Butane has a wide range of applications, including as a propellant in aerosol products, a refrigerant, and a component of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas.
It is also used in the synthesis of other organic compounds.
Reasearchers can optimize their butane studies with PubCompare.ai, which uses AI-powered comparissons to easily locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This enhances reproducibilty and accuaracy, allowing scientists to discover the most reilable methods for their butane research.
Most cited protocols related to «Butane»
Adult
Aluminum
Bath
Brain
Buffers
Common Cold
Dry Ice
Ethanol
Females
Fixatives
Freezing
Glycerin
Head
isopentane
Macaca mulatta
Males
Monkeys
paraform
Pentobarbital Sodium
Perfusion
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Phosphates
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
All calculations were performed using the Sander module in the AMBER8(47 ) package that was modified to carry out the accelerated MD simulations. The GAFF force field was used to describe the solute in all simulations. The butane molecule was solvated in a periodic box of explicit TIP3P waters,(48 ) which extends on each side 10 Å from the closest atom of the solute, by using the Leap module in AMBER. To bring the system to its correct density, we carried out an MD simulation for 1 ns in which the NPT ensemble (T = 300 K, P = 1 atm) was applied. All data collection was carried out over MD simulations of 1 ns, during which the NVT ensemble (T = 300 K, density= 0.984 g/mL) was applied. The final configuration was then used as the starting point for the propane → propane simulations. In both systems, butane and propane → propane simulations, each solute atom was assigned with zero partial charge. The free energy change was calculated by varying λ form 0 (initial state) to 1 (final state). All TI simulations were carried out using seven discrete points of λ, which were determined by Gaussian quadrature formulas. Normal and accelerated MD simulations of 500 ps were carried out for each λ point. The NVT ensemble was used in all TI simulations. Temperature and pressure were controlled via a weak coupling to external temperature and pressure baths(49 ) with coupling constants of 0.5 and 1.0 ps, respectively. Apart from all TI simulations where the time step was set to 1 fs, the equations of motion were integrated with a step length of 2.0 fs using the Verlet Leapfrog algorithm.(50 ) For further analysis, the trajectory was saved every 1.0 ps. The PME summation method was used to treat the long-range electrostatic interactions in the minimization and simulation steps.51 ,52 The short-range nonbonded interactions were truncated using a 8 Å cutoff, and the nonbonded pair list was updated every 20 steps.
Amber
Bath
butane
Debility
Diet, Formula
Electrostatics
Pressure
Propane
Serum samples from both cohorts are centrifuged and aliquoted prior to storage at −80 °C at cohort sites and later stored at −20 °C at the Environmental Chemical Laboratory at the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), which quantified 12 PFAS in both cohorts (perfluoro butane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS), perflucorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDeA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetic acid (Me-PFOSA-AcOH), ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetic acid (Et-PFOSA-AcOH)). The samples are extracted and analyzed using a Symbiosis Pharma automated online solid-phase extraction system (Spark Holland) coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to quantify PFAS. The method detection limit (MDL) is calculated as 3 times the standard deviation of the blank concentrations for all PFAS [33 (link)]. Values below the MDL are assigned the machine read value if a signal is detected. Those below the MDL where no signal is obtained are coded as missing. Additional information regarding PFAS measurement is provided elsewhere [33 (link),34 (link)].
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Acetic Acid
Acids
Alkanesulfonates
Butanes
Laboratory Chemicals
Liquid Chromatography
perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid
perfluorodecanoic acid
perfluorododecanoic acid
perfluorooctanesulfonamide
perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluoroundecanoic acid
Serum
Solid Phase Extraction
Sulfonic Acids
Symbiosis
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Toxic Substances, Environmental
Vinegar
Most recents protocols related to «Butane»
In a 300-mL two-necked round-bottomed flask
equipped with
a magnetic stirring bar and a rubber septum, NaOH (14.1 g, 353 mmol)
and H2O (50 mL) were added, respectively.12 (link) The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C and butane-1,4-diol
(9.01 g, 100 mmol) in THF (40 mL) and TsCl (41.9 g, 220 mmol) in THF
(100 mL) were added to this reaction mixture. The mixture was stirred
for 20 h at 0 °C. The pH was adjusted to 5–6 with 2 M
H2SO4 solution to quench the reaction. The mixture
was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 30 mL). The combined organic
phases were washed with H2O (3 × 30 mL), dried (with
Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo to give a
crude product, which was recrystallized from ethyl acetatete/methanol
(1:1) to give the titled compound2a (29.9 g, 75%).
equipped with
a magnetic stirring bar and a rubber septum, NaOH (14.1 g, 353 mmol)
and H2O (50 mL) were added, respectively.12 (link) The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C and butane-1,4-diol
(9.01 g, 100 mmol) in THF (40 mL) and TsCl (41.9 g, 220 mmol) in THF
(100 mL) were added to this reaction mixture. The mixture was stirred
for 20 h at 0 °C. The pH was adjusted to 5–6 with 2 M
H2SO4 solution to quench the reaction. The mixture
was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 30 mL). The combined organic
phases were washed with H2O (3 × 30 mL), dried (with
Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo to give a
crude product, which was recrystallized from ethyl acetatete/methanol
(1:1) to give the titled compound
1H NMR (250 MHz, DMSO) δ = 0.97 (m, 6H), 1.40 (s, 4H), 1.53 (s, 4H), 3.04 (m, 10H) ppm. 13C NMR (62.5 MHz, DMSO): 13.9, 22.0, 25.6, 51.3 ppm.
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In a 300-mL two-necked round-bottomed flask equipped
with a magnetic stirring bar, a rubber septum and an argon balloon,
NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 6.60 g, 165 mmol) and THF (50
mL) were added, respectively. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0
°C, and 18-crown-6 (3.96 g, 15.0 mmol) in THF (20 mL) and ethyl
2-hydroxypropanoate (19 mL, 165 mmol) in THF (35 mL) were added to
this reaction mixture. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0 °C;
then, butane-1,4-diyl bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate)2a (29.9 g, 75.0 mmol) within THF (55 mL) was added to the reaction
mixture. The reaction mixture was warmed to reflux and stirred for
6 h. The pH was adjusted to 7 with 2 M H2SO4 solution to quench the reaction. The whole mixture was extracted
with diethyl ether (5 × 10 mL). The combined organic phases were
washed with brine (20 mL), dried (with Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo to give a crude product. The crude product
was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (n-hexane/ethyl acetate = 2:1) to give the title compound3a (7.81 g, 36%). Yellow oil; 1H NMR (500 MHz,
CDCl3) δ 4.25–4.17 (m, 4H), 3.99–3.89
(m, 2H), 3.63–3.57 (m, 2H), 3.44–3.36 (m, 2H), 1.73–1.67
(m, 4H), 1.41–1.37 (m, 6H), 1.32–1.27 (m, 6H); 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ
173.6, 75.0, 69.9, 69.9, 60.7, 26.3, 26.3, 18.6, 14.2; IR (neat) 2984,
2939, 2906, 2873, 1746, 1448, 1372, 1269, 1197, 1147, 1122, 755 cm–1; HRMS (EI) m/z:
[M-C3H5O2]+ calcd for
C11H21O4 217.1440, found 217.1439.
with a magnetic stirring bar, a rubber septum and an argon balloon,
NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 6.60 g, 165 mmol) and THF (50
mL) were added, respectively. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0
°C, and 18-crown-6 (3.96 g, 15.0 mmol) in THF (20 mL) and ethyl
2-hydroxypropanoate (19 mL, 165 mmol) in THF (35 mL) were added to
this reaction mixture. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0 °C;
then, butane-1,4-diyl bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate)
mixture. The reaction mixture was warmed to reflux and stirred for
6 h. The pH was adjusted to 7 with 2 M H2SO4 solution to quench the reaction. The whole mixture was extracted
with diethyl ether (5 × 10 mL). The combined organic phases were
washed with brine (20 mL), dried (with Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo to give a crude product. The crude product
was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (n-hexane/ethyl acetate = 2:1) to give the title compound
CDCl3) δ 4.25–4.17 (m, 4H), 3.99–3.89
(m, 2H), 3.63–3.57 (m, 2H), 3.44–3.36 (m, 2H), 1.73–1.67
(m, 4H), 1.41–1.37 (m, 6H), 1.32–1.27 (m, 6H); 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ
173.6, 75.0, 69.9, 69.9, 60.7, 26.3, 26.3, 18.6, 14.2; IR (neat) 2984,
2939, 2906, 2873, 1746, 1448, 1372, 1269, 1197, 1147, 1122, 755 cm–1; HRMS (EI) m/z:
[M-C3H5O2]+ calcd for
C11H21O4 217.1440, found 217.1439.
Stoichiometric tests were carried out in situ for the biomass of the 1.12 l ethane parent reactor on Days 490, 522, and 559 to investigate nitrogen and electron balances. For stoichiometry determination of nitrate reduction coupled to anaerobic butane oxidation, triplicate batch tests were conducted in 650 ml glass vessels with a subsample of 500 ml biomass anaerobically transferred from the 2.3 l butane parent bioreactor. Total amounts of ethane/butane and N2 were calculated by considering ethane/butane/N2 in both the headspace (monitored) and liquid phase (calculated with Henry’s law). Two negative control groups were set up in 600 ml bottles: (i) control groups containing only enriched cultures and nitrate (ethane/butane was removed by flushing the bottles with pure argon gas for 20 min); (ii) abiotic control groups without enriched cultures (only synthetic medium containing ethane/butane and nitrate was provided).
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Activated sludge (50 ml) and anaerobic digestion sludge (100 ml) from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (Luggage Point, Brisbane, Australia) were used as inoculum for the ethane and n-butane (hereafter butane) bioreactor enrichment. This choice of inoculum was based on previous successful enrichment of anaerobic propane degradation bacteria from this source and the small quantities of ethane and butane detected in anaerobic digestion systems [36 (link)]. The incubations with ethane or butane as a sole carbon source were set up in a lab bioreactor with a volume of 1.12 and 2.3 l, respectively. An anoxic mineral medium [16 (link)] of 0.67 and 1.69 l was initially added to the ethane and butane reactor (~1:4.5 and 1:11.3 of sludge to medium ratios, respectively), leaving a headspace of 0.3 and 0.46 l, respectively. The ethane/butane reactors were periodically flushed with pure ethane/butane gas (99.99%, Coregas, Australia) to maintain the ethane/butane partial pressure in the headspace between 0.9 and 1.2 atm. A concentrated stock solution (80 g NO3−N l−1) was manually pulse-fed to the reactors to replenish NO3− to 20–30 mg N l−1. The bioreactors were continuously mixed using a magnetic stirrer (IKA, Labtek, Australia) at 650 rpm and operated in a thermostatic chamber (35 ± 1°C). Every 1–4 months, the stirrers were stopped for 24 h to allow biomass to settle, and the supernatant of 0.2–0.8 l was then replaced with fresh medium. The pH was manually adjusted to 6.8–7.5 using a 1 M anoxic HCl solution. Liquid samples (0.4–0.6 ml each) were collected periodically (2–5 samples per week) and filtered immediately using a 0.22 μm membrane filter (polyethersulfone filter, Millex, USA) for the analysis of NO3−, NO2−, and NH4+. A gas sample (100 μl) from the headspace was withdrawn regularly (three to five times per week) using a gas-tight syringe (1710 SLSYR, Hamilton) for the determination of C2H6 and N2.
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Top products related to «Butane»
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2-methylbutane is a hydrocarbon compound with the chemical formula C5H12. It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a distinct odor. 2-methylbutane is commonly used as a reference standard in analytical chemistry and as a fuel component.
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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
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The Leica CM3050S is a cryostat designed for sectioning frozen tissue samples. It features a cooling system that maintains a precise temperature range and enables the creation of high-quality tissue sections. The instrument is engineered to provide consistent and reliable performance for various applications in histology and pathology laboratories.
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Trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino) butane (E64) is a cysteine protease inhibitor. It functions by inhibiting cysteine proteases, which are enzymes involved in various biological processes.
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SADABS is a software program developed by Bruker for the empirical determination of absorption corrections in single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. It provides a robust and reliable method to account for the effects of sample absorption, improving the accuracy of the collected data.
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The APEX2 is a high-performance X-ray diffractometer designed for single-crystal analysis. It features a state-of-the-art CCD detector and a high-intensity X-ray source, providing rapid data collection and high-quality results. The APEX2 is a versatile instrument that can be used for a wide range of applications in materials science, chemistry, and structural biology.
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Methylbutane is a chemical compound used in laboratory settings. It is a colorless, flammable gas with a distinct odor. Methylbutane serves as a reagent and intermediate in various chemical processes and analyses.
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L-trans-Epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido (4-guanidino) butane (E-64) is a lab equipment product. It is a protease inhibitor that specifically and irreversibly inhibits cysteine proteases.
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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Tissue-Tek is a line of laboratory equipment designed for the processing and embedding of tissue samples. It provides a comprehensive solution for tissue preparation, enabling consistent and reliable results for various clinical and research applications.
More about "Butane"
Butane, a colorless and odorless flammable gas, is a versatile chemical with a wide range of applications.
As a simple alkane hydrocarbon with the formula C4H10, it serves as a fuel, refrigerant, and a component in various products like aerosols and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Butane's chemical structure and properties make it a valuable precursor in organic synthesis, allowing researchers to create a diverse array of other compounds. 2-methylbutane, also known as isopentane, is a closely related isomer with similar uses.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is another important solvent that is often used in butane-related studies, particularly in the context of chemical reactions and product purification.
Researchers can optimize their butane research using advanced tools like PubCompare.ai, which leverages AI-powered comparisons to identify the most reliable protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This enhances reproducibility and accuracy, enabling scientists to discover the most reliable methods for their butane-focused experiments.
Complementary techniques like SADABS (semi-empirical absorption correction) and APEX2 (software for single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collection and processing) can also be valuable in butane research, providing insights into the physical and structural properties of butane and related compounds.
Methylbutane, also known as 3-methylbutane or t-amyl alcohol, is another closely related alkane that shares many characteristics with butane.
The enzyme inhibitor L-trans-Epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido (4-guanidino) butane, or E-64, is also relevant in some butane-related studies, particularly those involving biological systems or catalytic processes.
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) may be used as a supplementary component in cell culture media when studying the effects of butane or related compounds on biological systems.
Tissue-Tek, a brand of embedding medium, can also be useful in preparing samples for microscopic analysis of butane-related materials.
By understanding the broader context of butane and its related terms, researchers can optimize their investigations, enhance reproducibility, and discover the most reliable methods for their butane-focused studies.
As a simple alkane hydrocarbon with the formula C4H10, it serves as a fuel, refrigerant, and a component in various products like aerosols and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Butane's chemical structure and properties make it a valuable precursor in organic synthesis, allowing researchers to create a diverse array of other compounds. 2-methylbutane, also known as isopentane, is a closely related isomer with similar uses.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is another important solvent that is often used in butane-related studies, particularly in the context of chemical reactions and product purification.
Researchers can optimize their butane research using advanced tools like PubCompare.ai, which leverages AI-powered comparisons to identify the most reliable protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This enhances reproducibility and accuracy, enabling scientists to discover the most reliable methods for their butane-focused experiments.
Complementary techniques like SADABS (semi-empirical absorption correction) and APEX2 (software for single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collection and processing) can also be valuable in butane research, providing insights into the physical and structural properties of butane and related compounds.
Methylbutane, also known as 3-methylbutane or t-amyl alcohol, is another closely related alkane that shares many characteristics with butane.
The enzyme inhibitor L-trans-Epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido (4-guanidino) butane, or E-64, is also relevant in some butane-related studies, particularly those involving biological systems or catalytic processes.
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) may be used as a supplementary component in cell culture media when studying the effects of butane or related compounds on biological systems.
Tissue-Tek, a brand of embedding medium, can also be useful in preparing samples for microscopic analysis of butane-related materials.
By understanding the broader context of butane and its related terms, researchers can optimize their investigations, enhance reproducibility, and discover the most reliable methods for their butane-focused studies.