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Butane

Butane is a colorless, odorless, flammable gas used as a fuel and in the production of other chemicals.
It is a simple alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C4H10.
Butane has a wide range of applications, including as a propellant in aerosol products, a refrigerant, and a component of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas.
It is also used in the synthesis of other organic compounds.
Reasearchers can optimize their butane studies with PubCompare.ai, which uses AI-powered comparissons to easily locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This enhances reproducibilty and accuaracy, allowing scientists to discover the most reilable methods for their butane research.

Most cited protocols related to «Butane»

Two adult rhesus macaques (Table 1; one 13-year-old male and one 4.5-year-old female) were deeply anesthetized with intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg i.v., Fatal-Plus, Vortech Pharmaceuticals, Dearborn, MI) and perfused transcardially with ice cold 1% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 2 minutes at a rate of 250 ml/min, followed by ice cold 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 10 minutes at a rate of 250 ml/minute, then continued for another 50 minutes at a rate of 100 ml/min. The monkey’s head was packed in ice for the entire duration of the perfusion. The brains were extracted immediately following perfusion and postfixed for 6 hours in the same fixative at 4°C under constant, gentle agitation. Brains were then immersed in a cryoprotective solution made of 10% glycerol and 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) in 0.1M phosphate buffer for 24 hours at 4°C, followed by 72 hours in 20% glycerol and 2% DMSO in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at 4°C. Finally, the brains were cut into three blocks in the coronal plane using a histological blade, then flash frozen in isopentane (2-methyl-butane, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) cooled in a 100% ethanol dry ice bath. The blocks were then wrapped with aluminum foil and stored at −70°C until cutting.
Publication 2009
Adult Aluminum Bath Brain Buffers Common Cold Dry Ice Ethanol Females Fixatives Freezing Glycerin Head isopentane Macaca mulatta Males Monkeys paraform Pentobarbital Sodium Perfusion Pharmaceutical Preparations Phosphates Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
All calculations were performed using the Sander module in the AMBER8(47 ) package that was modified to carry out the accelerated MD simulations. The GAFF force field was used to describe the solute in all simulations. The butane molecule was solvated in a periodic box of explicit TIP3P waters,(48 ) which extends on each side 10 Å from the closest atom of the solute, by using the Leap module in AMBER. To bring the system to its correct density, we carried out an MD simulation for 1 ns in which the NPT ensemble (T = 300 K, P = 1 atm) was applied. All data collection was carried out over MD simulations of 1 ns, during which the NVT ensemble (T = 300 K, density= 0.984 g/mL) was applied. The final configuration was then used as the starting point for the propane → propane simulations. In both systems, butane and propane → propane simulations, each solute atom was assigned with zero partial charge. The free energy change was calculated by varying λ form 0 (initial state) to 1 (final state). All TI simulations were carried out using seven discrete points of λ, which were determined by Gaussian quadrature formulas. Normal and accelerated MD simulations of 500 ps were carried out for each λ point. The NVT ensemble was used in all TI simulations. Temperature and pressure were controlled via a weak coupling to external temperature and pressure baths(49 ) with coupling constants of 0.5 and 1.0 ps, respectively. Apart from all TI simulations where the time step was set to 1 fs, the equations of motion were integrated with a step length of 2.0 fs using the Verlet Leapfrog algorithm.(50 ) For further analysis, the trajectory was saved every 1.0 ps. The PME summation method was used to treat the long-range electrostatic interactions in the minimization and simulation steps.51 ,52 The short-range nonbonded interactions were truncated using a 8 Å cutoff, and the nonbonded pair list was updated every 20 steps.
Publication 2008
Amber Bath butane Debility Diet, Formula Electrostatics Pressure Propane
Hippocampal slices that received TBS, together with paired control slices from the same mice, were collected at specified post-stimulation time points to evaluate dendritic spine levels of GTP-bound (activated) Rac1 or phosphorylated (p) PAK (Ser141), respectively. Specifically, double-immunolabeling for pPAK and the postsynaptic scaffold protein PSD95 or for Rac1-GTP and cofilin was performed (Chen et al., 2007 (link)). Cofilin was used as a spine marker in combination with localization of Rac1-GTP because the antisera are raised in different species and our work has shown that cofilin is highly localized within hippocampal dendritic spines (Chen et al., 2007 (link)). For experiments evaluating basal levels of PAK, adult mouse brains were fast-frozen in 2-methyl butane (-45°C) and cryostat sectioned on the coronal plane at 20 μm. The slide-mounted tissue was fixed in -20°C methanol for 15 min and processed for dual immunohistochemical localization of PAK3 and PSD95. Primary antisera used included mouse anti-PSD95 (1:1000; #1-054 Affinity BioReagents/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL), rabbit anti-cofilin (1:250; #ACFL02, Cytoskeleton, Denver, CO), mouse anti-Rac1-GTP (1:1000, #26903 NewEast Biosciences, Malvern, PA), rabbit anti-phospho-PAK1,2,3 Ser141 (1:100; #44-940G, Invitrogen), and rabbit anti-PAK3 (1:500; #06-902, Millipore, Billerica, MA). Alexa488 anti-mouse IgG and Alexa594 anti-rabbit IgG (Invitrogen) were used for visualization.
In all cases a sample field of 136 × 105 × 3 μm (42,840 μm3) was photographed with a 63× objective (1.4 NA) and a CCD camera (Orca ER; Hamamatsu Photonics, Bridgewater, NJ). For LTP experiments, the sample field was placed between the two stimulating electrodes. For analysis of whole brain, sections through mid-septotemporal hippocampus were similarly evaluated. In all instances, digital Z-stacks (0.2 μm steps; 3 μm thick) were collected and processed for iterative deconvolution (Volocity 4.1 Restorative Deconvolution, Improvision, Walthem, MA). Automated in-house systems were then used to count single- or double-labeled puncta within the size range of dendritic spines. Three-dimensional (3D) analyses of spine immunofluorescent labeling in field CA1 str. radiatum were performed using a multiple intensity threshold series protocol as described (Rex et al., 2009 (link); Chen et al., 2010 (link); see Suppl. Fig. 1). Briefly, image Z-planes were normalized to a target background intensity (30% of maximum) and iteratively binarized at regular intensity thresholds (4% steps ranging from 39-78% of maximum) using exclusion criteria for object size and ellipticity, followed by dilation and erosion filtering. Repeated observations were binned and analyzed to assess object boundaries and discriminate neighboring objects. This process accurately identifies both faintly and densely labeled elements. Finally, analyses were reconstructed in 3D to calculate label volume and position. Multiple labels in the same image Z-stack were analyzed independently; immunolabeling for the two antigens (spine marker and the target protein) were considered colocalized if any overlap was detected between their respective boundaries. Counts of single-labeled and double-labeled elements from each section were then averaged to obtain a value for each slice or brain. Values in text and figures are group means ± sem. Significance was determined by ANOVA and individual comparisons by Tukey's HSD post-hoc test.
Publication 2010
Serum samples from both cohorts are centrifuged and aliquoted prior to storage at −80 °C at cohort sites and later stored at −20 °C at the Environmental Chemical Laboratory at the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), which quantified 12 PFAS in both cohorts (perfluoro butane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS), perflucorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDeA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetic acid (Me-PFOSA-AcOH), ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetic acid (Et-PFOSA-AcOH)). The samples are extracted and analyzed using a Symbiosis Pharma automated online solid-phase extraction system (Spark Holland) coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to quantify PFAS. The method detection limit (MDL) is calculated as 3 times the standard deviation of the blank concentrations for all PFAS [33 (link)]. Values below the MDL are assigned the machine read value if a signal is detected. Those below the MDL where no signal is obtained are coded as missing. Additional information regarding PFAS measurement is provided elsewhere [33 (link),34 (link)].
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Publication 2021
Acetic Acid Acids Alkanesulfonates Butanes Laboratory Chemicals Liquid Chromatography perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid perfluorodecanoic acid perfluorododecanoic acid perfluorooctanesulfonamide perfluorooctanoic acid perfluoroundecanoic acid Serum Solid Phase Extraction Sulfonic Acids Symbiosis Tandem Mass Spectrometry Toxic Substances, Environmental Vinegar
We performed MD simulations of butane, pentane, and hexane in vacuum and TMC278 with AGBNP implicit solvation [30 (link)]. The numbers of dihedral angles excluding methyl groups rotations are one for butane, two for pentane, and three for hexane. The chemical structure of TMC278, which contains five rotatable bonds is shown in Fig. 1. The OPLS 2005 force field was used.[31 (link)] We employed the Nosé-Hoover thermostat,[32 –34 (link)] whose equations of motion are r˙i=pimi,
p˙i=Fiζpi,
ζ˙=gkBQ(𝒯(t)T0), where ri, pi, mi, and Fi are coordinates, momentum, mass, and force of atom i, respectively. The variable ζ is a “viscosity” parameter for temperature control. The constant g is related to the number of atoms N as g = 3N − 6. The constant Q is the artificial “mass” for the thermostat. 𝒯 (t) and T0 are the instantaneous temperature and the set temperature, respectively. We integrated the equations of motion in Eqs. (2)(4) by the time-reversible algorithm by Martyna et al. [35 ]. We used the relation Q = gkBT0τ2 for the Nosé-Hoover thermostat[36 ] with a relaxation time of τ = 10 fs. The MD time step was set to Δt = 0.5 fs.
Serial molecular dynamics simulations were conducted at T0 = 300 K. We performed equilibration runs for 20 ns and then sampled conformations for 80 ns for the alkanes. For TMC 278, we performed an equilibration run for 50 ns and sampled conformations for 200 ns. Parallel replica exchange MD simulations were performed with four replicas at 300 K, 350 K, 400 K, and 450 K for the alkanes and with eight replicas at 300 K, 350 K, 400 K, 450 K, 500 K, 550 K, 600 K, and 650 K for TMC278. We performed REMD for 20 ns after 5 ns equilibration for the alkanes and for 25 ns after 6.25 ns equilibration runs for TMC278. The total sampling times are 80 ns for each alkane and 200 ns for TMC278. These sampling times are the same as for the corresponding serial MD simulations. Temperature exchanges were attempted 1 ps between adjacent temperatures and were accepted with probability w=min{1,exp[(βiβj)(EiEj)]}, where βi = 1/kBTi and βj = 1/kBTi are the inverse temperature before the exchange and Ei and Ej are the potential energies of replica i and j, respectively.
Dihedral angle distributions at a particular temperature can be calculated by simply binning the data from only the corresponding replica. We also calculated the dihedral angle distributions using the temperature WHAM method [29 (link), 37 ]: Pβ(ϕ)=Ei=1MNi(E,ϕ)eβEi=1MniefiβiE,
efi=ϕPβi(ϕ), where Pβ(ϕ) is the unnormalized angle distribution at inverse temperature β, M is the number of replicas, Ni(E, ϕ) is the histogram of potential energy, E, and dihedral angles ϕ = (ϕ1, ϕ2, …) at temperature Ti, and ni is the total number of samples at temperature Ti. Eqs. (6) and (7) are solved iteratively [29 (link)].
Dihedral angle distributions for the alkanes were also obtained by numerical grid integration of the corresponding partition functions. Let us suppose a model of an alkane with fixed bond lengths. This model has only internal degrees of freedom of dihedral angles ϕ0, ϕ1, … ϕn+1 and bond angles θ1, θ2,… θn+1, where the number of dihedral angles n is n = 1 for butane, n = 2 for pentane, and n = 3 for hexane. ϕ0 and ϕn+1 are the dihedral angles of the ends of the alkane chain, which include hydrogen atoms. Under these assumptions, the partition function Z of the molecule is given by Z=dϕ0dϕn+1dθ1dθn+1i=1n+1sinθiexp{βE(ϕ,θ)}, where the bold letters ϕ and θ denote the set of dihedral angles and bond angles, respectively. i=1n+1sinθi is the Jacobian for the ϕ and θ internal coordinates. The dihedral angle distribution P1, … , ϕn) is calculated from the partition function Z by P(ϕ1,,ϕn)=dϕ0dϕn+1dθ1dθn+1i=1n+1sinθiexp{βE(ϕ,θ)}dϕ0dϕn+1dθ1dθn+1i=1n+1sinθiexp{βE(ϕ,θ)}. The grid spacing of dihedral angles was set to 10°. Two grid points θeq and θeq + 4°, where θeq is the minimum energy bond angle, were employed for the bond angles integration (the potential energy of the cis conformation of butane is smallest for θ = θeq + 4°).
Publication 2009

Most recents protocols related to «Butane»

In a 300-mL two-necked round-bottomed flask
equipped with
a magnetic stirring bar and a rubber septum, NaOH (14.1 g, 353 mmol)
and H2O (50 mL) were added, respectively.12 (link) The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C and butane-1,4-diol
(9.01 g, 100 mmol) in THF (40 mL) and TsCl (41.9 g, 220 mmol) in THF
(100 mL) were added to this reaction mixture. The mixture was stirred
for 20 h at 0 °C. The pH was adjusted to 5–6 with 2 M
H2SO4 solution to quench the reaction. The mixture
was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 30 mL). The combined organic
phases were washed with H2O (3 × 30 mL), dried (with
Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo to give a
crude product, which was recrystallized from ethyl acetatete/methanol
(1:1) to give the titled compound 2a (29.9 g, 75%).
Publication 2024
1H NMR (250 MHz, DMSO) δ = 0.97 (m, 6H), 1.40 (s, 4H), 1.53 (s, 4H), 3.04 (m, 10H) ppm. 13C NMR (62.5 MHz, DMSO): 13.9, 22.0, 25.6, 51.3 ppm.
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Publication 2024
In a 300-mL two-necked round-bottomed flask equipped
with a magnetic stirring bar, a rubber septum and an argon balloon,
NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 6.60 g, 165 mmol) and THF (50
mL) were added, respectively. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0
°C, and 18-crown-6 (3.96 g, 15.0 mmol) in THF (20 mL) and ethyl
2-hydroxypropanoate (19 mL, 165 mmol) in THF (35 mL) were added to
this reaction mixture. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0 °C;
then, butane-1,4-diyl bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate) 2a (29.9 g, 75.0 mmol) within THF (55 mL) was added to the reaction
mixture. The reaction mixture was warmed to reflux and stirred for
6 h. The pH was adjusted to 7 with 2 M H2SO4 solution to quench the reaction. The whole mixture was extracted
with diethyl ether (5 × 10 mL). The combined organic phases were
washed with brine (20 mL), dried (with Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo to give a crude product. The crude product
was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (n-hexane/ethyl acetate = 2:1) to give the title compound 3a (7.81 g, 36%). Yellow oil; 1H NMR (500 MHz,
CDCl3) δ 4.25–4.17 (m, 4H), 3.99–3.89
(m, 2H), 3.63–3.57 (m, 2H), 3.44–3.36 (m, 2H), 1.73–1.67
(m, 4H), 1.41–1.37 (m, 6H), 1.32–1.27 (m, 6H); 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ
173.6, 75.0, 69.9, 69.9, 60.7, 26.3, 26.3, 18.6, 14.2; IR (neat) 2984,
2939, 2906, 2873, 1746, 1448, 1372, 1269, 1197, 1147, 1122, 755 cm–1; HRMS (EI) m/z:
[M-C3H5O2]+ calcd for
C11H21O4 217.1440, found 217.1439.
Publication 2024
Stoichiometric tests were carried out in situ for the biomass of the 1.12 l ethane parent reactor on Days 490, 522, and 559 to investigate nitrogen and electron balances. For stoichiometry determination of nitrate reduction coupled to anaerobic butane oxidation, triplicate batch tests were conducted in 650 ml glass vessels with a subsample of 500 ml biomass anaerobically transferred from the 2.3 l butane parent bioreactor. Total amounts of ethane/butane and N2 were calculated by considering ethane/butane/N2 in both the headspace (monitored) and liquid phase (calculated with Henry’s law). Two negative control groups were set up in 600 ml bottles: (i) control groups containing only enriched cultures and nitrate (ethane/butane was removed by flushing the bottles with pure argon gas for 20 min); (ii) abiotic control groups without enriched cultures (only synthetic medium containing ethane/butane and nitrate was provided).
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Publication 2024
Activated sludge (50 ml) and anaerobic digestion sludge (100 ml) from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (Luggage Point, Brisbane, Australia) were used as inoculum for the ethane and n-butane (hereafter butane) bioreactor enrichment. This choice of inoculum was based on previous successful enrichment of anaerobic propane degradation bacteria from this source and the small quantities of ethane and butane detected in anaerobic digestion systems [36 (link)]. The incubations with ethane or butane as a sole carbon source were set up in a lab bioreactor with a volume of 1.12 and 2.3 l, respectively. An anoxic mineral medium [16 (link)] of 0.67 and 1.69 l was initially added to the ethane and butane reactor (~1:4.5 and 1:11.3 of sludge to medium ratios, respectively), leaving a headspace of 0.3 and 0.46 l, respectively. The ethane/butane reactors were periodically flushed with pure ethane/butane gas (99.99%, Coregas, Australia) to maintain the ethane/butane partial pressure in the headspace between 0.9 and 1.2 atm. A concentrated stock solution (80 g NO3N l−1) was manually pulse-fed to the reactors to replenish NO3 to 20–30 mg N l−1. The bioreactors were continuously mixed using a magnetic stirrer (IKA, Labtek, Australia) at 650 rpm and operated in a thermostatic chamber (35 ± 1°C). Every 1–4 months, the stirrers were stopped for 24 h to allow biomass to settle, and the supernatant of 0.2–0.8 l was then replaced with fresh medium. The pH was manually adjusted to 6.8–7.5 using a 1 M anoxic HCl solution. Liquid samples (0.4–0.6 ml each) were collected periodically (2–5 samples per week) and filtered immediately using a 0.22 μm membrane filter (polyethersulfone filter, Millex, USA) for the analysis of NO3, NO2, and NH4+. A gas sample (100 μl) from the headspace was withdrawn regularly (three to five times per week) using a gas-tight syringe (1710 SLSYR, Hamilton) for the determination of C2H6 and N2.
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Publication 2024

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2-methylbutane is a hydrocarbon compound with the chemical formula C5H12. It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a distinct odor. 2-methylbutane is commonly used as a reference standard in analytical chemistry and as a fuel component.
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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
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Trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino) butane (E64) is a cysteine protease inhibitor. It functions by inhibiting cysteine proteases, which are enzymes involved in various biological processes.
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SADABS is a software program developed by Bruker for the empirical determination of absorption corrections in single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. It provides a robust and reliable method to account for the effects of sample absorption, improving the accuracy of the collected data.
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Methylbutane is a chemical compound used in laboratory settings. It is a colorless, flammable gas with a distinct odor. Methylbutane serves as a reagent and intermediate in various chemical processes and analyses.
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More about "Butane"

Butane, a colorless and odorless flammable gas, is a versatile chemical with a wide range of applications.
As a simple alkane hydrocarbon with the formula C4H10, it serves as a fuel, refrigerant, and a component in various products like aerosols and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Butane's chemical structure and properties make it a valuable precursor in organic synthesis, allowing researchers to create a diverse array of other compounds. 2-methylbutane, also known as isopentane, is a closely related isomer with similar uses.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is another important solvent that is often used in butane-related studies, particularly in the context of chemical reactions and product purification.
Researchers can optimize their butane research using advanced tools like PubCompare.ai, which leverages AI-powered comparisons to identify the most reliable protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This enhances reproducibility and accuracy, enabling scientists to discover the most reliable methods for their butane-focused experiments.
Complementary techniques like SADABS (semi-empirical absorption correction) and APEX2 (software for single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collection and processing) can also be valuable in butane research, providing insights into the physical and structural properties of butane and related compounds.
Methylbutane, also known as 3-methylbutane or t-amyl alcohol, is another closely related alkane that shares many characteristics with butane.
The enzyme inhibitor L-trans-Epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido (4-guanidino) butane, or E-64, is also relevant in some butane-related studies, particularly those involving biological systems or catalytic processes.
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) may be used as a supplementary component in cell culture media when studying the effects of butane or related compounds on biological systems.
Tissue-Tek, a brand of embedding medium, can also be useful in preparing samples for microscopic analysis of butane-related materials.
By understanding the broader context of butane and its related terms, researchers can optimize their investigations, enhance reproducibility, and discover the most reliable methods for their butane-focused studies.