Carbohydrates
They serve as a primary source of energy for the body and play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as cell signaling, structure, and immune function.
Carbohydrates can be classified into different types, including monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose), disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose), and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen).
Thier study is essential for understanding human nutrition, metabolic disorders, and the development of therapeutic interventions.
Reasearchers in this field utilize advanced analytical techniques and bioinformatic tools, such as PubComapre.ai, to optimie research protocols and enhance the reproducibility of carbohydrate studies.
Most cited protocols related to «Carbohydrates»
The reported output also includes the areas of overlap of adjacent bases and base pairs and the positioning of phosphorus atoms within each base-pair step. The former values quantify the stacking of neighboring base pairs, and the latter discriminate between A and B double-helical steps (17 (link)). The base-pairing information is complemented by more conventional structural data, such as the identities and lengths of hydrogen bonds, the distances and angles between atoms in hydrogen-bonded and adjacent nucleotides, the torsion angles along the chain backbone, the amplitude and phase angle of sugar pseudorotation (i.e. puckering geometry), the glycosyl torsions orienting the sugars and bases, and the widths of the major and minor grooves.
Most recents protocols related to «Carbohydrates»
Example 24
For groups 1-12, see study design in
For groups 13-18 see study design in
Antibody siRNA Conjugate Synthesis Using Bis-Maleimide (BisMal) Linker
Step 1: Antibody Reduction with TCEP
Antibody was buffer exchanged with 25 mM borate buffer (pH 8) with 1 mM DTPA and made up to 10 mg/ml concentration. To this solution, 4 equivalents of TCEP in the same borate buffer were added and incubated for 2 hours at 37° C. The resultant reaction mixture was combined with a solution of BisMal-siRNA (1.25 equivalents) in pH 6.0 10 mM acetate buffer at RT and kept at 4° C. overnight. Analysis of the reaction mixture by analytical SAX column chromatography showed antibody siRNA conjugate along with unreacted antibody and siRNA. The reaction mixture was treated with 10 EQ of N-ethylmaleimide (in DMSO at 10 mg/mL) to cap any remaining free cysteine residues.
Step 2: Purification
The crude reaction mixture was purified by AKTA Pure FPLC using anion exchange chromatography (SAX) method-1. Fractions containing DAR1 and DAR2 antibody-siRNA conjugates were isolated, concentrated and buffer exchanged with pH 7.4 PBS.
Anion Exchange Chromatography Method (SAX)-1.
Column: Tosoh Bioscience, TSKGel SuperQ-5PW, 21.5 mm ID×15 cm, 13 um
Solvent A: 20 mM TRIS buffer, pH 8.0; Solvent B: 20 mM TRIS, 1.5 M NaCl, pH 8.0; Flow Rate: 6.0 ml/min
Gradient:
Anion Exchange Chromatography (SAX) Method-2
Column: Thermo Scientific, ProPac™ SAX-10, Bio LC™, 4×250 mm
Solvent A: 80% 10 mM TRIS pH 8, 20% ethanol; Solvent B: 80% 10 mM TRIS pH 8, 20% ethanol, 1.5 M NaCl; Flow Rate: 0.75 ml/min
Gradient:
Step-3: Analysis of the Purified Conjugate
The purity of the conjugate was assessed by analytical HPLC using anion exchange chromatography method-2 (Table 22).
In Vivo Study Design
The conjugates were assessed for their ability to mediate mRNA downregulation of Atrogin-1 in muscle (gastroc) in the presence and absence of muscle atrophy, in an in vivo experiment (C57BL6 mice). Mice were dosed via intravenous (iv) injection with PBS vehicle control and the indicated ASCs and doses, see
Quantitation of tissue siRNA concentrations was determined using a stem-loop qPCR assay as described in the methods section. The antisense strand of the siRNA was reverse transcribed using a TaqMan MicroRNA reverse transcription kit using a sequence-specific stem-loop RT primer. The cDNA from the RT step was then utilized for real-time PCR and Ct values were transformed into plasma or tissue concentrations using the linear equations derived from the standard curves.
Results
The data are summarized in
Conclusions
In this example, it was demonstrated that a TfR1-Atrogin-1 conjugates, after in vivo delivery, mediated specific down regulation of the target gene in gastroc muscle in a dose dependent manner. After induction of atrophy the conjugate was able to mediate disease induce mRNA expression levels of Atrogin-1 at the higher doses. Higher RISC loading of the Atrogin-1 guide strand correlated with increased mRNA downregulation.
Example 3
Aerobic Exercise Recovery: Nine male, endurance-trained cyclists perform an interval workout followed by 4 hr. of recovery, and a subsequent endurance trial to exhaustion at 70% VO2 max, on three separate days.
Immediately following the first exercise bout and 2 hr. of recovery, subjects drink iso-volumic amounts of WCAP, protein and fluid replacement drink (FR), or carbohydrate replacement drink (CR), in a single-blind, randomized design. Carbohydrate content is equivalent for WCAP and CR and protein content is equivalent for WCAP and FR. Time to exhaustion (TTE), average heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and total work (WT) for the endurance exercise were compared between trials. TTE and WT are significantly greater for the WCAP group compared to the FR and CR groups. This suggests that WCAP is an effective recovery aid between two exhausting aerobic exercise bouts, and that WCAP increases exercise stamina.
Example 22
Clinicians can use several biochemical measurements to objectively assess patients' current or past alcohol use. Several more experimental markers hold promise for measuring acute alcohol consumption and relapse. These include certain alcohol byproducts, such as acetaldehyde, ethyl glucuronide (EtG), and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), as well as two measures of sialic acid, a carbohydrate that appears to be altered in alcoholics (Peterson K, Alcohol Research and Health, 2005). Clinicians have had access to a group of biomarkers that indicate a person's alcohol intake. Several of these reflect the activity of certain liver enzymes: serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), a protein that has received much attention in recent years. Another marker, N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase (beta-Hex), indicates that liver cells, as well as other cells, have been breaking down carbohydrates, which are found in great numbers in alcohol (Javors and Johnson 2003).
In some embodiments the disclosed device focuses on detecting markers associated with alcohol abuse from menstrual blood or cervicovaginal fluid.
Example 10
Reduced gluten and reduced carbohydrate composite plant-MCT flour is made by replacing 5-50% of the gluten flour in Examples 1-7 with one or more gluten-free and low carbohydrate flours selected from coconut flour, almond flour, peanut flour, sesame flour, sunflower seed flower, hazelnut flour, walnut flour, soy flour, chickpea flour, flaxseed (linseed) flour, fava bean flour, pumpkin seed flour, lupine flour, red lentil flour, or white bran flour.
Example 20
All siRNA single strands were fully assembled on solid phase using standard phospharamidite chemistry and purified using HPLC. Base, sugar and phosphate modifications that are well described in the field of RNAi were used to optimize the potency of the duplex and reduce immunogenicity. All the siRNA passenger strands contained a C6-NH2 conjugation handle on the 5′ end, see
Purified single strands were duplexed to get the double stranded siRNA.
Top products related to «Carbohydrates»
More about "Carbohydrates"
These organic compounds serve as a primary energy source for the body and play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as cell signaling, structure, and immune function.
Carbohydrates can be classified into different types, including monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose), disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose), and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen).
The study of carbohydrates is essential for understanding human nutrition, metabolic disorders, and the development of therapeutic interventions.
Researchers in this field utilize advanced analytical techniques and bioinformatic tools, such as PubCompare.ai, to optimize research protocols and enhance the reproducibility of carbohydrate studies.
PubCompare.ai is an AI-driven platform that helps researchers in the carbohydrate field to easily locate and compare protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, allowing them to identify the best methodologies and products.
The cutting-edge AI algorithms used by PubCompare.ai take the guesswork out of research, helping researchers achieve more reliable and reproducible results.
Key topics related to carbohydrates include monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose), disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose), polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen), cell signaling, immune function, metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes), and nutritional studies.
Researchers may also utilize related terms and concepts, such as FBS (fetal bovine serum), STZ (streptozotocin), D12451 (high-fat diet), C57BL/6J mice, HFD (high-fat diet), and MacConkey agar.
By leveraging the insights and tools provided by PubCompare.ai, researchers can elevate their carbohydrate studies, achieving more reliable and reproducible results that advance our understanding of these essential biomolecules.