For the experiments, bacteria were cultured in Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB, Oxoid, Milan, Italy) and incubated at 37 °C overnight in aerobic condition and then refreshed for 2 h at 37 °C in an orbital shaker in aerobic condition. The cultures were standardized to on Optical Density at 600 nm (OD600) = 0.125 and diluted 1:10 for S. aureus PECHA 10 and 1:100 for P. aeruginosa PECHA 4, to obtain 106 CFU/ml and 105 CFU/ml, respectively.
Cetrimide
It has broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, making it a versatile compound in various applications such as disinfection, personal care products, and pharmaceutical formulations.
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For the experiments, bacteria were cultured in Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB, Oxoid, Milan, Italy) and incubated at 37 °C overnight in aerobic condition and then refreshed for 2 h at 37 °C in an orbital shaker in aerobic condition. The cultures were standardized to on Optical Density at 600 nm (OD600) = 0.125 and diluted 1:10 for S. aureus PECHA 10 and 1:100 for P. aeruginosa PECHA 4, to obtain 106 CFU/ml and 105 CFU/ml, respectively.
Fresh samples were cultivated on Cetrimide agar media, after which isolated species were identified by a regular microbiological technique such as colony morphology (green exopigment Cetrimide agar), Gram staining (Gram-negative rods), and biochemical reactions (oxidase-positive and citrate-positive). Identification at the species level was performed by using the Microbact™ Gram-negative system. The Microbact system was implemented in compliance with the manufacturer’s protocol (Oxoid, UK). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 12924) standard strain was used as a positive control.
After identification, all isolates were expanded overnight in tryptic soy broth (TSB, cat. n. 146599; Merck Millipore) at 37°C, frozen in 50% sterile glycerol, and kept at −80°C until use. Each isolate was characterized for antibiotic resistance by conventional disc-diffusion Kirby–Bauer antibiograms, using Mueller–Hinton agar plates (cat. n. 105437; Merck Millipore), testing the following antibiotics: penicillin G (cat. n. CT0043B; Oxoid, Altrincham, UK), ampicillin (Oxoid; cat. n. CT0003B; Oxoid), vancomycin (cat. n. CT0058B; Oxoid), oxacillin (cat. n. CT0040B; Oxoid), ofloxacin (cat. n. CT0446B; Oxoid), cefotaxime (cat. n. CT066B; Oxoid), cefoxitin (cat. n. CT0119B; Oxoid), gentamicin (cat. n. 9026; Liofilchem, Italy), imipenem (cat. n. CT0455B; Oxoid), aztreonam (cat. n. 9008; Liofilchem, Liofilchem, Teramo, Italy), meropenem (cat. n. 9068; Liofilchem), and colistin (cat. n. CT0017B; Oxoid). Zone inhibition diameters were interpreted according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing breakpoint tables for interpretation of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and inhibition zone diameters38 and to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute manual (26th edition).39 In addition, MICs of resistant strains were also measured, accordingly to European Food Safety Authority guidelines, by using antibiotic stripes containing serial dilutions of each antibiotic (cat. n. 92003, 92033, 92006, 92066, 92141, 92009, 92054, 92085, 92099, 92015, 92102, 92057; Liofilchem).
The concentrated PCHS detergent included, as previously described,28 (link) 107/mL spores of three species of probiotics belonging to the Bacillus genus, namely Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus megaterium.
Bacillus isolates were obtained from Tryptic Soy Agar plates. At least 20 isolates per each sampling time were inoculated in 5 ml LB and expanded for 24 hours at 37°C for subsequent analyses.
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Nebivolol HCl (NEB, 99.4% purity), was kindly supplied by Sigma Company for Pharmaceutical Industries, Quesna, Egypt.
Telmisartan (TEL,99.91% purity) was gently given by International Drug Agency for Pharmaceutical Industry (IDI), Cairo, Egypt
Nevilob Tablets (Batch No. 2033518) labeled to include 5 mg NEB per tablet, a product of Marcyrl Pharmaceutical Industries, Cairo, Egypt.
Micardis Tablets (Batch No. 906949) are labeled to include 40 mg TEL per tablet, a product of Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Germany.
Both preparations were purchased from a local Pharmacy in the Egyptian market.
Methanol, acetonitrile, ethanol, Phenol, hexane, Tween-80, 99% cetrimide, 95% sodium dodecyl sulphate, methylcellulose, and β-cyclodextrin were bought from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. All surfactants were prepared in distilled water at a concentration of 1% w/v or v/v.
Also, 96%acetic acid, sodium acetate trihydrate, sodium hydroxide, and boric acid were bought from the same source.
Acetate buffer (0.2 M) was prepared using sodium acetate trihydrate and acetic acid and its pH was adjusted at 3.7 − 5.5, while borate buffer (0.2 M) was composed of boric acid and potassium chloride, and pH was adjusted to cover the range of (6–9) using sodium hydroxide.
Human plasma samples were obtained from Blood Bank, Mansoura University Hospital (Mansoura, Egypt), and kept frozen at − 20 °C until use after gentle thawing.
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More about "Cetrimide"
This broad-spectrum compound exhibits potent activity against a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, making it a valuable tool in various applications.
Cetrimide agar is a selective medium used for the isolation and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common opportunistic pathogen.
Pseudomonas cetrimide agar, a variation of this medium, is also employed for the same purpose.
These agar-based substrates leverage the antimicrobial properties of cetrimide to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms, allowing for the selective cultivation of Pseudomonas species.
In addition to its antimicrobial function, cetrimide is also utilized as a surfactant in personal care products, pharmaceutical formulations, and disinfection procedures.
Its ability to reduce surface tension and facilitate the penetration of active ingredients makes it a valuable excipient in various applications.
Tween 80, another commonly used surfactant, is often combined with cetrimide to enhance its effectiveness.
Mannitol salt agar, a selective medium for the isolation of Staphylococcus species, may also be used in conjunction with cetrimide-based media to provide a more comprehensive microbial analysis.
The chemical structure of cetrimide, which includes a quaternary ammonium group and a long alkyl chain, contributes to its surfactant properties and antimicrobial mechanisms.
Phosphoric acid and acetonitrile are occasionally employed in analytical procedures involving cetrimide, such as chromatographic techniques, to facilitate separation and detection.
By harnessing the power of AI-driven comparisons, the PubCompare.ai platform can assist researchers in optimizing their cetrimide-related studies.
This tool helps identify the best protocols and products from the available literature, preprints, and patents, thereby enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of cetrimide research.
With the insights provided by PubCompare.ai, researchers can discover the optimal cetrimide protocols and maximize the impact of their work.