As previously reported,12 (link),13 (link) rats were anesthetized with combination urethane-chloralose (750 mg and 35 mg per kg, respectively) via intraperitoneal injections with supplemental intravenous (IV) doses given as needed. Animals were instrumented with femoral artery and vein catheters and placed in a stereotaxic frame with the head tilted downward (45°) for surgical exposure of the dorsal medulla oblongata. Pulsatile AP and mean AP (MAP) were monitored, recorded and digitized using a Data Acquisition System (BIOPAC System Inc.; Acknowledge software Version 3.8.1; Santa Barbara, CA) and HR was determined from the AP wave. After obtaining stable measures of MAP and HR, baseline responses to BRS were established by bolus IV randomized injection of 3 doses (2, 5 and 10 μg/kg in 0.9% NaCl) of phenylephrine (PE) or sodium nitroprusside (NP), to determine the BRS for increases or decreases in AP, respectively. Assessment of BRS by bolus injections is more sensitive for detection of alterations in the bradycardic BRS relative to infusion determinations.14 (link) The BRS for bradycardia and tachycardia was determined for each animal as the slope of the relationship between changes in MAP and the pulse interval generated from the 3 doses of PE and NP, independently.12 (link),13 (link) Reflex testing was completed within 30 min of leptin microinjection. Maximum transient changes in MAP and HR in response to NTS microinjection of leptin were measured and BRS testing was repeated at 10 min after the leptin microinjection, with each animal serving as its own control. Indices of sympathovagal function were also analyzed using Nevrokard software (Nevrokard SA-BRS; Medistar, Ljubljana, Slovenia).15 (link) Consistent with the duration of recordings used in previous human and rodent studies,15 (link)-18 (link) spontaneous BRS was determined from a minimum of 5 min of AP recordings obtained within 10 min of leptin injection, prior to the evoked baroreflex testing. Spontaneous BRS was calculated in the time [Sequence (Seq) Up, Seq Down and Seq All] and frequency domains [Low Frequency (LF) and High Frequency (HF) alpha indices]. Time domain analysis was used to assess changes in HR variability (HRV) measured as the standard deviation of the beat-to-beat interval. Blood pressure variability (BPV) was measured in the time domain as the standard deviation of the MAP.
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Chloralose
Chloralose
Chloralose, a synthetic compound derived from chloral hydrate, is a hypnotic and anesthetic agent used in various research applications, particularly in neuroscience and animal studies.
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This AI-powered platform, PubCompare.ai, can streamline your Chloralose research by locating relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and using advanced comparisons to identify the best methods and products for your needs.
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Most cited protocols related to «Chloralose»
Animals
Baroreflex
Blood Pressure
Catheters
Chloralose
Femoral Artery
Head
Homo sapiens
Lanugo
Leptin
Medulla Oblongata
Microinjections
Nitroprusside
Nitroprusside, Sodium
Normal Saline
Operative Surgical Procedures
Phenylephrine
Pulse Rate
Rattus
Reading Frames
Reflex
Rodent
Transients
Urethane
Veins
Adult
Anesthesia
Animals
Animals, Laboratory
Chloralose
Dental Occlusion
ECHO protocol
Head
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Isoflurane
Males
Medetomidine
Needles
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Rattus
Rectum
Skin
Somatosensory Cortex, Primary
Stimulations, Electric
Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (5% induction, 2% maintenance). Upon obtaining surgical-plane anesthesia, the skull was exposed and a stainless steel head plate was attached over the left hemisphere using a mixture of dental cement and superglue. The head plate was secured in a holding frame, and a small (~2-mm diameter) circular cranial window was drilled in the skull above the somatosensory cortex. Approximately 300 μL of a 1-mg/mL solution of FITC (molecular weight, 2000 kDa) in saline was injected via the tail vein to allow visualization of the cerebral vasculature and contrast imaging of RBCs. Upon conclusion of surgery, isoflurane anesthesia was replaced with α-chloralose (50 mg/kg) and urethane (750 mg/kg). Body temperature was maintained at 37°C throughout the experiment using an electric heating pad. Penetrating arterioles were first identified by observing RBCs flowing into the brain (as opposed to out of the brain via venules), and capillaries downstream of arterioles were selected for study. A pipette was next introduced into the solution covering the exposed cortex, and the duration and pressure of ejection were calibrated (200–300 ms, 8 ± 1 psi; n = 59) to obtain a small solution plume (radius, ~10 μm). The pipette was maneuvered into the cortex and positioned adjacent to the capillary under study (mean depth, 73 ± 6 μm; n = 19), after which agents were ejected directly onto the capillary. Placement of the pipette in the brain as described restricted agent delivery to the capillary under study and caused minimal displacement of the surrounding tissue (Fig. 3d and Supplementary Movies 2 and 3 ). Spatial coverage of the ejected solution was monitored by including tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC, 150 kDa; 0.2 mg/mL)-labeled dextran. RBC velocity and flux data were collected by line scanning the capillary of interest at 5 kHz. For experiments in which KIR channels or neural activity were blocked, 100 μM BaCl2 or 3 μM tetrodotoxin in aCSF, respectively, was applied to the cranial surface for a minimum of 20 min to allow penetration. Whisker stimulation was performed using a piezoelectric actuator driven by a waveform generator coupled to an amplifier (Piezo Master; Viking Industrial Products). Whiskers were stimulated at a frequency of 4 Hz for 1 min with a total deflection of 5 mm. Images were acquired through a Zeiss 20x Plan Apochromat 1.0 NA DIC VIS-IR water-immersion objective mounted on a Zeiss LSM-7 multiphoton microscope (Zeiss, USA) coupled to a Coherent Chameleon Vision II Titanium-Sapphire pulsed infrared laser (Coherent, USA). FITC and TRITC were excited at 820 nm, and emitted fluorescence was separated through 500–550 and 570–610 nm bandpass filters, respectively.
Anesthesia
Arterioles
barium chloride
Body Temperature
Brain
Capillaries
Chameleons
Chloralose
Cortex, Cerebral
Cranium
Dental Cements
Dextran
Electricity
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescence
Head
Isoflurane
Mice, House
Microscopy
Nervousness
Obstetric Delivery
Operative Surgical Procedures
Pressure
Radius
Reading Frames
Saline Solution
Sapphire
Somatosensory Cortex
Stainless Steel
Submersion
Tail
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate
Tetrodotoxin
Tissues
Titanium
Urethane
Veins
Venules
Vibrissae
Vision
Animals
Animals, Laboratory
Arterial Lines
BLOOD
Chloralose
Homeostasis
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Isoflurane
Operative Surgical Procedures
Perfusion
Protons
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Rattus
thulium(III) 1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate
Tubocurarine Chloride
Analgesics
Animals
Arteries
Bupivacaine
Catheters
Chloralose
Common Carotid Artery
Dura Mater
Fentanyl
Ganglia
General Anesthesia
Heart
Isoflurane
Laminectomy
Left Ventricles
Myocardial Ischemia
Nervousness
Operative Surgical Procedures
Pressure
Saline Solution
Sternotomy
Systolic Pressure
Telazol
Most recents protocols related to «Chloralose»
Anesthesia was initiated with isoflurane (induction: 5%, maintenance: 2%) and maintained with 50 mg/kg of α-chloralose i.p. (MilliporeSigma, Oakville, ON, Canada) and 750 mg/kg of urethane i.p. (MilliporeSigma, Oakville, ON, Canada). The depth of anesthesia was checked by testing corneal reflexes and motor responses to tail pinch. Mean blood pressure and blood sample collection for gas assessment were monitored through the catheterization of the femoral artery. Mice were artificially ventilated with a nitrogen/oxygen/CO2 mixture through tracheal intubation. Body temperature was maintained at 37 °C throughout the experiment. CBF was monitored with a laser Doppler probe (AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA) placed on the thinned skull above the whisker-barrel area of the somatosensory cortex. The flowmeter and blood pressure transducer were connected to a computerized data acquisition system (MacLab; Colorado Springs, CO, USA). Analysis of CBF responses began 30 min after the end of the surgery to allow blood gases to stabilize. Animals with mean arterial blood pressure under 60 mmHg and/or blood gases outside the normal range (pH: 7.35–7.40; pCO2: 33–45; and pO2: 120–140) were eliminated from the study. CBF responses to neuronal activity were evaluated during whiskers stimulations. Three whiskers stimulations sessions of one minute were performed on the contralateral side of the CBF measurement. Three minutes of resting periods were left between each stimulation. CBF values were acquired with the LabChart6 Pro software (v6.1.3, AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA). The percentage increase in CBF represents the peak CBF response relative to the resting CBF peak values during the 20 s before stimulations.
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Anesthesia
Animals
BLOOD
Blood Gas Analysis
Blood Pressure
Body Temperature
Catheterization
Chloralose
Corneal Reflexes
Cranium
Femoral Artery
Flowmeters
Intubation, Intratracheal
Isoflurane
Mus
Natural Springs
Neurons
Nitrogen
Operative Surgical Procedures
Oxygen
Somatosensory Cortex
Specimen Collections, Blood
Tail
Transducers
Transducers, Pressure
Urethane
Vibrissae
Three weeks elapsed between the time of AAV-hM4D(Gi) plus AAV-SST-Cre-eGFP injections, and the study of respiratory activity during CEES with or without activation of the inhibitory DREAAD channel. For each CEES study, the animal was anesthetized with urethane (1200 mg/kg) and α-chloralose (30 mg/kg), and prepared with diaphragm EMG electrodes, a tracheostomy, and a laminectomy, as described above. Animals underwent sham and active CEES at C3 to define the stimulation amplitude to use and the typical respiratory response of each animal before drug or vehicle injection. Amplitudes were selected to achieve respiratory responses without overt upper extremity muscle activity and ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 mA. After successful respiratory modulation by CEES, each animal was given 1 mg/kg CNO (in 1.5% DMSO) intraperitoneally to activate the hM4D(Gi) or a control injection of 1.5% DMSO to assess the effects of the vehicle. High doses of CNO may affect baseline behavior without the expression of a DREADD receptor (MacLaren et al., 2016 (link); Goutaudier et al., 2019 (link); Martinez et al., 2019 (link)). To mitigate the likelihood of such effects, we used a low-dose of CNO (MacLaren et al., 2016 (link)), and we included a control group of animals (AAV-SST-eGFP+AAV-hM4D(Gi)+CNO) that received viral constructs that did not result in the expression of the hM4D(Gi) receptor, and injections of CNO. Animals underwent sham trials of CEES before and 20 and 60 min post-drug delivery. Active stimulation trials were conducted every 20 min for 100 min following drug delivery. Animals that had minimal EES respiratory modulation before drug delivery were excluded from the data analysis (n = 3 of 27).
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2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide
Animals
Chloralose
Drug Delivery Systems
Laminectomy
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Psychological Inhibition
Respiratory Muscles
Respiratory Rate
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Tracheostomy
Upper Extremity
Urethane
Vaginal Diaphragm
The CEES studies were conducted 64–66 h after PRV injections in each animal to maximize polysynaptic transport and minimize immune cell infiltration. It is possible that some of the cells expressing PRV-GFP were glia, as these cells phagocytize the debris from infected and lysed cells. However, glia are unlikely to fluoresce with GFP since we used a less virulent PRV and relatively short incubation times (Rinaman et al., 1993 (link)). Labeling glia through synaptic transfer is unlikely as this has not been observed in glial cells (Rinaman et al., 1993 (link)). The interval between PRV injection and CEES allowed sufficient time for polysynaptic labeling of premotor neurons and spinal respiratory-related interneurons (Dobbins and Feldman, 1994 (link); Lane et al., 2008 (link)). During each CEES experiment, the rat was kept on a water-circulating heating pad to prevent hypothermia. Animals were anesthetized with urethane (1200 mg/kg) and α-chloralose (30 mg/kg). A vertical incision was made ventrally on the neck; the sternohyoid muscles were separated to expose the trachea; a small incision was made between the cartilage rings of the trachea; a short segment of PE 200 tubing was inserted to tracheostomize each animal; and the tracheostomy tube was connected to a pneumotach (Validyne) to record respiratory airflow. Two wires (St. Steel 7 Strand, AM-Systems), with the insulation stripped at the end (2 mm), were inserted bilaterally through abdominal incisions into the lateral costal portion of the diaphragm muscle to record electromyographic (EMG) activity. Each animal was placed prone and a laminectomy was performed to expose C2–C7 spinal cord levels. Dorsal CEES was administered using a stimulating electrode (Tungsten Parylene 0.01, AM-Systems) placed ∼2 mm lateral to the midline on the dorsal surface of the cervical spinal cord, and a ground electrode was placed on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord ∼2–3 mm away from the stimulating electrode. The ends of the stimulating and ground electrodes were stripped, leaving ∼2 mm of each electrode tip uninsulated. CEES was delivered as a continuous 30-Hz monophasic (500-μs pulse width) train of impulses for 30 s (Master 9 AMPI). EMG signals were amplified 1000× and bandpass filtered at 300–1000 Hz before digitization. Diaphragmatic activity was sampled throughout each study at a rate of 2 kHz.
Animals were randomized to receive six trials of 30-s active CEES (n = 9) and sham stimulation or sham (n = 3) stimulation only at the intersection of cervical levels 2 and 3 (C2/3). Sham stimulation trials in the CEES group were performed to control for any effects that the electrode pressure on the dura may have had on respiratory behavior in the absence of current. Experiments in which animals received only sham stimulation were performed as a control for c-Fos expression in the unstimulated condition. To execute the sham trials, the stimulation and ground electrodes were placed on the dura with similar pressure as stimulation trials, but no stimulation was delivered. During sham stimulation (Sham) and active stimulation trials (Stim), data were recorded for 1 min of baseline recording (Pre), 30 s. Stim/Sham, and 8–10 min post-Stim/Sham. Data presented are the 30 s before Stim/Sham (Pre), 30 s of Stim/Sham (Intra), and 30 s of after Stim/Sham (Post). Each animal was allowed to survive for at least 1 h after the mid-way point of stimulation to allow c-Fos expression to develop.
Animals were randomized to receive six trials of 30-s active CEES (n = 9) and sham stimulation or sham (n = 3) stimulation only at the intersection of cervical levels 2 and 3 (C2/3). Sham stimulation trials in the CEES group were performed to control for any effects that the electrode pressure on the dura may have had on respiratory behavior in the absence of current. Experiments in which animals received only sham stimulation were performed as a control for c-Fos expression in the unstimulated condition. To execute the sham trials, the stimulation and ground electrodes were placed on the dura with similar pressure as stimulation trials, but no stimulation was delivered. During sham stimulation (Sham) and active stimulation trials (Stim), data were recorded for 1 min of baseline recording (Pre), 30 s. Stim/Sham, and 8–10 min post-Stim/Sham. Data presented are the 30 s before Stim/Sham (Pre), 30 s of Stim/Sham (Intra), and 30 s of after Stim/Sham (Post). Each animal was allowed to survive for at least 1 h after the mid-way point of stimulation to allow c-Fos expression to develop.
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2-amino-1-methyl-5-propylideneimidazol-4-one
2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide
Abdomen
Animals
Cartilage
Cells
Chloralose
Dura Mater
Interneurons
Laminectomy
Muscle Tissue
Neck
Neuroglia
Neurons
parylene
Pressure
Pulse Rate
Respiratory Rate
Ribs
Spinal Cord
Spinal Cords, Cervical
Steel
Trachea
Tracheostomy
Tungsten
Urethane
v-fos Genes
Vaginal Diaphragm
The rats were anesthetized with chloralose (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and connected to a SAR-830 Small Animal Ventilator artificial respirator (CWE, Inc., Ardmore, PA, USA). They underwent thoracotomy, and the pericardium was removed. The ligature of the left descending coronary artery was superimposed 1–2 mm below the left atrial appendage according to a previously published method [6 (link)]. Coronary occlusion was verified by ST segment elevation. The right carotid artery was cannulated for measuring blood pressure, which was registered using an SS13L pressure transducer (Biopac System Inc., Goleta, CA, USA) coupled with an MP35 electrophysiological device (Biopac System Inc., Goleta, CA, USA). The same apparatus was used to record the ECG. Quantitative data processing was performed using INSTBSL-W software of Biopac System Inc., (Goleta, CA, USA).
After 45 min of ischemia, the silk ligature was loosened, and the restoration of the blood flow was confirmed by the appearance of epicardial hyperemia. The duration of reperfusion was 2 h.
After 45 min of ischemia, the silk ligature was loosened, and the restoration of the blood flow was confirmed by the appearance of epicardial hyperemia. The duration of reperfusion was 2 h.
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Animals
Artery, Coronary
Atrium, Left
Auricular Appendage
Blood Circulation
Blood Pressure
Chloralose
Common Carotid Artery
Coronary Occlusion
Hyperemia
Ischemia
Ligature
Mechanical Ventilator
Medical Devices
Pericardium
Rattus
Reperfusion
Silk
Thoracotomy
Transducers, Pressure
Uhlirova et al. [47 (link)] report arteriolar diameter responses to both optogenetic and sensory stimulations measured using in vivo two-photon imaging, during both awake and under anesthesia conditions in mice. Briefly, four different stimulation protocols were used in their study: three conducted under the administration of the anesthetic α-chloralose, and the fourth during the awake condition. Below, summarized descriptions of each stimulation protocol are presented, and we refer the reader to the original publication [47 (link)] and our previous modeling paper [42 (link)] for a complete description.
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Anesthesia
Anesthetics
Arterioles
Chloralose
Mus
Optogenetics
Top products related to «Chloralose»
Sourced in United States, France
α-chloralose is a laboratory chemical used as a general anesthetic and hypnotic agent for research purposes. It is a crystalline solid that is soluble in water and organic solvents. α-chloralose is commonly used in scientific research, particularly in animal studies, to induce a state of unconsciousness and relaxation.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Poland, Italy, China, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain, Australia, Macao, Canada
Urethane is a synthetic material used in the manufacture of various laboratory equipment. It is known for its durability, chemical resistance, and versatility. The core function of urethane is to provide a reliable and durable material for the construction of various lab instruments and equipment.
Sourced in Australia, United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Germany, Japan, Canada
The PowerLab system is a versatile data acquisition hardware platform designed for laboratory research and teaching applications. It offers a range of input channels and signal conditioning options to accommodate a variety of experimental setups. The PowerLab system is capable of recording and analyzing various physiological signals, enabling researchers to capture and study relevant data for their studies.
Sourced in Germany, United States
Chloralose is a laboratory chemical compound used as an anesthetic and sedative agent in animal research and experimentation. It is a white crystalline solid that can be dissolved in water or other solvents. Chloralose's core function is to induce a state of anesthesia or sedation in animals to facilitate various experimental procedures.
Sourced in United States
The Model 683 is a syringe pump that is designed for precise fluid delivery in laboratory applications. It features a microprocessor-controlled stepper motor drive and can accommodate a wide range of syringe sizes. The pump can deliver flow rates from 0.001 μL/hr to 220.8 mL/min, with an accuracy of ±0.5%.
Sourced in Australia, United States
The MLT0380 is a Muscle Transducer designed to measure the force generated by small muscle tissue samples. It features a force range of 0-2000 mN and a frequency response of DC to 1 kHz. The transducer is constructed with a compact and lightweight design for use in physiological research applications.
Sourced in Australia, United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Germany, Japan, Spain, Italy, China
PowerLab is a data acquisition system designed for recording and analyzing physiological signals. It provides a platform for connecting various sensors and transducers to a computer, allowing researchers and clinicians to capture and analyze biological data.
Sourced in United States, China, Germany, Canada, United Kingdom, Japan, France, Italy, Morocco, Hungary, New Caledonia, Montenegro, India
Sprague-Dawley rats are an outbred albino rat strain commonly used in laboratory research. They are characterized by their calm temperament and reliable reproductive performance.
Sourced in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Germany
The MP150 is a data acquisition system designed for recording physiological signals. It offers high-resolution data capture and features multiple input channels to accommodate a variety of sensor types. The MP150 is capable of acquiring and analyzing data from various biological and physical measurements.
Sourced in Australia, United States, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Colombia
The PowerLab data acquisition system is a versatile and powerful tool for recording, analyzing, and presenting physiological and other experimental data. It provides high-quality data acquisition capabilities, supporting a wide range of signal types and sensors. The PowerLab system is designed to be easy to use and integrate seamlessly with various software applications for data processing and visualization.
More about "Chloralose"
Chloralose, also known as α-chloralose, is a synthetic compound derived from chloral hydrate.
It is a hypnotic and anesthetic agent commonly used in various research applications, particularly in neuroscience and animal studies.
This versatile compound has a range of uses, including as a sedative and analgesic in animal experiments.
In addition to Chloralose, related compounds like Urethane are also widely employed in research settings.
These agents can be used in conjunction with specialized equipment like the PowerLab system, a powerful data acquisition platform, and the Model 683 and MLT0380 physiological recording devices, to capture and analyze a wide range of biological signals.
When conducting Chloralose-based studies, researchers often utilize Sprague-Dawley rats as the animal model of choice.
The MP150 data acquisition system, integrated with the PowerLab software, provides a comprehensive solution for recording and analyzing the physiological data collected during these experiments.
PubCompare.ai, an innovative AI-powered platform, can streamline the Chloralose research process by locating relevant protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents.
This tool uses advanced comparisons to identify the best methods and products for your specific needs, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of your research.
By leveraging the capabilities of PubCompare.ai, you can optimize your Chloralose research process and improve your overall results.
It is a hypnotic and anesthetic agent commonly used in various research applications, particularly in neuroscience and animal studies.
This versatile compound has a range of uses, including as a sedative and analgesic in animal experiments.
In addition to Chloralose, related compounds like Urethane are also widely employed in research settings.
These agents can be used in conjunction with specialized equipment like the PowerLab system, a powerful data acquisition platform, and the Model 683 and MLT0380 physiological recording devices, to capture and analyze a wide range of biological signals.
When conducting Chloralose-based studies, researchers often utilize Sprague-Dawley rats as the animal model of choice.
The MP150 data acquisition system, integrated with the PowerLab software, provides a comprehensive solution for recording and analyzing the physiological data collected during these experiments.
PubCompare.ai, an innovative AI-powered platform, can streamline the Chloralose research process by locating relevant protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents.
This tool uses advanced comparisons to identify the best methods and products for your specific needs, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of your research.
By leveraging the capabilities of PubCompare.ai, you can optimize your Chloralose research process and improve your overall results.