The concentrations of mycotoxins in the culture material and in the experimental diets were analysed by HPLC-MSMS according to the AFNOR V03-110 recommendation [45 ]. All reactants were of HPLC analytical grade except pure water and acetic acid that were of HPLC-MS grade (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland). Stock solutions of standard mycotoxins (Romer Labs, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria) prepared in acetonitrile were solubilized with 0.01% of acetic acid for HPLC-MS/MS calibration. Mycotoxins assayed were diacetoxyscirpenol, 15 monocetoxyscirpenol, T2 toxin, HT2 toxin, T2 tetraol, verrucarol, desoxynivalenol, desoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, fusarenone x, nivalenol, roridin A, verrucarin A, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, fumonisin B3, moniliformine, zearalenone, alpha-zearalenol, beta-zearalenol, zearalenone, alpha-zearalanol, beta-zearalanol, tenuazonic acid, ergocornine, ergocristine, ergocryptine, ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, alpha-ochratoxin, cyclopiazonic acid, citrinin, patulin, and sterigmatocystin. The HPLC was performed using Hewlett Packard type 1100 (Hewlett Packard, Eybens 38, France) in the following conditions: Column 250 mm × 4.6 packed with C18 phase (VWR Pessac 33, France Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Mobile phase: Ammonium acetate 1nM and 0.0001% acetic acid/methanol and 1% acetonitrile. A linear gradient was applied for 40 min at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was performed with a quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer API 4000 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) at a source temperature of 500 °C with a 4500 V ion spray voltage in positive and negative mode interface. Each mycotoxin was identified and quantified on two or three transitions. Experimental diets (1 kg) were ground to a fine powder and sifted through a 0.5 mm particle size filter. Five g of sieved samples were extracted for 2 h by reversal agitation with 20 mL of acetonitrile/water. The extract was centrifuged, and 3 mL of the aqueous phase were evaporated to dryness. The dry residue was dissolved in a solution of 0.01% acetic acid methanol (2/1, v/v), filtered on a syringe, and injected in the HPLC-MS/MS. The limit of quantitation ranged from 1 to 10 µg/kg, depending on the mycotoxin.
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Diacetoxyscirpenol
Diacetoxyscirpenol
Diacetoxyscirpenol is a mycotoxin produced by certain Fusarium fungal species.
It is a potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis and has been associated with various mycotoxicoses in animals and humans.
Exposure to diacetoxyscirpenol can result in neurological, gastrointestinal, and immunological effects.
Researchers studying diacetoxyscirpenol are encouraged to utilize PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform to optimize their research methods and improve the accuracy and reproducibility of their findings.
It is a potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis and has been associated with various mycotoxicoses in animals and humans.
Exposure to diacetoxyscirpenol can result in neurological, gastrointestinal, and immunological effects.
Researchers studying diacetoxyscirpenol are encouraged to utilize PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform to optimize their research methods and improve the accuracy and reproducibility of their findings.
Most cited protocols related to «Diacetoxyscirpenol»
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol
Acetic Acid
acetonitrile
Aflatoxin B1
aflatoxin B2
aflatoxin G1
aflatoxin G2
alpha-zearalenol
ammonium acetate
beta-zearalenol
Citrinin
cyclopiazonic acid
deepoxy-deoxynivalenol
diacetoxyscirpenol
Diet
ergocornine
ergocristine
ergocryptine
Ergonovine
ergosine
Ergotamine
fumonisin B1
fumonisin B2
fumonisin B3
Glucosides
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
HT-2 toxin
Methanol
muconomycin A
Mycotoxins
nivalenol
ochratoxin A
ochratoxin B
Ochratoxins
Patulin
Powder
roridin A
Sterigmatocystin
Syringes
T-2 Toxin
taleranol
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Tenuazonic Acid
verrucarol
Zearalenone
Zeranol
The analyses were carried out using methods developed in our department; in particular, AFs were determined by HPLC-FLD as reported by Bertuzzi et al. [36 (link)]; OTA by HPLC-FLD [37 (link)], DON by GC-MS [38 ], STC by LC-MS/MS [13 (link)]. Briefly, AFs were extracted from 25 g of sample with 250 mL of acetone-water 7 + 3 v/v using a rotary-shaking stirrer for 60 min. After purification through an immunoaffinity column, the extract was filtered (Millex HV 0.45 mm) before HPLC-FLD analysis (Jasco Corporation, Tokyo, Japan); the average recovery for AFB1 was 95.8 ± 3.4% (three replicates at two spiking levels, 2.0 and 10.0 µg kg−1). The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), defined at those levels resulting in signal-to-noise ratios of 3 and 10, were 0.05 and 0.15 µg kg−1, respectively. OTA was extracted from a 10 g of sample with 100 mL of a mixture of 0.13 M sodium bicarbonate-methanol (5 + 5 v/v) for 45 min using a rotary-shaking stirrer. After purification through an immunoaffinity column, the eluate was concentrated under a gentle stream of nitrogen, brought to 2 mL with acetonitrile-water (41 + 59 v/v), vortex-mixed for few seconds and filtered before HPLC-FLD analysis. The mean recovery (mean of 3 replicates at 2 spiking levels) was 95.2 ± 3.4%; LOD and LOQ were 0.02 and 0.06 µg kg−1, respectively. DON was extracted from samples (25 g) with 100 mL of acetonitrile-water (86 + 14 v/v); an aliquot (6 mL) of the filtrate was slowly pressed through a MycoSep 227 column. An aliquot (200 µL) of the internal standard diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS 10 mg L−1) was added to 2 mL of the eluate. The solution was evaporated to dryness and derivatized with 200 µL of trimethilsilylimidazole-trimethilclorosilane (1 + 0.2 v/v) for 15 min in subdued light. Then 0.8 mL hexane was added, and the solution was washed with 1 mL 0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 7.5, and the hexane phase was used for GC-MS. GC-MS analysis was carried out using a TraceGQ Ultra coupled with an ISQ single quadrupole mass spectrometry (Thermo-Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA). The analysis was carried out using a capillary column Rtx-5MS, 30 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 µm film thickness. LOD and LOQ were 5 and 15 µg kg−1, respectively; the average recovery was 92.4 ± 2.6%. STC was extracted from an aliquot of 20 g taken from the milled sample with 100 mL acetonitrile-water 8 + 2 v/v using a rotary-shaking stirrer for 60 min. After purification through an immunoaffinity column, the extract was concentrated under a gentle flow of nitrogen and brought to 1 mL with acetonitrile-water 4 + 6 v/v. An aliquot of 900 µL of cleaned extract was transferred into an autosampler vial and mixed with 100 µL of isotopically labelled STC (12 µL L−1). A volume of 20 µL of the extract was injected into an LC-MS/MS system consisting of a LC 1.4 Surveyor pump, a Quantum Discovery Max triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (Thermo-Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA) and a PAL 1.3.1 sampling system (CTC Analytics AG, Zwingen, Switzerland). STC was chromatographed on a Betasil RP-18 column (5 µm particle size, 150 × 2.1 mm, Thermo-Fisher) with a gradient acetonitrile-water (both acidified with 0.2% formic acid; flow rate 0.2 mL min−1); the ionization was performed using positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). The matrix effect was low, less than 10%; the LOD and the LOQ were 0.05 and 0.15 µg kg−1, respectively. The average recovery was 90.4% ± 4.2%.
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Female B6C3F1 mice (average weight = 20 ± 2 g) were obtained from Vital River Laboratories (Beijing, China). A total of 252 mice were housed individually in polycarbonate cages in a room maintained at 21–24 °C and 40–55% relative humidity under a 12 h light (6:00–18:00 h)/dark (18:00–6:00 h) cycle. A high fat diet (45 kcal% fat diets, Jiangsu Medicine Company, Yangzhou, China), placed in 2-inch-high glass jars, was employed for the feeding bioassay, and sifted aspen chips were used for bedding. All experiments and protocols used in this study were approved by the Nanjing Agricultural University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Certification No.: SYXK (Su) 2017-0007). Approval date: 2017.02.15 – 2022.02.14.
Biological Assay
Diet
Diet, High-Fat
DNA Chips
Females
Humidity
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Light
Mice, House
Pharmaceutical Preparations
polycarbonate
Rivers
In total, 1,649 samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), a multi-mycotoxin analysis method. This method was used in particular for more complex matrices, such as DDGS, finished feed, silage, and TMR. By applying this method, 18 mycotoxins, including four kinds of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ZEN, five kinds of trichothecenes type B (DON, 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol, 15-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol, and Fusarenon X), four kinds of trichothecenes type A (H-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, Diacetoxyscirpenol, and Neosolaniol), three kinds of fumonisins (FB1, FB2, and FB3), and OTA, can be detected simultaneously. For the purpose of data analysis, non-detect levels are based on the limits of detection (LOD) of the test method for each toxin. LODs were 0.5 μg/kg for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, 10 μg/kg for ZEN, 10 μg/kg for DON, 10 μg/kg for FB1, FB2, and FB3, 0.5 μg/kg for OTA, and 10 μg/kg for T-2 toxin, respectively.
Procedures of sample preparation and instrumental parameters were performed according to the methods of Malachová et al. (16 (link)) and 11, with slight modifications which are listed as follows. Samples preparation: a total of 25 g of the ground sample was extracted with 100 ml of acetonitrile/water (50:50, v/v) in a blender for 1 h, and after filtration, 2 ml of the extraction solvent was added with 100 μl of acetic acid. Then, 750 μl of the mixture was subsequently applied to a MycospinTM 400 column (Romer Labs. Inc., Austria) for purification. The sample solution was then centrifuged for 1 min at 10,000 rpm and 20 μl of the supernatant was injected into the LC–MS/MS system without further pre-treatment. Instrument parameters: detection and quantification were performed with a QTrap 5500 MS/MS system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, US) equipped with a TurboV electrospray ionization (ESI) source and a 1,290 series UHPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany). Chromatographic separation was performed at 40°C on a Gemini® C18-column, 150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 m particle size, equipped with a C18 security guard cartridge, 4 mm × 3 mm i.d. (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, US). The flow rate was 1 ml/min. Elution was carried out in the binary gradient mode. Both mobile phases contained 2 mM ammonium acetate and eluent A and eluent B were composed of water/acetic acid 199:1 (v/v) and methanol/acetic acid 199:1 (v/v), respectively. After an initial time of 1 min at 90% A, the proportion of B was increased linearly to 97% within 14 min and held for 1 min, and then the proportion of A was increased back to 90% for the next 5 min for column re-equilibration. Electrospray ionization (ESI) was performed in the scheduled selected reaction monitoring (sSRM) mode both in positive and negative polarities in two separate chromatographic runs. The settings of the ESI source were as follows: positive polarities source temperature 650°C, negative polarities source temperature 600°C, curtain gas 35 psi, collision gas medium, ion-spray voltage −4,500 and +5,000 V, respectively, ion source gas 1 60 psi, and ion source gas 2 65 psi.
The remaining 994 samples of feed raw materials were detected using the method of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The LODs were 2 μg/kg for AFB1, 25 μg/kg for ZEN, 250 μg/kg for DON, and 250 μg/kg for fumonisins, respectively. Procedures of sample preparation and analyses were performed with commercially available test kits (AgraQuant®Assay, Romer Labs Diagnostic GmbH, Austria) according to their operating instructions.
For all analyzed samples, when the mycotoxin levels were higher than the following values, the samples can be defined as mycotoxin positive: the concentration threshold was 1 μg/kg for the sum of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, 32 μg/kg for ZEN; 50 μg/kg for trichothecenes type B, and 100 μg/kg for fumonisins. Correlations between mycotoxin contaminations were analyzed with the ggpairs in the ggally package (17 ) using R software, version 3.3.0 (18 ). Results below the LODs were treated as zero values in the correlation analysis.
Procedures of sample preparation and instrumental parameters were performed according to the methods of Malachová et al. (16 (link)) and 11, with slight modifications which are listed as follows. Samples preparation: a total of 25 g of the ground sample was extracted with 100 ml of acetonitrile/water (50:50, v/v) in a blender for 1 h, and after filtration, 2 ml of the extraction solvent was added with 100 μl of acetic acid. Then, 750 μl of the mixture was subsequently applied to a MycospinTM 400 column (Romer Labs. Inc., Austria) for purification. The sample solution was then centrifuged for 1 min at 10,000 rpm and 20 μl of the supernatant was injected into the LC–MS/MS system without further pre-treatment. Instrument parameters: detection and quantification were performed with a QTrap 5500 MS/MS system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, US) equipped with a TurboV electrospray ionization (ESI) source and a 1,290 series UHPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany). Chromatographic separation was performed at 40°C on a Gemini® C18-column, 150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 m particle size, equipped with a C18 security guard cartridge, 4 mm × 3 mm i.d. (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, US). The flow rate was 1 ml/min. Elution was carried out in the binary gradient mode. Both mobile phases contained 2 mM ammonium acetate and eluent A and eluent B were composed of water/acetic acid 199:1 (v/v) and methanol/acetic acid 199:1 (v/v), respectively. After an initial time of 1 min at 90% A, the proportion of B was increased linearly to 97% within 14 min and held for 1 min, and then the proportion of A was increased back to 90% for the next 5 min for column re-equilibration. Electrospray ionization (ESI) was performed in the scheduled selected reaction monitoring (sSRM) mode both in positive and negative polarities in two separate chromatographic runs. The settings of the ESI source were as follows: positive polarities source temperature 650°C, negative polarities source temperature 600°C, curtain gas 35 psi, collision gas medium, ion-spray voltage −4,500 and +5,000 V, respectively, ion source gas 1 60 psi, and ion source gas 2 65 psi.
The remaining 994 samples of feed raw materials were detected using the method of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The LODs were 2 μg/kg for AFB1, 25 μg/kg for ZEN, 250 μg/kg for DON, and 250 μg/kg for fumonisins, respectively. Procedures of sample preparation and analyses were performed with commercially available test kits (AgraQuant®Assay, Romer Labs Diagnostic GmbH, Austria) according to their operating instructions.
For all analyzed samples, when the mycotoxin levels were higher than the following values, the samples can be defined as mycotoxin positive: the concentration threshold was 1 μg/kg for the sum of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, 32 μg/kg for ZEN; 50 μg/kg for trichothecenes type B, and 100 μg/kg for fumonisins. Correlations between mycotoxin contaminations were analyzed with the ggpairs in the ggally package (17 ) using R software, version 3.3.0 (18 ). Results below the LODs were treated as zero values in the correlation analysis.
Most recents protocols related to «Diacetoxyscirpenol»
Sambucinol and deoxysambucinol were isolated from a transformant of the Fusarium sporotrichioides tri4 UV mutant strain MB5493 (McCormick et al. 1989 (link)) expressing Paramyrothecium roridum tri4 (Trapp et al. 1998 (link)). Isotrichodermin was isolated from YEPD cultures of a F. sporotrichioides C-15 oxygenase tri11-mutant (McCormick and Hohn 1997 (link)). 15-decalonectrin was prepared from aF. sporotrichioides tri3 mutant strain (McCormick et al. 1996 (link)). Isotrichodermol was isolated from a F. sporotrichioides tri101 mutant (McCormick et al. 1999 (link)). EPT was prepared by deoxygenation of isotrichodermol (McCormick et al. 1990 (link)). 15-hydroxy EPT was prepared by deoxygenation and hydrolysis of 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (McCormick et al. 1990 (link)). Calonectrin was prepared by treating 15-decalonectrin (isolated from a Fusarium sporotrichioides tri3 mutant strain (McCormick et al. 1996 (link)) with acetic anhydride in pyridine. 3,15-diacetoxyscirpenol was prepared by feeding calonectrin to Fusarium verticillioides strain M-3125 (McCormick et al. 2006a (link)). Aspinolides were isolated from a tri5 mutant of T. arundinaceum (Malmierca et al. 2015 (link)).
All reagents
and solvents were
obtained from Fischer Scientific, Sigma-Aldrich, or TCI America and
used without further purification. Anguidine, also known as diacetoxyscirpenol
(catalog number: 34137) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich as a diacetoxyscirpenol
solution in acetonitrile (100 μg/mL), analytical standard (HPLC
purity ≥98%). Verrucarin A (catalog number: V4877, HPLC purity
≥95%) and verrucarol (catalog number: V1628, TLC purity ≥99%)
were purchased as a powder from Sigma-Aldrich.
and solvents were
obtained from Fischer Scientific, Sigma-Aldrich, or TCI America and
used without further purification. Anguidine, also known as diacetoxyscirpenol
(catalog number: 34137) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich as a diacetoxyscirpenol
solution in acetonitrile (100 μg/mL), analytical standard (HPLC
purity ≥98%). Verrucarin A (catalog number: V4877, HPLC purity
≥95%) and verrucarol (catalog number: V1628, TLC purity ≥99%)
were purchased as a powder from Sigma-Aldrich.
The DON stock solution was prepared at 2 mg/mL in ACN/H2O (84 + 16, v/v) and the concentration of dilutions in ACN was established using the extinction coefficient of 6,805 L/mole*cm [44 (link)]. Stock solutions of NX-2, NX-3, 7-hydroxy-isotrichodermol, 7-hydroxy-isotrichodermin, 7-hydroxy-diacetoxyscirpenol, and 7-hydroxy diacetoxyscirpenol were prepared gravimetrically in ACN or ACN/H2O (84 + 16). Intermediate dilutions were prepared at 50 μg/mL in H2O/ACN (4 + 1 v/v). For most experiments, the working dilutions of each toxin were prepared daily in a 1 + 9 (v/v) mixture of MeOH and PBS (10% MeOH/PBS). For NX-2, the calibration standards were generally prepared over the range of concentrations from 0.1 to 50 ng/mL. For NX-3, the range was generally 0.5 to 100 ng/mL. To study the effects of MeOH concentration, NX-2 standards were also prepared in MeOH/PBS at MeOH concentrations of 0% (PBS alone), 20% (1 + 4 v/v), and 30% (3 + 7 v/v). Because of the effects of MeOH, for high MeOH concentrations, the upper limit for the calibration standards was increased, to a maximum of 500 ng/mL (in 30% MeOH). Cross-reactivity studies were conducted with trichothecene analogs prepared in 10% MeOH/PBS at concentrations up to 5000 ng/mL.
All solvents used for chromatography were HPLC grade (Fisher Chemical, Hampton, NH, USA). Milli-Q RG system (Millipore, France) was used to produce high purity water of 18.2 MΩ.cm resistivity. Formic acid (FA) was >98% for LC-MS (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Mycotoxin standards [i.e., aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), ochratoxin A (OTA), and patulin (PAT)] were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), fusarenon X (FUS-X), T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2) mixture, fumonisin B1 (FB 1 ) and fumonisin B2 (FB 2 ) mixture, enniatins (A, A1, B, B1) and beauvericin (BEA) mixture, zearalenone (ZEA), moniliformin (MON) were purchased from Libios (Vindry sur Turdine, France).
We used GC-MS to detect trichothecenes (e.g., trichodermol, EPT, isotrichodermin, 15-decalonectrin, calonectrin and 3,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (Cardoza et al. 2011 (link); Proctor et al. 2018 (link)), as well as other secondary metabolites (e.g. aspinolides, deoxysambucinol, sambucinol) and fatty acids. Strains were grown in liquid yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YEPD) cultures [5% glucose, 0.1% yeast extract, 0.1% peptone (Difco, Becton Dickinson)] (20 mL YEPD in 50 mL Erlenmeyer flasks) at 200 rpm and 28 °C. After 7 days, cultures were extracted with 3 mL of ethyl acetate, and concentrated extracts were injected into a Hewlett Packard 6890 gas chromatograph fitted with a HP-5MS column (30 m, 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm) and coupled with a 5973-mass detector as previously described (Cardoza et al. 2022a (link)). Compound identifications were based on comparisons of mass spectral fragmentation with a mass spectral library of purified standards.
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T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by certain fungi. It is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis and can have toxic effects on various cell types. The core function of T-2 toxin is to act as an analytical standard for research and detection purposes related to this mycotoxin.
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Ochratoxin A is a laboratory test kit designed to detect the presence of the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A in various food and feed samples. It is a quantitative, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that provides accurate and reliable results.
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Nivalenol is a mycotoxin detection and quantification instrument developed by Romer Labs. The device is designed to accurately measure the presence and concentration of nivalenol, a type of trichothecene mycotoxin, in various food and feed samples.
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Zearalenone is a laboratory analytical standard used for the detection and quantification of zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by certain Fusarium fungi. It is commonly used in analytical methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the presence and concentration of zearalenone in various matrices, including food, feed, and environmental samples.
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Zearalenone is a mycotoxin detection product offered by Romer Labs. It is designed to accurately measure the levels of zearalenone, a naturally occurring fungal toxin, in various food and feed samples.
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Deoxynivalenol is a mycotoxin produced by certain Fusarium fungi. It is a chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings for research and testing purposes.
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Diacetoxyscirpenol is a laboratory standard used for analytical purposes. It is a metabolite produced by certain fungi and is commonly used as a reference compound in research and testing applications.
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Diacetoxyscirpenol is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by certain fungi. It is a laboratory standard used for research and analysis purposes.
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Deoxynivalenol is an analytical instrument used for the detection and quantification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in various food and feed samples. It employs advanced analytical techniques to provide accurate and reliable results.
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The T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin produced by certain species of Fusarium fungi. It is a powerful inhibitor of protein synthesis and has been associated with various animal and human health issues. The core function of the T-2 toxin is to serve as a tool for research and analysis in the field of mycotoxicology and food safety.
More about "Diacetoxyscirpenol"
Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) is a potent mycotoxin produced by certain Fusarium fungal species, known for its inhibition of eukaryotic protein synthesis.
This toxin has been associated with various mycotoxicoses, or fungal poisonings, in animals and humans.
Exposure to DAS can result in a range of adverse effects, including neurological, gastrointestinal, and immunological impacts.
DAS is structurally similar to other mycotoxins like T-2 toxin, Ochratoxin A, Nivalenol, Zearalenone, and Deoxynivalenol, all of which can have serious consequences for human and animal health.
Researchers studying DAS are encouraged to utilize the AI-powered platform offered by PubCompare.ai to optimize their research methods and improve the accuracy and reproducibility of their findings.
PubCompare.ai's platform allows researchers to easily locate relevant protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, while providing insightful comparisons to identify the most effective and reproducible methods.
This can enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of DAS studies, leading to more reliable and impactful research outcomes.
By leveraging the insights and capabilities of PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their DAS investigations, reducing the time and resources required while enhancing the quality and reliability of their results.
This can lead to a better understanding of this potent mycotoxin and its impact on human and animal health, ultimately contributing to the development of more effective prevention and mitigation strategies.
This toxin has been associated with various mycotoxicoses, or fungal poisonings, in animals and humans.
Exposure to DAS can result in a range of adverse effects, including neurological, gastrointestinal, and immunological impacts.
DAS is structurally similar to other mycotoxins like T-2 toxin, Ochratoxin A, Nivalenol, Zearalenone, and Deoxynivalenol, all of which can have serious consequences for human and animal health.
Researchers studying DAS are encouraged to utilize the AI-powered platform offered by PubCompare.ai to optimize their research methods and improve the accuracy and reproducibility of their findings.
PubCompare.ai's platform allows researchers to easily locate relevant protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, while providing insightful comparisons to identify the most effective and reproducible methods.
This can enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of DAS studies, leading to more reliable and impactful research outcomes.
By leveraging the insights and capabilities of PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their DAS investigations, reducing the time and resources required while enhancing the quality and reliability of their results.
This can lead to a better understanding of this potent mycotoxin and its impact on human and animal health, ultimately contributing to the development of more effective prevention and mitigation strategies.