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Diclofenac

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever.
It works by reducing the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in the body's inflammatory response.
Diclofenac is available in oral, topical, and injectable forms, and is often prescribed for conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and acute injuries.
Reasearchers can leverage the PubCompare.ai platform to streamline their Diclofenac research, easily locating relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and utilizing AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products for their needs.
This can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of Diclofenac studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Diclofenac»

1
Comparing Self-Reported and Pharmacy-Recorded Drug Use
Cited 7 times
The linked information relevant to this study consisted of anonymized identifier codes, ATC codes, dispensing dates, date of entry in the IADB database, sex and age at the time of the first visit at entry to the cohort. The very first interview with the Lifelines Cohort Study participant was considered the baseline measurement and only the data of the baseline measurements (entry period) were used in the comparison of the two databases.
All drugs grouped at a second level of ATC coding were examined in the study. Besides the second level ATC codes, some specific drugs at the chemical level were included in the study. A top list of the several most commonly used drugs in the Netherlands including omeprazole, psylla seeds, macrogol, calcium, hydrochlorothiazide, metoprolol, enalapril, simvastatin, ketoconazole, triamcinolone, clobetasol, levothyroxine, oxazepam, temazepam, paroxetine, fluticasone, mometasone, salbutamol, salmeterol/fluticasone, desloratadine, artificial tears, carbasalate ca., diclofenac and ibuprofen was also examined.
The program SQL Server was used to compare the records of drugs for each participant. The acquired data was then categorized in true positives, true negatives, false positives (FPs) and false negatives (FNs). These values were given in cross-tables, which were used to calculate the concordance. Each of the four cells in these cross-tables were required to have at least 5 participants. If the number of participants was lower than 5 in one or more cells, the drug group or specific drug was disregarded.
In order to address the possible underlying cause of a low agreement, the FNs and FPs were examined. Over-reporting represents the number of FPs. This means that a number of participants reported the use of a certain drug group, while at the same time the prescription was not registered in the pharmacy records. On the other hand, under-reporting represents the number of FNs. This means that the participants did not report the use of a certain drug group, while at the same time the prescription was registered in the pharmacy records. If a drug group or specific drug showed a poor agreement and at the same time a high over-reporting, it could indicate that the database with the self-reported data is better capable in recording the use of this specific drug (or drug group).
Sediq R., van der Schans J., Dotinga A., Alingh R.A., Wilffert B., Bos J.H., Schuiling-Veninga C.C, & Hak E. (2018). Concordance assessment of self-reported medication use in the Netherlands three-generation Lifelines Cohort study with the pharmacy database iaDB.nl: The PharmLines initiative. Clinical Epidemiology, 10, 981-989.
Publication 2018
Albuterol Calcium, Dietary Cells Clobetasol desloratadine Diclofenac Enalapril Fluticasone Fluticasone Salmeterol Hydrochlorothiazide Ibuprofen Ketoconazole Lubricant Eye Drops Metoprolol Mometasone Omeprazole Oxazepam Paroxetine Pharmaceutical Preparations Plant Embryos Polyethylene Glycols Simvastatin Temazepam Thyroxine Triamcinolone
2
Evaluation of CYP Isoform Activity
Cited 7 times

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Publication 2012
Acids Biological Assay Buffers Bupropion Cells Chlorzoxazone Culture Media CYP1A2 protein, human CYP2C19 protein, human Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Dextromethorphan Diagnosis Diclofenac Egtazic Acid Glycerin Hepatocyte HEPES Homo sapiens Liver Magnesium Chloride Mephenytoin Midazolam Pellets, Drug Phenacetin Phosphates Protease Inhibitors Proteins Saline Solution Sodium Chloride Tablet Triton X-100
3
Electroacupuncture for Knee Osteoarthritis
Cited 7 times
The true EA treatment was standardized throughout the study. It was performed by the physician acupuncturist who received acupuncture training in the People's Republic of China. Four fine stainless steel needles were inserted into acupuncture points around the affected knee [20 ] as presented in Table 1 and Figure 1. All needles were used in order to conduct an electrical current through the points, and were inserted superficially (not more than 0.5 inch approximately in depth). Thus, an elicitation of needle sensation (so-called De Qi) during the insertion of the needles was not intended. The first pair of electrodes was connected to the Dubi and nearest adjacent point (medial Xiyan) and the second pair to the trigger point and Ququan. The electrical stimulation was applied slowly and simultaneously to each pair of needles until it reached the maximum toleration level of the patient. Biphasic pulses were used for the electrical stimulation at a frequency of 2 Hz, and it was administered for 20 minutes in each treatment. The patients were treated 3 times a week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) for 4 weeks (12 times).
The placebo EA was performed by attaching patch electrodes to the selected acupuncture points. Each electrode was connected to the sound producing dummy mode of the same apparatus, as in the true EA treatment. The duration and frequency of treatment were the same as those in the true EA treatment. Both true and placebo EA were performed by the same physician. Thus, the physician acupuncturist was the only person in the research team who knew which patients received the true or placebo EA.
Compliance with treatment was assessed by counting the number of unused tablets (diclofenac or placebo) and the number of times acupuncture treatment was received. During the study period, all additional therapies (e.g. oral or topical NSAIDs, intraarticular corticosteroid injection, other analgesics, chondro-protective agents, surgical procedures on the knee joint etc.) were not allowed. However, all other treatment for concomitant disorders that did not interfere with the study could be continued, but it had to be documented.
Sangdee C., Teekachunhatean S., Sananpanich K., Sugandhavesa N., Chiewchantanakit S., Pojchamarnwiputh S, & Jayasvasti S. (2002). Electroacupuncture versus Diclofenac in symptomatic treatment of Osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2, 3.
Publication 2002
Acupuncture Points Adrenal Cortex Hormones Analgesics Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal concomitant disease Diclofenac Electricity Immune Tolerance Intra-Articular Injections Knee Joint Needles Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Physicians Placebos Protective Agents Pulses Sound Stainless Steel Stimulations, Electric Therapy, Acupuncture Trigger Point
4
Measurement of OAT Transporter Function
Cited 6 times
To evaluate OAT transporter function and inhibition properties of several known OAT substrates, fluorescein uptake was measured by flow cytometry and multi-plate reader. Mature monolayers of sub-cloned ciPTEC spanning 29 passages were co-incubated with fluorescein (1 μM, unless stated otherwise) and a test compound in HBSS for 10 min at 37°C. Compounds known for their inhibitory effect on OAT-mediated transport, para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), estrone sulfate, probenecid, furosemide, cimetidine, diclofenac, adefovir, cidofovir, tenofovir, and zidovudine, were tested. The organic cation metformin was included as a negative control. All chemicals were obtained from Sigma, unless stated otherwise. Uptake was stopped by washing three times with ice-cold HBSS (4°C). For flow cytometry, samples were harvested following fluorescein exposure using trypsin-EDTA, washed, fixed using 0.5% paraformaldehyde, and measured using FACS calibur (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, USA). For 96-well plate assay, cells were lysed by 200 μl 0.1 M NaOH for 10 min at 37°C, and fluorescence was measured (exCitation 485 nm, emission 535 nm) using the multiplate reader Victor X3 (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, USA).
Nieskens T.T., Peters J.G., Schreurs M.J., Smits N., Woestenenk R., Jansen K., van der Made T.K., Röring M., Hilgendorf C., Wilmer M.J, & Masereeuw R. (2016). A Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cell Line with Stable Organic Anion Transporter 1 and 3 Expression Predictive for Antiviral-Induced Toxicity. The AAPS Journal, 18(2), 465-475.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2016
4-Aminohippuric Acid adefovir Biological Assay Cells Cidofovir Cimetidine Cold Temperature Diclofenac Edetic Acid estrone sulfate Flow Cytometry Fluorescein Fluorescence fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether Furosemide Hemoglobin, Sickle M-200 Membrane Transport Proteins Metformin paraform Probenecid Psychological Inhibition Tenofovir Trypsin Zidovudine
5
Postoperative NSAID Use and Anastomotic Leakage in Colorectal Cancer Surgery
Cited 6 times
This study was based on data from the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group’s national prospective database, which has a data completeness rate of over 96%,15 and electronically registered medical records with detailed information on postoperative treatment. Using these registries, we aimed to compare the risk of anastomotic leakage among patients receiving regular postoperative NSAIDs (cases) with those not receiving regular NSAID treatment (controls). In Denmark, electronic medical records were introduced to hospitals from 2003 onwards. With these new recording systems, all treatments administered at a hospital were documented. The medical staff is not allowed to administer treatment without electronic registration and, therefore, data completeness is 100%.
We included patients from the six major centres responsible for colorectal cancer surgery in eastern Denmark (population 2.6 million, about half of the country’s entire population). This area was chosen for logistical reasons, since registrations from medical records had to be performed with our physical presence in the different areas. Inclusion criteria were patients with available electronic medical records who had undergone an elective operation for colorectal cancer between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2009 with either colonic or rectal resection, and receiving a primary anastomosis.
From the database, we retrieved information on resection type (coded as either colonic or rectal resection), demographic variables, comorbidities (pre-existing diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, or hypertension), alcohol and tobacco use, tumour T stage, intraoperative blood loss (mL) and transfusion (whether it occurred or not), open or laparoscopic procedure, and anastomotic leakage. Alcohol consumption was registered as units of alcohol per week (1 unit=12 g ethanol) in the following categories: 0 units, 1-14 units, 15-21 units, and more than 21 units. Tobacco use was registered as active smokers, previous smokers, and non-smokers. We defined anastomotic leakage, according to the definition previously proposed and used,16 (link)
17 (link) as clinical leakages requiring acute surgical intervention such as re-laparoscopy or re-laparotomy. Radiological or endoscopic drainage was not considered surgical intervention.
Data for postoperative NSAID consumption from electronic medical records were registered for each patient by three observers blinded for the presence of anastomotic leakage. Furthermore, the type of NSAID (that is, the active component) was recorded. In the electronic records, this information was registered if and when a dose of a given drug was prescribed and if this dose was taken by the patient. Only doses registered as taken were included. We defined regular postoperative consumption of NSAIDs as at least two days’ treatment with a relevant daily dose of an NSAID in the first seven days after surgery. This period was chosen because clinical anastomotic leakage occurs after a median of seven days postoperatively.18 (link) We defined the relevant daily dose as at least 50 mg for diclofenac and at least 800 mg for ibuprofen. We retrieved data for 30 day postoperative mortality from the Danish Central Person Registry by looking up each patient, and related these data to the date of surgery. No information on cause of death was available; therefore, mortality was defined as all cause mortality.
Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS (version 17). We tested for distribution of variables between groups with χ2 and two sided Fischer’s exact tests for dichotomous variables and with Mann-Whitney’s test for continuous variables. To identify possible risk factors for anastomotic leakage, we planned to perform univariate logistic regression analyses on all variables with less than 10% missing data. These variables included NSAID use and drug type, intraoperative transfusion, colonic or rectal resection, sex, surgical centre where surgery was performed, age at time of operation, intraoperative blood loss, American Society of Anesthesiologists’ score, open or laparoscopic surgery, and tumour T stage. We included all variables with P<0.1 in a multivariate logistic regression analysis (method: backwards, likelihood ratio). Furthermore, we planned to test for interactions between the variables included in the multivariate analysis—we included any significant interactions in the multivariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, we excluded patients if they had missing data for a variable included in the model. We provided the number and percentage of patients excluded from the multivariate analysis, and presented results as odds ratios or proportions with 95% confidence intervals and P values, unless stated otherwise. Differences between independent proportions were calculated as absolute risk increase with confidence intervals and calculated according to method 10 in reference 19.19 (link)
Klein M., Gögenur I, & Rosenberg J. (2012). Postoperative use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with anastomotic leakage requiring reoperation after colorectal resection: cohort study based on prospective data. The BMJ, 345, e6166.
Publication 2012
Anastomotic Leak Anesthesiologist Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal Blood Transfusion Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Colon Colorectal Carcinoma Diclofenac Drainage Elective Surgical Procedures Endoscopy Ethanol High Blood Pressures Ibuprofen Laparoscopy Laparotomy Malignant Neoplasms Medical Staff MLL protein, human Myocardial Ischemia Neoplasms Non-Smokers Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Proctectomy States, Prediabetic Surgical Anastomoses Surgical Blood Losses Surgical Procedures, Laparoscopic X-Rays, Diagnostic

Most recents protocols related to «Diclofenac»

1
Formulation Optimization for Transdermal Diclofenac
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

Additional formulations which vary the amounts of transcutol and ethyl alcohol were examined by the same procedure.

Formulations tested (Table 4):

Formula
D1C
PENNSAID
2%FormulaFormulaFormulaFormula
DiclofenacD37D38D39D40
IngredientWt %Wt %Wt %Wt %Wt %
Oleic Acid08.08.08.08.0
DMSO45.516.021.016.021.0
Transcutol026.021.021.016.0
Sodium Diclofenac2.02.02.02.02.0
Propylene Glycol11.011.011.011.011.0
Poloxamer P18800000
Ethyl Alcohol31.3534.034.039.039.0
Hydroxypropyl3.03.03.03.03.0
Cellulose
Water7.150000
TOTAL100100100100100

FIGS. 9, 10, and 11 depict a head-to-head comparison of Pennsaid and Formulation D34 as a delivered transdermal dose, dose retained in the skin, and calculated as percent delivery of diclofenac.

US11872199B2. Topical formulations of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and their use (2024-01-16). SMARTECH TOPICAL, INC. [US]. Inventors: Thomas Hnat [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acids Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Diclofenac Diclofenac Sodium Ethanol Figs Head hydroxypropylcellulose Obstetric Delivery Oleic Acid Poloxamer Propylene Glycol Skin Sodium Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Transcutol
2
Diclofenac Topical Formulation Optimization
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

Additional formulations which vary the amounts of oleic acid, propylene glycol, and ethyl alcohol were examined by the same procedure.

Formulations tested (Table 3):

Formula
D1C
PENNSAID
2%FormulaFormulaFormulaFormulaFormula
DiclofenacD51D52D53D54D55
IngredientWt %Wt %Wt %Wt %Wt %Wt %
Oleic Acid08.08.08.04.04.0
DMSO45.520.020.020.020.020.0
Transcutol024.524.524.524.524.5
Sodium Diclofenac2.02.02.02.02.02.0
Propylene Glycol11.011.06.03.011.03.0
Poloxamer P188000000
Ethyl Alcohol31.3531.536.539.535.543.5
Hydroxypropyl3.03.03.03.03.03.0
Cellulose
Water7.1500000
TOTAL100100100100100100

FIG. 7 depicts skin permeation delivered dose data for 2% diclofenac formulations from Table 1, while FIG. 8 depicts skin permeation flux data for 2% diclofenac formulations from Table 1. As shown, these formulae can deliver equivalent amounts of diclofenac to that of Formula D1C with substantially less DMSO and at a much lower amount of the formula applied.

US11872199B2. Topical formulations of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and their use (2024-01-16). SMARTECH TOPICAL, INC. [US]. Inventors: Thomas Hnat [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acids Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Diclofenac Diclofenac Sodium Ethanol hydroxypropylcellulose Oleic Acid Poloxamer Propylene Glycol Skin Sodium Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Transcutol
3
Transdermal Diclofenac Delivery Optimization
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

Extrapolating from formulation D32, additional formulations which contained reduced amounts of DMSO and increased amounts of transcutol were examined by the same procedure.

Formulations tested (Table 2):

Formula
D1C
PENNSAID
2%FormulaFormulaFormula
DiclofenacD34D35D36
IngredientWt %Wt %Wt %Wt %
Oleic Acid08.08.08.0
DMSO45.521.021.021.0
Transcutol026.026.026.0
Sodium Diclofenac2.02.02.02.0
Propylene Glycol11.011.011.011.0
Poloxamer P18803.00.50
100% Ethyl Alcohol31.3526.028.529.0
Hydroxypropyl3.03.03.03.0
Cellulose
Water7.15000
TOTAL100100100100

FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 depict a head-to-head comparison of Pennsaid and Formulation D34 as a delivered transdermal dose, dose retained in the skin, and calculated as percent delivery of diclofenac. As can be seen, formulation D34 delivered significantly more diclofenac transdermally than did Pennsaid, while Pennsaid exhibited a greater amount retained in the epidermis and dermis. The percent transdermal delivery of diclofenac from formulation D34 was greater than 15% at 48 hours.

FIG. 6 shows the diclofenac flux over time for these two formulations. A maximum diclofenac flux was observed within 12 hours of application.

US11872199B2. Topical formulations of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and their use (2024-01-16). SMARTECH TOPICAL, INC. [US]. Inventors: Thomas Hnat [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acids Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Dermis Diclofenac Diclofenac Sodium Epidermis Ethanol Head hydroxypropylcellulose Obstetric Delivery Oleic Acid Poloxamer Propylene Glycol Skin Sodium Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Transcutol Vision
4
Diclofenac Topical Formulations: Enhancing Penetration
Not available on PMC !

Example 7

Additional formulations which vary the amounts of oleic acid, propylene glycol, and ethyl alcohol were examined by the same procedure.

Formula
D1C
PENNSAID
2%FormulaFormulaFormula
DiclofenacD57D58D59
IngredientWt %Wt %Wt %Wt %
Oleic Acid0000
Glycerin004.00
DMSO45.520.020.020.0
Transcutol024.524.524.5
Sodium Diclofenac2.02.02.02.0
Propylene Glycol11.011.011.011.0
Ethyl Alcohol Dehydrated31.3539.535.535.5
Hydroxypropyl3.03.03.03.0
Cellulose
Water7.15000
Oleyl Alcohol0004.0
TOTAL100100100100

In these formulations there was no Oleic Acid added to the formulation. In formulation D58 glycerin was added at 4.0%. In formulation D59 Oleyl Alcohol was added at 4.0%.

Without the Oleic Acid in the formulation, the permeation of diclofenac diminished significantly to the point where the permeation was less than Pennsaid. Oleic Acid and Oleyl Alcohol enhance penetration of diclofenac.

In FIG. 14, Arm #1 DIC Pennsaid; Arm #2 D57; Arm #3 D58; Arm #4 D59.

US11872199B2. Topical formulations of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and their use (2024-01-16). SMARTECH TOPICAL, INC. [US]. Inventors: Thomas Hnat [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acids Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Diclofenac Diclofenac Sodium Ethanol Glycerin hydroxypropylcellulose Oleic Acid oleyl alcohol Propylene Glycol Sodium Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Transcutol
5
HPLC-Based Protein Binding Estimation
Retention times of the analytes were measured with Shimadzu HPLC system on the CHIRALPAK®HAS stationary phase (50 × 3 mm, 5 μm, Chiral Technologies, DAICEL Group, Europe SAS, France). The mobile phase A consisted of 50 mM aqueous ammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.4) and phase B of 2-propanol according to Valko et al.65 (link) Analysis was performed at prolonged 1 mL min−1 flow rate in the linear gradient. Retention capacity factors (k′) were calculated by using DMSO or a substance with 0% HAS binding for systems' dead time (Rt0). The system was calibrated by injecting the reference compounds: acetylsalicylic acid (CAS 69-72-7), betamethasone (CAS 378-44-9), budesonide (CAS 5133-22-3), carbamazepine (CAS 298-46-4), cimetidine (CAS 51481-61-9), ciprofloxacin (CAS 85721-33-1), indomethacin (CAS 53-86-1), isoniazid (CAS 54-85-3), metronidazole (CAS 443-48-1), nicardipine (CAS 55985-32-5), nizatidine (CAS 76963-41-2) and warfarin (CAS 81-81-2) obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, diclofenac (CAS 15307-86-5) from EMD Chemicals Inc., flumazenil (CAS 78755-81-4) from ABX and ketoprofen (CAS 22071-15-4) from LKT Labs. The logarithmic capacity factors of the references' Rt (log(k′)) on the HSA column were plotted against the %PPB values from literature. The slope and the intercept were used to convert the log(k′) of the compounds (6a, c, f, h, m–o) to %PPB using the regression equation.66 (link)
Dzedulionytė K., Fuxreiter N., Schreiber-Brynzak E., Žukauskaitė A., Šačkus A., Pichler V, & Arbačiauskienė E. (2023). Pyrazole-based lamellarin O analogues: synthesis, biological evaluation and structure–activity relationships. RSC Advances, 13(12), 7897-7912.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
ammonium acetate Aspirin Betamethasone Budesonide Buffers Carbamazepine Cimetidine Ciprofloxacin Diclofenac Flumazenil High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Indomethacin Isoniazid Ketoprofen Metronidazole Nicardipine Nizatidine Propanols Retention (Psychology) Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Warfarin

Top products related to «Diclofenac»

1
Diclofenac by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Switzerland, Czechia, Sweden, Mexico
Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used as a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory agent. It is a commonly used pharmaceutical ingredient in various lab equipment and medical products.
2
Acetaminophen by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, United Kingdom, Canada, Italy, Japan, Switzerland, France
Acetaminophen is a chemical compound used in the production of various pharmaceutical and laboratory products. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and alcohol. Acetaminophen is a common active ingredient in over-the-counter pain and fever-reducing medications.
3
Phenacetin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, China, Germany, United Kingdom, Poland
Phenacetin is a chemical compound used in the manufacturing of various pharmaceutical and laboratory products. It serves as a key ingredient in the production process. Phenacetin has specific functional properties that make it a valuable component in relevant applications, but a detailed description of its core function is beyond the scope of this response.
4
Quinidine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Japan, France
Quinidine is a pharmaceutical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a diastereomer of the alkaloid quinine and has a chemical structure that allows it to be used in various biochemical and analytical applications.
5
Chlorzoxazone by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, China, Germany, United Kingdom, Czechia
Chlorzoxazone is a laboratory chemical used as a reference standard. It is a crystalline solid with a molecular formula of C7H5ClNO. Chlorzoxazone is primarily used for analytical purposes and quality control in various industries.
6
Dextromethorphan by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe
Dextromethorphan is a laboratory chemical compound used as a research tool. It is a dissociative anesthetic and cough suppressant. Dextromethorphan is commonly used in scientific research, but its specific applications and intended uses should not be extrapolated or interpreted beyond its core function as a laboratory product.
7
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Canada, Macao, Australia, Sao Tome and Principe
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone, the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway. This enzyme plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular redox balance and generating NADPH, which is essential for various cellular processes.
8
Ibuprofen by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, India, Switzerland, Australia, China, France, Spain, Macao, Portugal, Poland
Ibuprofen is a laboratory-grade chemical compound used as a reference standard in analytical testing. It is a white, crystalline solid with a melting point of around 78°C. Ibuprofen is a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and is often used as a calibration standard for the identification and quantification of pharmaceutical and biological samples.
9
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Macao, India, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Brazil, Czechia, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia, Slovakia, Cameroon, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Finland, Malaysia, Latvia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Uruguay, Bangladesh
DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
10
Acetonitrile by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, Italy, India, China, United Kingdom, France, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Brazil, Sao Tome and Principe, Ireland, Belgium, Macao, Japan, Singapore, Mexico, Austria, Czechia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Egypt, Denmark, Chile, Malaysia, Israel, Croatia, Portugal, New Zealand, Romania, Norway, Sweden, Indonesia
Acetonitrile is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is a commonly used solvent in various analytical and chemical applications, including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and other laboratory procedures. Acetonitrile is known for its high polarity and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds.

More about "Diclofenac"

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever.
It works by reducing the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in the body's inflammatory response.
Diclofenac is available in various forms, including oral, topical, and injectable, and is often prescribed for conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and acute injuries.
Researchers can leverage the PubCompare.ai platform to streamline their Diclofenac research.
This AI-driven platform can help them easily locate relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and utilize AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products for their needs.
This can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of Diclofenac studies.
Diclofenac is a member of the NSAID family, which also includes other well-known drugs like Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen, and Phenacetin.
These medications work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in the inflammatory process.
Diclofenac is often used in combination with other drugs, such as Quinidine, Chlorzoxazone, and Dextromethorphan, to treat various conditions.
In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties, Diclofenac has also been studied for its potential effects on Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in cellular metabolism.
Some research has also explored the use of Diclofenac in combination with DMSO, a solvent known for its ability to enhance the transdermal absorption of drugs.
Overall, Diclofenac is a widely used and well-studied NSAID that can be a valuable tool for researchers and clinicians in the management of pain, inflammation, and fever.
By utilizing platforms like PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their Diclofenac research and enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their studies.