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Diethylene glycol

Diethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid commonly used as a solvent, coolant, and ingredient in various industrial and consumer products.
It is also an important chemical intermediate in the production of other compounds.
Exposure to diethylene glycol can be hazardous, leading to serious health effects, so accurate analysis and proper handling protocols are critical.
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Most cited protocols related to «Diethylene glycol»

1
Melanogenic Effects of Cornus officinalis Extract
Materials. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2,6-di-tertbutylate hydroxytoluene (BHT), 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA), β-actin, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), tannic acid, L-tyrosine, ascorbic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), IBMX, MITF-M, and diethylene glycol reagent were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). TRP-1 and TRP-2 were obtained from Amersham Company (Bucks, UK). Propylene glycol was purchased from Chemical Innovation Company (Seoul, Korea). Methanol extract from the fruit of C. officinalis (serial number: 014-046) was obtained from the Korea Plant Extract Bank (Daejeon, Korea). This specimen was dissolved in DMSO before use.
Antioxidant activity analysis. The total polyphenol content of COME was determined with the Folin-Denis assay (15) . One milliliter of test agent dissolved in DMSO was placed into test tube followed by the addition of 1 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent. The tubes were allowed to stand for 3 min. One milliliter of 10% Na2CO3 was added, and the mixture was shaken vigorously. After the tubes stood for 60 min, absorbance at 760 nm was measured. A standard curve was prepared with tannic acid.
Total flavonoid content of COME was determined using the modified method of Davies et al. (16) (link). One milliliter of test agent was placed into test tubes followed by the addition of 10 mL diethylene glycol reagent and 1 mL 1 N NaOH. The mixture was shaken vigorously and reacted in hot water at 37℃ for 60 min before absorbance at 420 nm was measured. A standard curve was prepared with rutin.
DPPH radical scavenging effects were evaluated according to the method of Blois (17) (link). COME was dissolved in DMSO to final concentrations of 100, 500, and 1,000 μg/mL. One milliliter of the test agents were placed into each test tube followed by the addition of 4 mL of 4 × 10−4 M DPPH. The mixture was shaken vigorously and kept for 10 sec in hot water at 60℃ before absorbance at 525 nm was measured. BHT was used as the positive control. The free-radical-scavenging activity of each solution was then calculated as a percent of inhibition.
Cell culture. The melan-a cells used in this study were obtained from Dr. Dorothy Bennett (St. George’s Hospital, UK). These highly pigmented and immortalized cells were derived from C57BL/6 mice. The cells were grown in Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI-1640) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, and 200 nM 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate at 37℃ in an incubator with 10% CO2 for 72 hr.
MTT assay. The melan-a cells were divided in a 96-well plate (0.5 × 104 cells/well) and grown in the incubator at 37℃ with 10% CO2 for 24 hr. Then, 200 μL of COME diluted with RPMI-1640 medium to various concentrations (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, and 25.0 μg/mL) was placed in the wells, and the cells were grown in the incubator at 37℃ with 10% CO2 for 48 hr. Then, the cells were placed in medium containing 0.5 μg/mL MTT and grown in the incubator at 37℃ with 10% CO2 for 3 hr. After centrifuging the plate at 180 ×g for 10 min, the cells settled. The medium was removed, 200 μL of DMSO was added, and the cells were dissolved for 15 min on a plate-shaker. Absorbance was measured at 540 nm with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader.
Melanin assay. The melan-a cells were divided in a 96-well plate (2 × 104 cells/well) and grown in an incubator at 37℃ with 10% CO2 for 24 hr. Then, 200 μL of COME diluted with RPMI-1640 medium to concentrations of 1.563, 3.125, 6.25, and 12.5 μg/mL was put in the wells, and the cells were grown in the incubator with 10% CO2 at 37℃ for 72 hr. After the cells washed, the treatment was repeated. Next, the cells were dissolved in 1 N NaOH, and optical density was measured at 490 nm (OD 490) with an ELISA reader. Melanin content was estimated as the OD 490 value/μg of protein and expressed as a percentage relative to the untreated control value (100%).
Tyrosinase activity assay. For intracellular tyrosinase activity assay, melan-a cells were seeded in 60-mm cell culture dishes (4 × 105 cells/well) for 24 hr and then treated with 5 mL COME (0~12.5 μg/mL) for 48 hr. The cells were washed with phosphate buffer solution, detached with 200 μL 1% Triton X-100, transferred to Eppendorf tubes, extracted on ice with agitation, and centrifuged at 18,000 ×g for 20 min at 4℃. Thereafter, 100 μL L -DOPA was added, the mixture was incubated at 37℃ under 10% CO2 for 1 hr, and OD 490 was measured with an ELISA reader. Tyrosinase activity was estimated as the OD 490/μg protein/min and expressed as a percentage of the untreated control value (100%). For cell-extracted tyrosinase activity assay, after centrifugation of cultured melan-a cells, 50 μL supernatant was mixed with 49 μL 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.8) and 1 μL COME (0~12.5 μg/mL). L-DOPA (0.2%, 100 μL) was added, the absorbance measured, and the percentage activation was calculated.
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Total RNA was isolated with the Trizol-reagent (Life Technologies, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Five micrograms of total RNA were reverse transcribed with 8 μL Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (M-MLV RT) 5 × buffer, 3 μL 10 mM deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), 0.45 μL 40 U/μL RNase inhibitor, 0.3 μL 200 U/μL M-MLV RT (Promega, Madison, USA), and 1.5 μL 50 μM oligo dT (Bioneer, Cheongju, Korea) in a 40-μL volume. Single-stranded complementary DNA was then amplified via PCR with 4 μL 5 × green Go Taq Flexi buffer, 0.4 μL 10 mM dNTPs, 0.1 μL 5 U/μL Taq polymerase, 1.2 μL 25 mM MgCl2 (Promega), and 0.4 μL 20 μM each specific sense and anti-sense primers of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, MITF-M, or β-Actin.
The primer sequences used for PCR were as follows: 5'-CAT TTT TGA TTT GAG TGT CT-3' (forward), 5'-TGT GGT AGT CGT CTT TGT CC-3' (reverse) for tyrosinase; 5'-GCT GCA GGA GCC TTC TTT CTC-3' (forward), 5'-AAG ACG CTG CAC TGC TGG TCT-3' (reverse) for TRP-1; 5'-GGA TGA CCG TGA GCA ATG GCC-3' (forward), 5'-CGG TTG TGA CCA ATG GGT GCC-3' (reverse) for TRR-2; 5'-TAC AGA AAG TAG AGG GAG GAG GAC TAA G-3' (forward), 5'-CAC AGT TGG AGT TAA GAG TGA GCA TAG CC-3' (reverse) for MITF-M; 5'-ACC GTG AAA AGA TGA CCC AG-3' (forward), 5'-TAC GGA TGT CAA CGT CAC AC-3' (reverse) for βActin. The expected sizes of the PCR product for tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, MITF-M, and β-Actin, respectively, were 1192, 268, 1044, 326, and 528 base pairs.
The following PCR conditions were applied: tyrosinase and TRP-1, 28 cycles of denaturation at 94℃ for 60 sec, annealing at 56℃ for 60 sec, and extension at 72℃ for 60 sec; TRP-2, 28 cycles of denaturation at 94℃ for 60 sec, annealing at 64℃ for 60 sec, and extension at 72℃ for 60 sec; MITF-M, 30 cycles of denaturation at 94℃ for 30 sec, annealing at 54℃ for 30 sec, and extension at 72℃ for 30 sec; β-Actin, 30 cycles of denaturation at 94℃ for 30 sec, annealing at 51℃ for 30 sec, and extension at 72℃ for 60 sec. The PCR products were analyzed on 1.2% agarose gel. β-Actin was used as an internal control to evaluate the relative expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, and MITF-M.
Western blot analysis. Cell lysates were prepared by sonicating melan-a cells in 0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.2) buffer containing 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.01% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and a protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). The protein concentration of cell lysates was measured using a Pierce Protein Assay Kit (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, IL, USA) with bovine serum albumin as the standard. Equal amounts of protein (10 μg) were loaded onto each lane and separated with electrophoresis on a 10% polyacrylamide gel. After being transblotted onto nitrocellulose, the membranes were incubated with antibodies against tyrosinase/prolyl endoprotease-7 (PEP-7, 1:10,000 dilution), TRP-1/PEP-1 (1:10,000), and TRP-2/PEP-8 (1:10,000), which were kindly provided by Dr. Vincent J. Hearing (National Institutes of Health, USA). Next, the membranes were incubated with horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (1:1,000 dilution; Amersham Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, UK). Immunoreactive bands were detected with chemiluminescence using electrochemical luminescence reagents (Amersham Biosciences). β-Actin was used as an internal control for immunoblotting.
Statistical analysis. Differences in values between the groups were evaluated statistically using one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple range test for a post hoc comparison by using SPSS 21.0 for windows (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.
An Y.A., Hwang J.Y., Lee J.S, & Kim Y.C. (2015). Cornus officinalis Methanol Extract Upregulates Melanogenesis in Melan-a Cells. Toxicological Research, 31(2), 165-172.
Publication 2015
2
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles
ZnO NPs utilized in all experiments were synthesized in diethylene glycol (DEG) via forced hydrolysis of zinc acetate [14 (link)]. In brief, zinc acetate was dissolved in DEG, and then nanopure water was added under magnetic stirring. Subsequently, the system was heated at 160 °C under reflux for 90 min. After cooling, the resulting product was removed from DEG via centrifugation, and washed with ethanol several times before drying for 24 h at 50 °C, resulting in a powder sample. The sample crystal phase, crystallite size, and morphology were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as previously described [13 (link),14 (link)]. The NPs were then weighed and reconstituted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution to the desired stock concentration. After reconstitution, NPs were sonicated for 10 min and immediately vortexed prior to addition to cell cultures.
Hanley C., Thurber A., Hanna C., Punnoose A., Zhang J, & Wingett D.G. (2009). The Influences of Cell Type and ZnO Nanoparticle Size on Immune Cell Cytotoxicity and Cytokine Induction. Nanoscale Research Letters, 4(12), 1409-1420.
Publication 2009
Cell Culture Techniques Centrifugation diethylene glycol Ethanol Hydrolysis Phosphates Powder Saline Solution Transmission Electron Microscopy X-Ray Diffraction Zinc Acetate
3
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles
ZnO NPs utilized in all experiments were synthesized in diethylene glycol (DEG) via forced hydrolysis of zinc acetate [14 ]. In brief, zinc acetate was dissolved in DEG, and then nanopure water was added under magnetic stirring. Subsequently, the system was heated at 160 °C under reflux for 90 min. After cooling, the resulting product was removed from DEG via centrifugation, and washed with ethanol several times before drying for 24 h at 50 °C, resulting in a powder sample. The sample crystal phase, crystallite size, and morphology were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as previously described [13 (link), 14 ]. The NPs were then weighed and reconstituted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution to the desired stock concentration. After reconstitution, NPs were sonicated for 10 min and immediately vortexed prior to addition to cell cultures.
Hanley C., Thurber A., Hanna C., Punnoose A., Zhang J, & Wingett D.G. (2009). The Influences of Cell Type and ZnO Nanoparticle Size on Immune Cell Cytotoxicity and Cytokine Induction. Nanoscale Research Letters, 4(12), 1409-1420.
Publication 2009
Cell Culture Techniques Centrifugation diethylene glycol Ethanol Hydrolysis Phosphates Powder Saline Solution Transmission Electron Microscopy X-Ray Diffraction Zinc Acetate
4
Magnetite Nanoparticles Functionalization and Polymer Coating
Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPFe) were synthesized as previously reported (Patent: Baldi et al., Magnetic Nanoparticles functionalized with cathecol, production and use thereof, WO/2015 104 664).11 (link) Briefly, 40 mL of NPFe suspended in diethylene glycol was sonicated for 1 hour in an ultrasound bath and then a solution of [N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)dodecanamide (DDA)] (1.09 g, 3.2 mmol) dissolved in 120 mL of ethanol was slowly added to the glycolic suspension. The system was again sonicated for 1 hour at room temperature. The solution was then diluted with 60 mL of ultrapure water, magnetically sedimented and dispersed in 90 mL of THF (Fe3O4–DDA). Then 440 milligrams of PGLA-b-PEG-COOH (43–3 kDa, 9.6 μmmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of THF and then added to 90 mL of Fe3O4–DDA suspension (440 mg of Fe3O4). Fluorescent nanoparticles (Fe3O4–DDA-Fluo) were achieved by adding a DMSO solution of Fluorescein 488-NHS (synthesized as reported within the ESI, Fig. S1 and methods†), properly derivatized with 4-aminobutylphosphonic acid, to the Fe3O4–DDA suspension. The suspension was left reacting overnight at room temperature. The formation of NBR was achieved by the nanoprecipitation method: the organic phase was mixed with 900 mL of ultrapure water under vigorous stirring, maintaining a water : organic ratio of 10 : 1 with constant removal of the resulting solution. The mixture was then purified by washing with a phosphate-buffered solution and concentrated (Pellicon XL, cut-off 500 kDa) to a final volume of 150 mL (concentration: 0.3% (w/w) in Fe3O4); it was then filtered through a syringe filter (Millipore Sterivex, 0.22 μm, polyethersulfone membrane). Fluorescent NBR (NBR-Fluo) were prepared using the same method by substituting Fe3O4–DDA with Fe3O4–DDA-Fluo.
D'Elios M.M., Aldinucci A., Amoriello R., Benagiano M., Bonechi E., Maggi P., Flori A., Ravagli C., Saer D., Cappiello L., Conti L., Valtancoli B., Bencini A., Menichetti L., Baldi G, & Ballerini C. (2018). Myelin-specific T cells carry and release magnetite PGLA–PEG COOH nanoparticles in the mouse central nervous system. RSC Advances, 8(2), 904-913.
Publication 2018
Acids Bath diethylene glycol Ethanol Fluorescein FLUOS Glycols Magnetite Oxide, Ferrosoferric PGLA Phosphates polyether sulfone Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Syringes Tissue, Membrane Ultrasonics
5
Glioblastoma Multimodal Theranostic Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles synthesis: AGuIX® nanoparticles were prepared in diethylene glycol (DEG) according to Le Duc et al 27 . AGuIX® nanoparticles (1500 µmol of Gd3+) were dispersed in water at a pH of 7.4 (3 mL, [Gd3+] = 500 mM). After 1 hour, the suspension was heated at 40°C and DEG (12 mL) already heated at 40°C was added. A solution of 5-(4-carboxyphenyl succinimide ester)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (113.4 mg, 150 µmol, 10 Gd3+ per TPP) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (7.56 mL, [TPP] = 15mL/mL) was added drop by drop to the dispersion of nanoparticles under stirring. The mixture was stirred at 40°C for 12 hours in the dark.
Number of TPP per Gd quantification: Lyophilized nanoparticles were first dispersed in water for one hour at room temperature, [Gd3+] =50 mM and pH=7.4. Then the solution was diluted in water to [Gd3+] = 0.5 mM and absorbance measured at 520 nm, 555 nm, 590 nm and 650 nm (Q bands). The nanoparticles solution was diluted to [Gd3+] = 27 µM in water and absorbance measured at 420 nm (Soret band). The average result gives 14 Gd3+ per TPP.
Photophysical properties: Absorption spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer (Lambda 2, Courtaboeuf, France) UV-visible spectrophotometer. Fluorescence spectra were recorded on a SPEX Fluorolog-3 spectrofluorimeter (Jobin Yvon, Longjumeau, France) equipped with a thermo stated cell compartment (25°C), using a 450 W Xenon lamp. Fluorescence quantum yields (Φf) were determined using a TPP solution as a fluorescence standard. For the direct determination of singlet oxygen quantum yield (FD): excitation occurred with a Xe-arc, the light was separated in a SPEX 1680, 0.22 µm double monochromator. The detection at 1270 nm was done through a PTI S/N 1565 monochromator, and the emission was monitored by a liquid nitrogen-cooled Ge-detector model (EO-817L, North Coast Scientific Co).
Dynamic light scattering size and ζ-potential measurements: Direct measurements of the size distribution of the nanoparticles suspended in any medium were performed via Zetasizer NanoS DLS (Dynamic light scattering, laser He-Ne 633 nm) from Malvern Instrument. The ζ-potential of the nanoparticles was also performed via a Zetasizer NanoS. Prior to the experiment, the nanoparticles were diluted in an aqueous solution containing 0.01 M NaCl and adjusted to pH 7.4.
U87 Glioblastoma cell culture: U87 glioblastoma cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were maintained in monolayer culture (37°C, 5% CO2, 95% O2) in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (PAN biotech, GmbH, Aidenbach, Germany), 5% penicillin and streptomycin, 1.25% sodium pyruvate, 1% essential amino acid, 0.5% non-essential amino acid, 0.4% vitamins, 1% L-glutamine, L-serine, L-asparagine (Gibco, invitrogen, Saint Aubin, France).
Animals and stereotactic xenograft implantation:Animal procedures were performed according to institutional and national guidelines. All experiments were performed in accordance with animal care guidelines (Directive 2010/63/EU) and carried out by competent and authorized persons (personal authorization number 54-89 issued by the Department of Vetenary Services) in a registered establishment (establishment number C-54-547-03 issued by the Department of Vetenary Services). Male athymic nude rats (Hsd:RH-Foxn1rnu) were chosen for this study (Envigo, Gannat, France). The rats were used for tumor implantation at age of 8 weeks (180-220 g). During microsurgery (implantation or treatment protocol) and all acquisitions with microimaging, rats were anesthetized with a mixture of air and isoflurane concentrate (1.5-2% depending on the breathing) under sterile conditions. The rats were placed into a Kopf stereotactic frame (900M Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA). A midline incision was done and a burr hole was drilled 0.5 mm anterior and 2.7 mm lateral to the bregma. A skull anchor (Patent N° 11 55596) was fixed. 5.104 U87 cells were suspended in 5 µL Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS, 1X) and were injected in 4.4 mm into the brain parenchyma with a flow of 0.2 µL/min using a 10 µL Hamilton syringe. After injection, the scalp incision was sutured (Suture 6.0 filament) and the surface was antiseptically cleaned.
Nanoparticles preparation for in vivo studies:Nanoparticles were suspended in ultrapure water and NaCl 9% (20:80) to obtain an equivalent concentration of 2.5 mM TPP or 60 mM Gd. Each batch of nanoparticles was buffered in order to obtain an iso-osmolar solution and pH 7.4 and conserved at 5°C. Injected TPP amounted to 1.75 µmol/kg as previously described 26 (link). The injection solution was prepared by dissolution in 9% NaCl to obtain an injection volume of 600 µL (e.g. 0.525 µmol of TPP or 12.7 µmol of Gd for a body weight of 300 g) and injected, following by 600 µL of 9% NaCl were injected during 1 min.
Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy: The treatment happens 10-12 days after the graft when the tumor reached approximately 2.5±0.5 mm of diameter. The animal was maintained under volatile anesthesia (EZ-7000, WPi, Sarasota, USA) consisting in a mixture of 2% isoflurane (IsoFlo; Axience, Pantin, France) and air during MRI monitoring and treatment. The rats' temperature was maintained at 37°C thanks to the heating bed. The blood oxygenation was monitored all along the longitudinal follow-up and did not go down 87%. One hour prior the irradiation, the nanoparticles preparation was injected by intravenous administration in the caudal vein. Then the treatment was performed at 50 mW in fiber output (UltraSil ULS 272; OFS, Norcross, USA), 26 J and 652±1 nm with a laser diode (Biolitec, Jena, Germany). Sham rats received an injection of nanoparticles without photosensitizer one hour prior to iPDT.
MRI-guided iPDT and light delivery: Light delivery fiber was inserted through the skull anchor into the tumor tissue. The fiber tip (272 nm diameter, ULS 272, OFS, Norcross, U.S.A.) delivered the light (652 nm, 50 mw, 8 min 40 s, 26 J). A T1 weighted imaging in the coronal plane (TURBO-RARE, TR/TE: 400/9ms, NEX: 2, FOV: 4x4 cm, matrix: 256x256, SI: 1 mm) as a reference image before the injection of the nanoparticles, and a second T1 weighted MRI in the coronal plane to confirm their presence and to measure the coordinates for the fiber placement were performed. Then a density proton weighted image (TR/TE: 5000/33ms, NEX: 2, FOV: 4x4 cm, matrix: 256x256, SI: 1 mm) was performed before iPDT in order to control the positioning of the optical fiber inside the brain.
MRI acquisition protocol: The MR experiments were performed on a small animal 7 Teslas magnet (Bruker, Biospec 70/20 USR, Ettlingen Germany). A transmit body coil and a receive head coil were used for all acquisition except for the proton density weighted acquisition where just a transmit/receive body coil was used. The software Paravision 5.1 (Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany) was used to analyze the data. The MRI acquisition protocol was repeated at the eight times of the follow-up: the pre-treatment and post-treatment days (t=0), 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days post-treatment. The MRI acquisition protocol was composed by six images sequences and lasts 1h40: T2 weighted imaging (TURBO-Rapid Acquisition with Relaxation Enhancement TR/TE: 5000/77ms, NEX: 2, FOV: 4x4 cm, matrix: 256x256, SI: 1 mm) in axial and coronal planes to visualize the tumor in hyperintense. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) on the slice of interest (Spin Echo-Echo Planar Imaging, TR/TE: 3000/30ms, six b values (100, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 s/mm²), FOV: 4x4 cm, matrix: 128x128, SI: 1mm) defined from the fiber positioning. Taking into account the exponential diffusion signal decay, six b values were selected for a better fitting of the exponential curve. This has all been possible as we were not constrained by the movements of the anaesthetized animals and the duration of the acquisition. An Apparent Diffusion Coefficient map was calculated from the SE-EPI acquisition. This sequence was used to observe the water diffusion of the tissue.
Multi Gradient Echo-T2* acquisition (TR: 1500ms, 12 TE: range from 4 to 60ms, FOV: 4x4 cm, matrix: 256x256, SI: 1 mm) was performed on the same slice of interest. A T2* relaxation map was calculated from the T2* acquisition. The Bruker t2vtr-fitting function (Paravision 5, Bruker) based on the equation below was applied to calculate T2* relaxation time as a function of signal intensity and TE values of each image:
With: A= absolute bias, C= signal intensity, T2*= spin-spin relaxation time All calculated T2* times were given in ms. 1H-MR spectroscopy PRESS-1H (Point RESolved Spectroscopy) sequence (TR/TE : 2500/20ms, NEX : 512, VOI : 2.5x2x3mm) combined with a water suppression sequence VAPOR (VAriable Power Optimized Relaxation delays) are used for acquiring in single voxel spectroscopy one spectrum from a voxel placed on the tumor and another one on the contralateral side. Before MRS and T2* weighted images, a second order shim was performed.
MRI monitoring: The tumor response to the treatment was monitored by MRI from the pre-treatment to 20 days after the treatment. Each MRI session included an anatomical MRI, a diffusion MRI, a T2* MRI and a MRS. MRI session were performed just before the treatment, just after the treatment and 1, 2, 3, 7 and 10 days after the treatment. All sequences of one MRI session were carried out consecutively without moving the animal.
Images analysis:The volume of the tumors was achieved with a segmentation software ITK-SNAP 3.0.0 28 (link). Mean ADC value of the tumor comes from a ROI which circled the whole tumor on the T2 weighted images and which is then, replaced on the ADC map. The ADC ratios were calculated by dividing the tumor ADC value by the contralateral ADC value. Each ratio was then normalized to the pretreatment ratio. The VOI for MRS was drawn on the T2 weighted images, and included the whole initial tumor volume (7.2 ±3.1 mm3) and also the brain adjacent to tumor. For the final stages, the whole tumor (63.1 ± 56.6 mm3) was filling the VOI so that the voxel remains focused on tumor. Each brain tissue spectrum was analyzed using jMRUI software with a basis set of prior knowledge containing 17 peaks which correspond to 9 metabolites (Lipids/lactate (CH/CH2/CH3), N-Acetyl-Aspartate (NAA), glutamine, glutamate, glutamine-glutamate (GLX), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), taurine, myo-inositol (MIn)) 29 (link)
30 . The metabolites expression was determined using the water signal as a reference, and therefore all amplitudes were expressed semi quantitatively. AMARES algorithm is used for the quantitation 31 .
The proportion of hemorrhage and the proportion of the water compartment came from T2* map. The ROIs have always the same size and enclosed the tumor and its periphery, in order to assess the micro hemorrhages and the water content changes, induced by iPDT, in and around the tumor. An arbitrary threshold was defined to quantify the hemorrhage or the water content. The proportion of hemorrhage or water content was respectively defined as the ratio of the number of pixels under or upper the threshold divided by the total number of pixels.
Light propagation Simulation: The simulation of photon propagation in the tumor volume and healthy tissues was made with Molecular Optical Simulation Environment (MOSE), a simulation platform for optical molecular imaging research co-developed by Xidian University, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China and Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, USA. The parameters of the simulation were a sphere of the corresponding diameter for the tumor, a cube of 4 mm side for the healthy brain, a flat cylindrical light source at 652 nm (Figure 7c and d). The characterization of optical coefficients in various biological tissues of different species exists in the literature. However, there are very few studies evaluating these coefficients in vivo, and let alone in presence of nanoparticles. We used a method developed by our group to estimate the in vivo optical parameters. The in vivo values of the optical coefficients (absorption and scattering µa and µs, respectively) of subcutaneous U87MG tumors grafted in nude mice with and without AGuIX® nanoparticles were estimated by solving the inverse problem using fast Monte Carlo simulation and experimental spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectra 32 .
Immunohistochemistry:The brains were kept in formol® (CARLO ERBA Reagents S.A.S, Val de Reuil, France) during 10 days. The tissue samples were dehydrated in successive ethanol baths from 70° to 100° to finish in toluene. They were conserved as 5 µm thick slice in paraffine. Immunohistophatology was performed on deparaffined slices. The unmasking step was performed at 110°C/5min in citrate buffer. To detect tumor cellular proliferation, sections were incubated for one night at room temperature with the primary antibody (rabbit monoclonal antibody anti-Ki67, 1:200 dilution buffer; SP6, RM-9106-S0, S1, NeoMarkers, Labvision). After washing, the slides were incubated for 1 hour with the secondary goat polyclonal antibody anti-rat biotinylated IgG (1:400 dilution in PBS-Tween E0432, Dakocytomation, Denmark). The revelation of secondary biotinylated antibodies was performed with a streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase complex (1 h at room temperature, diluted 1:400 in PBS-Tween, Dakocytomation, Denmark) and the peroxidase substrate (5 min, Vector® NovoRedTM Substrate Kit for peroxidase, HistoGreen, Vector Laboratories, Paris). A hematoxylin counterstaining was performed to visualize the section by optical microscopy (Eclipse E600, Nikon France S.A, Champigny sur Marne, France). ImageJ was used to perform counting. KI67 index is the number of nuclei stained on the number of nuclei unstained, counting on 3 different images, x40 magnification.
In vivo PDT response variables: Following PDT, tumor volume was measured by segmentation on T2 weighted images. For the statistical analysis, we used an innovative approach developed by Bastogne et al. and based on the mixed-effect modeling of the tumor responses 33 . Its main advantage is to account for all the tumor kinetics and not only a specific end-point, which allows to significantly enhancing the statistical power of the tests. This method firstly required to define a parametric model of the kinetic response and secondly to determine the values of the model parameters with a maximum likelihood estimator. For the modeling step, originality was also to consider the equivalent diameter instead of the tumor volume. The diameter response generally showed a linear trend and therefore a simpler model 34
35 . As previously described, an exponential-linear model structure was used:
where x is the tumor diameter (D), t is the time variable, k1, T, k2, τ are the model parameters to be estimated from the experimental data 33 . This model was implemented in the computational environment Matlab© with the toolbox Monolix©. Three groups of animals were deduced from this model, a non-treated group (control), a partially treated group (non-responder) and completely treated group (responder). The growth rate k2 decreased of about 30% versus 57% for the non-responder and responder animals, respectively.
Toussaint M., Pinel S., Auger F., Durieux N., Thomassin M., Thomas E., Moussaron A., Meng D., Plénat F., Amouroux M., Bastogne T., Frochot C., Tillement O., Lux F, & Barberi-Heyob M. (2017). Proton MR Spectroscopy and Diffusion MR Imaging Monitoring to Predict Tumor Response to Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy for Glioblastoma. Theranostics, 7(2), 436-451.
Publication 2017

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Catechin-Phenylacetaldehyde Adduct Formation

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Publication 2024
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Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Hydrogel Synthesis
Hydroxypropyl
cellulose (HPC)
was supplied by NIPPON SIDA CO., LTD, with a relative molecular weight
(Mw) of 40000. Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl
ether (TEG-DE, Mw = 222), diethylene glycol
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All remaining chemicals were of analytical grade and were employed
without any additional purification steps.
Huang L., Zhang X., Deng L., Wang Y., Liu Y, & Zhu H. (2024). Sustainable Cellulose-Derived Organic Photonic Gels with Tunable and Dynamic Structural Color. ACS Nano, 18(4), 3627-3635.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2024
3
Comprehensive Water Quality Assessment
Not available on PMC !
In this study, water quality was evaluated, including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, biological oxygen demand, turbidity, diethylene, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, total solids, oils and greases, nitrate, nitrite, total alkalinity, total organic carbon, fluoride, sulfate, and orthophosphate. Water samples were collected (three samples from each site) in standard sampling water bottles (without head space) from a depth of 50 cm (with limited exposure to sunlight) and then stored in an icebox. The sampling time was fixed for all collection days within only one week. Some parameters, such as formaldehyde, ammonia, diethylene glycol, and BTX, were assessed using multiprobes (Lovibond water testing, Italy). Moreover, we evaluated 11 harmful chemicals, including five heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr) and six organic residues (formaldehyde, ammonia, diethylene glycol, and BTX) using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector.
Sayed A.E.H., Abdel-Ghaffar S., & Hussein A. (2024). Environmental Assessment and Experimental Trial on the Effects of BTX Exposure on Adults and Embryos of Bufo regularis. Journal of Applied Molecular Biology, 2(1), 107-126.
Publication 2024
4
Functionalized Metallic Nanofiber Composition
Not available on PMC !

Example 16

    • A composition comprising:
    • about 0.01% to 3.0% of a plurality of functionalized metallic nanofibers;
    • a first solvent comprising about 2.5% to 28% 1-butanol, ethanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, acetic acid, 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol or IPA), 1-methoxy-2-propanol, diethylene glycol, or mixtures thereof;
    • a viscosity modifier, resin, or binder comprising about 0.05% to 5.0% cellulose resin such as hydroxy methylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, propyl methylcellulose, methoxy cellulose, methoxy methylcellulose, methoxy propyl methylcellulose, hydroxy propyl methylcellulose, carboxy methylcellulose, hydroxy ethylcellulose, ethyl hydroxyl ethylcellulose, or mixtures thereof;
    • a second solvent comprising about 5% to 50% of n-propanol, 2-propanol, propylene glycol, or diethylene glycol, or mixtures thereof; and
    • with the balance comprising a third solvent such as 1-methoxy-2-propanol, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, cyclopentanol, butyl lactone, or mixtures thereof.

US11866827B2. Metallic nanofiber ink, substantially transparent conductor, and fabrication method (2024-01-09). NthDegree Technologies Worldwide Inc. [US]. Inventors: Mark David Lowenthal [US], Mark Lewandowski [US], Jeffrey Baldridge [US], Lixin Zheng [US], David Michael Chesler [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
1-hexanol 1-Propanol Acetic Acid Butanols Carboxymethylcellulose Cellulose Cyclohexanol cyclohexanone cyclopentanol cyclopentanone diethylene glycol Ethanol ethyl cellulose Hydroxyl Radical Hypromellose Isopropyl Alcohol Lactones Metals methoxyisopropanol Methylcellulose n-pentanol Propylene Glycol Resins, Plant Solvents Viscosity
5
Functionalized Metallic Nanofiber Composition
Not available on PMC !

Example 17

    • A composition comprising:
    • about 0.01% to 3.0% of a plurality of functionalized metallic nanofibers 100;
    • a first solvent comprising about 18% to 28% 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol or IPA), 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-butanol, ethanol, diethylene glycol, 1-pentanol or 1-hexanol, or mixtures thereof;
    • a viscosity modifier, resin, or binder comprising about 1.5% to 2.5% cellulose resin such as propoxymethyl cellulose, methoxyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl cellulose resin, or mixtures thereof;
    • a second solvent comprising about 15% to 25% of n-propanol, 2-propanol, or diethylene glycol, or mixtures thereof; and
    • with the balance comprising a third solvent such as (deionized) water, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, cyclopentanol, butyl lactone, or mixtures thereof.

US11866827B2. Metallic nanofiber ink, substantially transparent conductor, and fabrication method (2024-01-09). NthDegree Technologies Worldwide Inc. [US]. Inventors: Mark David Lowenthal [US], Mark Lewandowski [US], Jeffrey Baldridge [US], Lixin Zheng [US], David Michael Chesler [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
1-hexanol 1-Propanol Butyl Alcohol Cellulose Cyclohexanol cyclohexanone cyclopentanol cyclopentanone diethylene glycol Ethanol hydroxypropylcellulose Isopropyl Alcohol Lactones Metals methoxyisopropanol n-pentanol Resins, Plant Solvents Viscosity

Top products related to «Diethylene glycol»

1
Diethylene glycol by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, France, United Kingdom, Poland
Diethylene glycol is a clear, colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid. It is a common ingredient in various industrial and laboratory applications, primarily serving as a solvent, antifreeze, and humectant.
2
Transcutol p by Gattefosse
Sourced in France, India, Spain, China, United States, Germany
Transcutol P is a polyethylene glycol ether derivative that functions as a solvent, penetration enhancer, and co-solvent in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. It has the ability to improve the solubility and permeability of active ingredients through the skin. Transcutol P is characterized by its low toxicity and skin irritation profile.
3
Tween 80 by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, India, Italy, France, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain, Poland, China, Belgium, Brazil, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, Macao, Ireland, Chile, Pakistan, Japan, Denmark, Malaysia, Indonesia, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Bangladesh, Croatia, Mexico, Portugal, Austria, Puerto Rico, Czechia
Tween 80 is a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier. It is a viscous, yellow liquid that is commonly used in laboratory settings to solubilize and stabilize various compounds and formulations.
4
Sodium hydroxide (naoh) by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, India, United Kingdom, Italy, China, Spain, France, Australia, Canada, Poland, Switzerland, Singapore, Belgium, Sao Tome and Principe, Ireland, Sweden, Brazil, Israel, Mexico, Macao, Chile, Japan, Hungary, Malaysia, Denmark, Portugal, Indonesia, Netherlands, Czechia, Finland, Austria, Romania, Pakistan, Cameroon, Egypt, Greece, Bulgaria, Norway, Colombia, New Zealand, Lithuania
Sodium hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and is a strong base. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a reagent.
5
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Macao, India, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Brazil, Czechia, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia, Slovakia, Cameroon, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Finland, Malaysia, Latvia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Uruguay, Bangladesh
DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
6
Acetonitrile by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, China, Belgium, Germany, Canada, Portugal, France, Australia, Spain, Switzerland, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Denmark
Acetonitrile is a highly polar, aprotic organic solvent commonly used in analytical and synthetic chemistry applications. It has a low boiling point and is miscible with water and many organic solvents. Acetonitrile is a versatile solvent that can be utilized in various laboratory procedures, such as HPLC, GC, and extraction processes.
7
Transcutol hp by Gattefosse
Sourced in France, India, Germany, United States
Transcutol HP is a high-purity, pharmaceutical-grade solvent used in various formulations. It serves as a solubilizer, humectant, and penetration enhancer to facilitate the delivery of active ingredients through the skin.
8
Methanol by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, China, Germany, Belgium, Canada, France, India, Australia, Portugal, Spain, New Zealand, Ireland, Sweden, Italy, Denmark, Poland, Malaysia, Switzerland, Macao, Sao Tome and Principe, Bulgaria
Methanol is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid chemical compound. It is commonly used as a solvent, fuel, and feedstock in various industrial processes.
9
Methanol by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, Italy, India, United Kingdom, China, France, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, Brazil, Ireland, Japan, Belgium, Portugal, Singapore, Macao, Malaysia, Czechia, Mexico, Indonesia, Chile, Denmark, Sweden, Bulgaria, Netherlands, Finland, Hungary, Austria, Israel, Norway, Egypt, Argentina, Greece, Kenya, Thailand, Pakistan
Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.
10
Propylene glycol by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, India, Italy, Spain, Singapore, Macao, China, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Austria, Netherlands, Switzerland
Propylene glycol is a clear, colorless, and odorless liquid that is commonly used as a solvent and humectant in various industries. It has a wide range of applications, including in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products. Propylene glycol exhibits low toxicity and is generally recognized as safe for certain applications.

More about "Diethylene glycol"

Diethylene glycol, also known as DEG, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid commonly used as a solvent, coolant, and ingredient in various industrial and consumer products.
It is an important chemical intermediate in the production of other compounds, such as Transcutol P, Tween 80, and Sodium hydroxide.
Exposure to diethylene glycol can be hazardous, leading to serious health effects, so accurate analysis and proper handling protocols are critical.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform helps optimize research protocols for diethylene glycol analysis, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.
The platform allows users to easily locate protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and utilize AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
This seamless research experience with PubCompare.ai can help ensure the safe and effective use of diethylene glycol in a variety of applications, such as in the production of DMSO, acetonitrile, Transcutol HP, methanol, and propylene glycol.
By incorporating synonyms, related terms, and key subtopics, PubCompare.ai's platform provides a comprehensive and user-friendly solution for researchers working with diethylene glycol.
The platform's AI-driven approach helps streamline the research process, ensuring accurate and reproducible results, and promoting the safe handling of this important chemical.