Log In Sign up
The largest database of trusted experimental protocols
> Chemicals & Drugs > Organic Chemical > Epinephrine

Epinephrine

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands.
It plays a crucial role in the body's stress response, triggering the 'fight-or-flight' reaction.
Epinephrine acts on multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic systems, to prepare the body for intense physical activity.
It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels, while also dilating the airways.
Epinehrine is widely used in medical settings to treat anaphylactic shock, cardiac arrest, and other emergencies.
Researchers studying the effects and mechanisms of epinephrine can utilize PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to quickly locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy in their epinephrine studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Epinephrine»

1
Assessing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Cited 24 times
We studied mechanically ventilated patients admitted to the emergency departments (EDs) or intensive care units (ICUs) of participating study hospitals, which were part of the NIH Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL) Network. We excluded children, pregnant women, and prisoners. At the time a clinical ABG was obtained for a ventilated patient, the nurse or respiratory therapist obtaining the ABG completed a brief case report form (CRF) that included current SpO2, quality of the oximeter waveform, skin pigmentation (graded informally from very light to very dark, on a 5-point ordinal span, with reference skin pigments included on the CRF). Research coordinators then documented age, sex, body mass index (BMI), body temperature (as measured clinically, without preference for core vs. peripheral temperature measurements), ABG results, basic metabolic panel results, hemoglobin, Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP), FIO2, tidal volume, receipt of vasopressors (i.e., epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, dopamine, or vasopressin) at the time the ABG was obtained, and whether the patient met consensus criteria for ARDS other than hypoxemia. Specifically, site investigators individually reviewed chest radiographs and the medical record to assess whether ARDS criteria (acute onset of bilateral lung opacities not fully explained by effusions, lobar/lung collapse, or nodules) other than hypoxemia were met. ARDS was then considered present if the PaO2/FIO2 met relevant thresholds. Given resource constraints, we did not require a specific ABG sampling strategy or collect denominator data on the total number of ABGs performed in participating hospitals.
Data were uploaded to the Clinical Coordinating Center (CCC) at Massachusetts General Hospital, where quality analysis and cleaning were undertaken according to standard procedures. Each participating Institutional Review Board (IRB), including the CCC IRB, approved this study with waiver of informed consent on the basis of compliance with 45 CFR 46.116d.
Brown S.M., Duggal A., Hou P.C., Tidswell M., Khan A., Exline M., Park P.K., Schoenfeld D., Liu M., Grissom C.K., Moss M., Rice T.W., Hough C.L., Rivers E., Thompson B.T, & Brower R.G. (2017). Non-linear imputation of PaO2/FIO2 from SpO2/FIO2 among mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit: a prospective, observational study. Critical care medicine, 45(8), 1317-1324.
Publication 2017
Acute Lung Injury Atelectasis Child Dopamine Epinephrine Ethics Committees, Research Hemoglobin Hormone, Antidiuretic Index, Body Mass Light Lung Norepinephrine Nurses Patients Phenylephrine Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Pregnant Women Prisoners Radiography, Thoracic Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult Respiratory Rate Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen Skin Pigmentation Tidal Volume Vasoconstrictor Agents
2
Structural Determination of Human β₂-Adrenergic Receptor
Cited 18 times
Human β2AR fused to an amino-terminal T4 lysozyme23 (link) was expressed and purified as described above. Following purification by alprenolol sepharose, the receptor was washed extensively with 30 μM of the low affinity antagonist atenolol while bound to FLAG affinity resin to fully displace alprenolol, then washed and eluted in buffer devoid of ligand to produce a homogeneously unliganded preparation. The receptor was then incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature with a stoichiometric excess of ligand (HBI or BI167107). A 1.3-fold molar excess of Nb6B9 was then added, and the sample was dialyzed overnight into a buffer consisting of 100 mM sodium chloride, 20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 0.01% lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol detergent, and 0.001% cholesteryl hemisuccinate. In each case, ligand was included in the dialysis buffer at 100 nM concentration or higher. The sample was then concentrated using a 50 kDa spin concentrator and purified over a Sephadex S200 size exclusion column in the same buffer as for dialysis, and the β2AR-Nb6B9-ligand ternary complex was isolated. In the case of adrenaline, the low affinity and chemical instability of the ligand precluded overnight dialysis, so 100 μM adrenaline was added to receptor for 30 minutes at room temperature, then a 1.3-fold molar excess of Nb6B9 added and the sample was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. Following incubation, the sample was concentrated and immediately purified by size exclusion as above.
Following purification, samples were concentrated to A280 = 55 using a 50 kDa concentrator to minimize the detergent concentration in the final sample, then aliquoted into thin-walled PCR tubes at 8 μL per aliquot. Aliquots were flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 °C for crystallization trials. For crystallization, samples were thawed and reconstituted into lipidic cubic phase with a 1:1 mass:mass ratio of lipid. The lipid stock consisted of a 10:1 mix by mass of 7.7 monoacylglycerol (generously provided by Martin Caffrey) with cholesterol (Sigma). Samples were reconstituted by the two syringe mixing method10 (link) and then dispensed into glass sandwich plates using a GryphonLCP robot (Art Robbins Instruments). In the case of the β2AR-adrenaline complex, 1 mM fresh adrenaline was mixed with receptor prior to reconstitution. Crystals were grown using 30 nL protein/lipid drops with 600 nL overlay solution, which consisted of 18 – 24 % PEG400, 100 mM MES pH 6.2 to pH 6.7, and 40 – 100 mM ammonium phosphate dibasic. Crystals grew in 1 – 3 days, and were harvested and frozen in liquid nitrogen for data collection.
Ring A.M., Manglik A., Kruse A.C., Enos M.D., Weis W.I., Garcia K.C, & Kobilka B.K. (2013). Adrenaline-activated structure of the β2-adrenoceptor stabilized by an engineered nanobody. Nature, 502(7472), 575-579.
Publication 2013
Alprenolol ammonium phosphate Atenolol BI167107 Buffers Cholesterol cholesterol-hemisuccinate Crystallization Cuboid Bone Detergents Dialysis Epinephrine Freezing Glycols HEPES Homo sapiens Ligands Lipids Maltose Molar Monoglycerides Nitrogen polyethylene glycol 400 Proteins Resins, Plant sephadex Sepharose Sodium Chloride Syringes
3
ARDS Fluid and Catheter Trial Protocol
Cited 18 times
We analyzed data from the ARDS Network Fluid and Catheter Treatment trial. This trial excluded patients in whom renal replacement therapy (for either acute or end stage renal disease) had been initiated or planned for at the time of screening (1 (link), 2 (link)). The clinical data have been described previously and included chronic health conditions, laboratory data, ventilator parameters, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and vasopressor use. Vasopressor use was defined as the use of dopamine at 6 mcg/kg/min or higher, or the use of other vasopressors including norepinephrine, vasopressin or epinephrine at any dose.
Liu K.D., Thompson B.T., Ancukiewicz M., Steingrub J.S., Douglas I.S., Matthay M.A., Wright P., Peterson M.W., Rock P., Hyzy R.C., Anzueto A, & Truwit J.D. (2011). Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Acute Lung Injury: Impact of Fluid Accumulation on Classification of Acute Kidney Injury and Associated Outcomes. Critical care medicine, 39(12), 2665-2671.
Publication 2011
Catheters Chronic Condition Dopamine Epinephrine Hormone, Antidiuretic Kidney Failure, Chronic Norepinephrine Patients Renal Replacement Therapy Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult Vasoconstrictor Agents
4
Sepsis Fluid Resuscitation Protocol
Cited 15 times
This study was a restrictive observation study from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV version 0.4) database from 2008 to 2019 [24 ]. An individual who has finished the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative examination (Certification number 35931520 for author Zhou) can access the database. This is a longitudinal, single-center database including 257,366 individuals and 196,527 adults, and 11,263 patients with sepsis (Defined by sepsis-3 criteria [1 (link)]). In our study, we extracted patients’ parameters containing age, gender, ethnic group, admission type, insurance condition, the first 24-h Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS) score, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, SpO2, total urine output during the first 24 h after ICU admission, lactate level, the use of vasopressors, weight, mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy (RRT), the stage of acute kidney injury (AKI), anamnesis (myocardial infarction, cancer, renal disease, cirrhosis and diabetes) and the type and volume of their fluid administration during the whole ICU stay. Vasopressors included norepinephrine, phenylephrine, epinephrine, vasopressin, dopamine, and dobutamine. For the antibiotics, Carbapenems (meropenem), Glycopeptide (vancomycin), β-lactams (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefepime), and Aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) were extracted into our analysis. In this study, types of administration for crystalloids and albumin including normal saline and lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution, while 5% and 25% HSA for colloids. The code of data extraction is available on Github (https://github.com/MIT-LCP/mimic-iv).
Adults patients (≥ 18 years) with sepsis and complete fluid administration records were screened in the analysis. The following exclusion criteria were used: (1) patients who have not received any crystalloids administration; (2) patients who received albumin longer than 24 h after the initiation of crystalloids administration or preceded the crystalloids. For patients who had ICU admission more than once, only data of the first ICU admission of the first hospital stay were included.
Zhou S., Zeng Z., Wei H., Sha T, & An S. (2021). Early combination of albumin with crystalloids administration might be beneficial for the survival of septic patients: a retrospective analysis from MIMIC-IV database. Annals of Intensive Care, 11, 42.
Publication 2021
Adult Aftercare Albumins Amikacin Aminoglycosides Antibiotics, Antitubercular Carbapenems Cefepime Cefotaxime Ceftriaxone Colloids Diabetes Mellitus Dobutamine Dopamine Epinephrine Ethnicity Gender Gentamicin Glycopeptides Hormone, Antidiuretic Immunologic Memory Intensive Care Kidney Diseases Kidney Failure, Acute Lactams Lactated Ringer's Solution Lactates Liver Cirrhosis Malignant Neoplasms Mechanical Ventilation Meropenem Myocardial Infarction Norepinephrine Normal Saline Patients Phenylephrine Rate, Heart Renal Replacement Therapy Respiratory Rate Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen Septicemia SKAP2 protein, human Solutions, Crystalloid Urine Vancomycin Vasoconstrictor Agents
5
Comprehensive Biomarker Assessment Protocol
Cited 13 times

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2011
Biological Assay Biological Markers Cell Adhesion Molecules Cholesterol C Reactive Protein Epinephrine Fibrinogen Glucose Hemoglobin, Glycosylated High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Homeostasis Hormones Hydrocortisone Hypothalamus Index, Body Mass Inflammation Insulin Resistance Interleukin-6 Lipids Low-Density Lipoproteins Metabolism Norepinephrine Parasympathetic Nervous System physiology Pituitary-Adrenal System Plant Roots Plasma Prasterone Pressure, Diastolic Pulse Rate Rate, Heart SELE protein, human Serum Sympathetic Nervous System Systole Triglycerides Urine Waist-Hip Ratio

Most recents protocols related to «Epinephrine»

1
Direct Analysis of Tissue Chemicals
Not available on PMC !

Example 16

Direct analysis of chemicals in animal tissue using probes of the invention was performed as shown in FIG. 29A. A small sections of tissue were removed and placed on a paper triangle. Methanol/water (1:1 v:v; 10 μl) was added to the paper as solvent and then 4.5 kV positive DC voltage was applied to produce the spray for MS analysis. Protonated hormone ions were observed for porcine adrenal gland tissue (1 mm3, FIG. 29B). FIG. 16 is a mass spectrum showing direct analysis of hormones in animal tissue by paper spray. A small piece of pig adrenal gland tissue (1 mm×1 mm×1 mm) was placed onto the paper surface, MeOH/water (1:1 v:v; 10 μl) was added and a voltage applied to the paper to produce a spray. The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine were identified in the spectrum; at high mass the spectrum was dominated by phospolipid signals.

Lipid profiles were obtained for human prostate tissues (1 mm2×15 μm, FIGS. 29C and 29D) removed from the tumor and adjacent normal regions. Phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) were identified in the spectra. The peak of [PC(34:1)+K]+ at m/z 798 was significantly more intense in tumor tissue (FIG. 29C) and peaks [SM(34:1)+Na]+ at m/z 725, [SM(36:0)+Na]+ at m/z 756, and [SM(36:4)+Na]+ at m/z 804 were significantly lower compared with normal tissue (FIG. 29D).

US11867684B2. Sample dispenser including an internal standard and methods of use thereof (2024-01-09). Purdue Research Foundation [US]. Inventors: Zheng Ouyang [US], He Wang [US], Nicholas E. Manicke [US], Robert Graham Cooks [US], Qian Yang [US], Jiangjiang Liu [US].
Patent 2024
Adrenal Glands Animals Epinephrine Homo sapiens Hormones Ions Lipids Mass Spectrometry Methanol Neoplasms Norepinephrine Phosphatidylcholines Phospholipids Pigs Prostate Solvents Sphingomyelins Tissues
2
Lidocaine Preservative-Free Intranasal Formulation
Not available on PMC !

Example 6

A lidocaine preservative free intranasal formulation with combination of other drugs is prepared using the ingredients set forth in Table 4 for Examples 6-8.

TABLE 4
Example 6Example 7Example 8
Compositionmg/spraymg/spraymg/spray
Lidocaine101010
Epinephrine——0.01
Meloxicam15——
Ketamine—15
Citric acid monohydrate   3.503.253.0
Purified WaterQsQsQs

The formulation is prepared as follows: Add citric acid monohydrate to purified water while stirring and mix till a clear solution is observed. Add lidocaine base or salt, combination drug and other optional excipients while stirring and mix for 30 minutes till a clear solution is formed. Filter the clear solution using sterile 0.2 micron pore size filter and fill the solution in a glass bottle aseptically and tightly crimp metered dose mechanical pump.

US11857520B2. Therapeutic composition of intranasal lidocaine (2024-01-02). Nortic Holdings Inc. [US]. Inventors: S. George Kottayil [US], Amresh Kumar [US], Prasanna Sunthankar [US], Vimal Kavuru [US], Kamalkishore Pati [US].
Patent 2024
Citric Acid Monohydrate Drug Combinations Epinephrine Excipients Ketamine Lidocaine Meloxicam Pharmaceutical Preservatives Sodium Chloride Sterility, Reproductive
3
Quantifying Oxidative Stress Markers in Plasma
In plasma samples, the following oxidative stress markers were measured: nitrite (NO2), superoxide anion radical (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the index of lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS – thiobarbituric acid reactive substances).
Nitric oxide decomposes rapidly to form stable metabolite nitrite/nitrate products. The nitrite level was measured and used as an index of nitric oxide (NO) production using the Griess reagent. A total of 0.5 ml of plasma was precipitated with 200 μl of 30% sulphosalicylic acid, vortexed for 30 min, and centrifuged at 3000 × g. Equal volumes of supernatant and Griess reagent containing 1% sulphanilamide in 5% phosphoric acid/0.1% naphthalene ethylenediamine dihydrochloride were added and incubated for 10 min in the dark, and the sample was measured at 543 nm. The nitrite levels were calculated using sodium nitrite as the standard [13 (link)].
The O2− concentration was measured after the reaction of nitro blue tetrazolium in Tris buffer with the plasma at 530 nm. Distilled water served as the blank [14 ].
The measurement of H2O2 is based on the oxidation of phenol red by H2O2 in a reaction catalysed by horseradish peroxidase (HRPO). Two hundred μl of plasma was precipitated with 800 ml of freshly prepared phenol red solution, followed by the addition of 10 μl of (1:20) HRPO (made ex tempore). Distilled water was used as the blank instead of the plasma sample. H2O2 was measured at 610 nm [15 (link)].
The degree of lipid peroxidation in the plasma samples was estimated by measuring TBARS using 1% thiobarbituric acid in 0.05 NaOH, incubated with the plasma at 100 °C for 15 min, and measured at 530 nm. Distilled water served as the blank [16 (link)].
The activity of the following antioxidants in the lysate was determined: reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The level of reduced glutathione was determined based on GSH oxidation with 5,5-dithiobis-6,2-nitrobenzoic acid using a method by Beutler [17 ]. The CAT activity was determined according to Aebi [18 (link)]. The lysates were diluted with distilled water (1:7 v/v) and treated with chloroform-ethanol (0.6:1 v/v) to remove haemoglobin, and then 50 μl of CAT buffer, 100 μl of sample and 1 ml of 10 mM H2O2 were added to the samples. The detection was performed at 360 nm. SOD activity was determined by the epinephrine method of Beutler [19 (link)]. Lysate (100 μl) and 1 ml carbonate buffer were mixed, and then 100 μl of epinephrine was added. The detection was performed at 470 nm.
Radoman K., Zivkovic V., Zdravkovic N., Chichkova N.V., Bolevich S, & Jakovljevic V. (2023). Effects of dandelion root on rat heart function and oxidative status. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23, 78.
Publication 2023
Anions Antioxidant Activity Buffers Carbonates Catalase Chloroform Epinephrine Ethanol ethylenediamine dihydrochloride Griess reagent Hemoglobin Horseradish Peroxidase Lipid Peroxidation naphthalene Nitrates Nitrites Nitrobenzoic Acids Nitroblue Tetrazolium Oxidative Stress Oxide, Nitric Peroxide, Hydrogen Phosphoric Acids Plasma Reduced Glutathione Sodium Nitrite Sulfanilamide sulfosalicylic acid Superoxide Dismutase Superoxides thiobarbituric acid Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Tromethamine
4
Surgical Techniques for Eyelid Skin Cancer Removal
Anesthesiologists used neuroleptic sedation for each patient with a combination of ketamine, midazolam, fentanyl and propofol. The surgeon used loupes with a 3.3X magnification and a headlight. The tumour was assessed, measured (Figure 1A), and marked with standard four millimetre surgical margins for BCC and seven millimeter surgical margins for melanoma in situ (MIS). The width of the excised area was documented. The donor tissue width was estimated and marked (Figure 1B). The donor lid was then stretched horizontally, ensuring that the secondary defect could undergo direct closure. One drop of topical anesthesia was placed in each eye and the operative site was prepared with controlled use of chlorhexidine to limit the risk of corneal toxicity. The surgeon performed subcutaneous infiltration of the tumor and donor sites using lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:100,000; 2 ml or less per eyelid. All tissue was handled with 0.5 mm toothed forceps to preserve its architecture and integrity.
McDonald H.M., McDonald K.A, & McDonald H. (2023). The free bilamellar autograft (FBA) procedure: A comprehensive case series of an alternative surgical approach to reconstruction of large eyelid defects. Frontiers in Surgery, 10, 1038952.
Publication 2023
Anesthesiologist Antipsychotic Agents Chlorhexidine Cornea Epinephrine Eyelids Fentanyl Forceps Ketamine Lidocaine Melanoma Midazolam Neoplasms Patients Propofol Sedatives Surgeons Surgical Margins Tissue Donors Tissues Topical Anesthetics
5
Clinician Survey on Adrenaline Knowledge
We circulated a six question survey to 40 clinicians in a large urban tertiary hand surgery center. Clinicians surveyed included ED doctors, specialist nurses, advanced clinical practitioners and hand surgeons. All clinicians working in the ED or the department of hand surgery were eligible for participation. The survey took the form of an online Survey Monkey Poll distributed to the ED and hand surgery departments. For the survey questions please see supplemental digital content (Appendix 1, Supplemental Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/MD/I489). The study was approved by the governance team of the hospital and participants gave consent for their responses to be used in further research. The survey was made up of six questions with participants selecting pre-determined answers. These assessed demographics, understanding of adrenaline duration of action and its reversal (agent and location within the hospital as well as dose). Responses to each question were described in graph and percentages.
McCaughran P.W., Ellis K., Southall C., Zargaran D., Nikkhah D, & Mosahebi A. (2023). Adrenaline auto-injector injuries: Practical considerations in emergency management in a tertiary hand surgery unit. Medicine, 102(10), e32977.
Publication 2023
Epinephrine Monkeys Nurses Operative Surgical Procedures Physicians Surgeons

Top products related to «Epinephrine»

1
Epinephrine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, India, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Brazil, Canada, Macao, Israel
Epinephrine is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It is a naturally occurring hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a role in the body's stress response. In the laboratory setting, Epinephrine is utilized for its properties and functions without interpretation or extrapolation on its intended use.
2
Adrenaline by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom
Adrenaline is a lab equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress and emergency situations. The core function of Adrenaline is to prepare the body for physical exertion and heightened alertness.
3
Bovine serum albumin (bsa) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Japan, France, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Macao, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, India, Israel, Belgium, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Hungary, Netherlands, Czechia, Brazil, Austria, Singapore, Portugal, Panama, Chile, Senegal, Morocco, Slovenia, New Zealand, Finland, Thailand, Uruguay, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, Romania, Greece, Mexico
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common laboratory reagent derived from bovine blood plasma. It is a protein that serves as a stabilizer and blocking agent in various biochemical and immunological applications. BSA is widely used to maintain the activity and solubility of enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules in experimental settings.
4
Gif q260j by Olympus
Sourced in Japan, United Kingdom, Germany
The GIF-Q260J is a laboratory equipment product from Olympus. It is designed to perform a core function, but the specific details of its intended use are not available in this concise, unbiased, and factual description.
5
Norepinephrine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, China, Italy, Canada
Norepinephrine is a laboratory product produced by Merck Group. It is a neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a role in the sympathetic nervous system. The core function of Norepinephrine is to regulate physiological processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and pupil dilation.
6
Thiobarbituric acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, India, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, Poland, Spain, Italy, Brazil, Macao, France, China, Czechia, Portugal, Canada, Mexico, Japan
Thiobarbituric acid is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It is a white to pale yellow crystalline solid that is soluble in water and organic solvents. Thiobarbituric acid is commonly used as a reagent in analytical techniques to detect the presence of certain compounds, particularly those related to lipid peroxidation.
7
Vio300d by Erbe
Sourced in Germany, United States, Japan
The VIO300D is a high-performance electrosurgical generator. It is designed for use in a variety of surgical procedures, providing precise control and consistent cutting and coagulation performance.
8
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
9
Trichloroacetic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, India, China, Italy, Poland, Australia, Sao Tome and Principe, Brazil, France, Chile, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, Portugal, Ireland, Canada, Mexico, Indonesia, Croatia
Trichloroacetic acid is a colorless, crystalline chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a reagent and is commonly employed in analytical chemistry and biochemistry procedures. The compound's primary function is to precipitate proteins, making it a useful tool for sample preparation and analysis.
10
Hydrogen peroxide by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, India, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, China, Canada, Poland, Switzerland, France, Brazil, Australia, Belgium, Sao Tome and Principe, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, Macao, New Zealand, Hungary, Czechia, Nigeria, Portugal, Ireland, Cameroon, Thailand
Hydrogen peroxide is a clear, colorless liquid chemical compound with the formula H2O2. It is a common laboratory reagent used for its oxidizing properties.

More about "Epinephrine"

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a crucial hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands.
It plays a vital role in the body's stress response, triggering the 'fight-or-flight' reaction.
Epinephrine acts on multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic systems, to prepare the body for intense physical activity.
It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels, while also dilating the airways.
Epinephrine is widely used in medical settings to treat anaphylactic shock, cardiac arrest, and other emergencies.
Researchers studying the effects and mechanisms of epinephrine can utilize PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to quickly locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy in their epinephrine studies.
Synonyms and related terms for epinephrine include adrenaline, norepinephrine, and catecholamines.
Abbreviations like EPI and NE are also commonly used.
Key subtopics in epinephrine research may include the biosynthesis and metabolism of epinephrine, its interactions with receptors (e.g., alpha and beta adrenergic receptors), and its effects on physiological processes like cardiovascular function, respiration, and energy metabolism.
Researchers may also study related compounds like bovine serum albumin (BSA), which is sometimes used in epinephrine assays, or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can be used to induce oxidative stress in epinephrine-related experiments.
Additionally, techniques like GIF-Q260J and VIO300D may be employed to measure epinephrine levels, while trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) are used in assays to assess epinephrine-related parameters.
By leveraging PubCompare.ai's powerful tools, researchers can streamline their epinephrine studies, improve reproducibility, and gain deeper insights into this crucial stress hormone and its multifaceted physiological effects.