> Chemicals & Drugs > Organic Chemical > Ethidium

← Ethers

Ethidium

Ethidium is a fluorescent dye commonly used in molecular biology and biochemistry research.
It intercalates between the base pairs of DNA, enhancing its fluorescence and allowing for the visualization and quantification of nucleic acids.
Ethidium is widely employed in techniques such as gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing, and flow cytometry.
Researchers can optimize Ethidium protocols by leveraging PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform that helps locate the most effective methods from literature, preprints, and patents, improving reproducibility and research accuracy.
Explore PubCompare.ai today to take your Ethidium research to the next level and build on the most reliable and effective techniques.

Most cited protocols related to «Ethidium»

Measuring Mitochondrial Superoxide with MitoSOX

Cited 42 times

Dihydroethidium, also called hydroethidine (HE), can be oxidized by reactive species, including superoxide to ethidium that subsequently binds to DNA to produce fluorescence. More recently, the derivative of dihydroethidium bearing a cationic triphenylphosphonium moiety, commonly known as MitoSOX Red or Mito-HE, or more frequently called MitoSOX, has been synthesized and become commercially available (e.g., Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA USA). This positively charged probe rapidly accumulates in mitochondria, and as such may be used to detect superoxide/ROS production inside mitochondria via fluorometry, microscopy, or flow cytometry (Figure 1). In fact, fluorescence imaging of the dihydroethidium/MitoSOX-stained cells or tissues has been claimed as a selective assay for intracellular and intra-mitochondrial superoxide production [6 (link), 7 (link)], but this claim has received criticism [8 (link)]. Nevertheless, measurement of MitoSOX-derived fluorescence intensity, when the probe is used at appropriate concentrations, seems to be reflective of the levels of mitochondrial total ROS.

Kauffman M.E., Kauffman M.K., Traore K., Zhu H., Trush M.A., Jia Z, & Li Y.R. (2016). MitoSOX-Based Flow Cytometry for Detecting Mitochondrial ROS. Reactive oxygen species (Apex, N.C.), 2(5), 361-370.

Publication 2016

Biological Assay Cations Cells dihydroethidium Ethidium Flow Cytometry Fluorescence Fluorometry hydroethidine Microscopy Mitochondria Mitochondrial Inheritance Mitomycin MitoSOX Protoplasm Superoxides Tissues

Multiparameter Flow Cytometry of Malaria Infection

Cited 32 times

One microliter of whole blood was added to a tube containing 100 μl of PBS. Dihydroethidium (Sigma, Singapore), Hoechst 33342 (Sigma) and anti-CD45 coupled to allophycocyanine (APC) were added together to the blood sample. In preliminary experiments, we determined that the optimal doses for dihydroethidium and Hoechst 33342 were 5 μg/ml and 8 µM respectively using P. berghei-infected red blood cells (Figure S1). We also determined that the staining was stable over a 24 hours period (Figure S2). Rat IgG2a anti-mouse CD45 (clone 30F11.1, Miltenyi) or mouse IgG2a anti-human CD45 (clone 5B1, Miltenyi) monoclonal antibodies were used at a 1:50 dilution. In one set of experiments, Hoechst was substituted by SYBR Green I (Sigma, Singapore) at 0.25x dilution.
The diluted whole blood samples were incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature in the dark. After the incubation, 400 μl of cold PBS was added. The samples were acquired on an LSR II flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, Singapore) using the UV laser (305 nm) to detect Hoechst 33342, the blue laser (488 nm) for GFP and Ethidium, and the red laser (633nm) for APC. In experiments using SYBR Green, samples were acquired with the Accuri C6 flow cytometer (Accuri cytometers Inc., Ann Arbor, MI) or LSR II flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, Singapore). For samples with parasitemia less than 1%, 500,000 events were recorded, otherwise 100,000 events were recorded. FlowJo (Tree Star) was used for all flow cytometry analyses. In experiments using blood from infected mice, a negative control sample from a non-infected mouse was tested each day in parallel to define the threshold of positivity for the parasitemia.

Malleret B., Claser C., Ong A.S., Suwanarusk R., Sriprawat K., Howland S.W., Russell B., Nosten F, & Rénia L. (2011). A rapid and robust tri-color flow cytometry assay for monitoring malaria parasite development. Scientific Reports, 1, 118.

Publication 2011

BLOOD Clone Cells Cold Temperature dihydroethidium Erythrocytes Ethidium Flow Cytometry HOE 33342 Homo sapiens IgG2A Monoclonal Antibodies Mus Parasitemia SYBR Green I Technique, Dilution Trees

Bovine Chondrocyte Response to Impact

Cited 11 times

Mature bovine stifle joints were obtained after slaughter from a local abattoir (Bud’s Custom Meats, Riverside, IA). Osteochondral explants were prepared by manually sawing a 25 mm by 25 mm square from the lateral tibial plateau, which included the central loaded area of the articular surface that was not covered by menisci. The explants were placed in culture medium containing 45% DMEM, 45% Ham’s F-12, and 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and incubated at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air.
Twenty four hours after harvest, osteochondral explants were secured in custom testing fixtures for impact loading and were kept submerged in culture medium at all times. A drop tower was used to impart loads to an indenter resting on the explant surface. The indenter was a flat-faced 5.0 mm diameter brass rod with rounded edges (r = 1 mm). Impact energy was modulated by dropping a 2 kg mass from a height of 7 cm resulting in an impact energy density of 7 J/cm² and peak stresses in excess of 20 MPa, imposed at a rate of greater than 1000 MPa/sec. The mass was removed from the platen immediately after impact.
To study superoxide production explants were placed in phenol red-free culture medium (10% FBS, DMEM, F12) containing 5μM dihydroethidium (DHE) and 1 mM calcein AM at various time points after impact (1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours). The Invitrogen stained explants were imaged on a BioRad 1024 Confocal Microscope equipped with a Krypton/Argon laser (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA). The sites were scanned to a depth of 150 μM at 20 μm intervals using wavelengths of 568 nm and 488 nm and a 10× objective with a field size of ~ 1.0 mm². Z-axis projections of confocal images were analyzed using Image J (rsb.info.nih.gov/ij), a Java-based public domain image analysis program, to determine the average percentage of DHE-stained cells at each time point. Three sites within the impact site and 3 sites ~0.5 cm away from the impact site were imaged (Figure 1A). Four explants were used for each time point.
To study the effect of rotenone on superoxide production one group of explants was treated with 2.5 μM rotenone (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) starting 1 hour before impact and continuing for1 hour post-impact during imaging sessions. Another group of explants was dosed with rotenone 30 minutes post-impact to evaluate the effect of delaying treatment. A third group was impacted but not treated with rotenone and a fourth group was neither impacted nor treated with rotenone (Figure 1B). Impact sites and sites approximately 1 cm away (control) were imaged and analyzed as described above. Three sites within impact sites and three sites outside impact sites were imaged for each explant and 3 explants were analyzed for each group. Impact sites were imaged a final time at 70 minutes post-impact using a 4× objective to record the spatial distribution of staining on the explant surface.
Effects of impact and rotenone on chondrocyte viability were assessed 24 hours after impact, a time when impact-induced chondrocyte death was previously shown to reach a steady state ^{33 (link)}. One group of explants was treated with 2.5 μM rotenone for 2 hours before and 2 hours after impact, a second group for 1 hour before and 1 hour after impact, a third group for 1 hour starting immediately after impact. A fourth group went untreated (Figure 1C). Calcein AM (1.0 mM) was used to stain viable cells and ethidium homdimer-2 (1.0 mM) was used to stain dead cells (Invitrogen). Explants were scanned to a depth of 200 μm at 20 μm intervals as described above and the images analyzed using Image J to determine percent viability. Three different projections were recorded within each impact or non-impact control site. Three explants were used for each treatment group.
One-way ANOVA with a post hoc Holm-Sidek correction for multiple comparisons was used to compare treatment groups. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Goodwin W., McCabe D., Sauter E., Reese E., Walter M., Buckwalter J, & Martin J. (2010). Rotenone Prevents Impact Induced Chondrocyte Death. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 28(8), 1057-1063.

Publication 2010

A-A-1 antibiotic Argon Ion Lasers Atmosphere Bos taurus brass Cells Chondrocyte Culture Media dihydroethidium Epistropheus Ethidium fluorexon Joints Krypton Meat Meniscus Microscopy, Confocal neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human Public Domain Rotenone Stains Stifle Superoxides Tibia

Mitochondrial Function and ROS Measurement

Cited 9 times

Relative mitochondrial mass was measured by flow cytometry using 10-n-nonyl–acridine orange (NAO; Molecular Probes; 67, 88) or 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1,3,3′- tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1; Molecular Probes; 94, 111), analyzed for green fluorescence. Mitochondrial function was indirectly assessed by variation in mitochondrial transmembrane
potential measured by rhodamine 123 (14 (link), 49 (link)) and JC-1 red fluorescence.
ROS production was assessed by oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂–DCF-DA; Molecular Probes) and dihydroethidium
(DHE; Molecular Probes) to fluorescent products 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and ethidium (Eth), as measured by flow cytometry (5 (link), 44 (link), 99 (link),
127 (link)).

Mancini M., Anderson B.O., Caldwell E., Sedghinasab M., Paty P.B, & Hockenbery D.M. (1997). Mitochondrial Proliferation and Paradoxical Membrane Depolarization during Terminal Differentiation and Apoptosis in a Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Line. The Journal of Cell Biology, 138(2), 449-469.

Publication 1997

dihydroethidium Ethidium Flow Cytometry Fluorescence Iodides Mitochondrial Inheritance Molecular Probes N(10)-nonylacridine orange Rhodamine 123

Ethidium Bromide Accumulation and Efflux Assays

Cited 8 times

The ethidium bromide accumulation and efflux assays were measured by florescence intensity (48 (link), 89 (link)) with minor modifications. Briefly, mid-log-phase cultures were washed with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 80 (PBST) and then stained with 2 µg/ml ethidium bromide (Sigma). ethidium bromide (1 µg/ml) was used for accumulation assays with efflux inhibitors, including chloropromazine (10 µg/ml; Sigma), verapamil (100 µg/ml; Sigma), reserpine (6 µg/ml; Sigma), or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (1 µg/ml; Sigma). For the ethidium bromide efflux assay, bacteria were washed with PBST and then incubated with 2 µg/ml ethidium and 100 µg/ml verapamil for 60 min. After the bacteria were washed twice with PBST, efflux activity was measured as the decay ratio of fluorescence intensity. For Nile red uptake staining, mid-log-phase cultures were washed with PBS and then stained with 20 µM Nile red (Sigma) (90 (link)). In all assays, the cells were incubated in 96-well plates, and analysis was performed at the indicated time points by excitation at 544 nm and emission at 590 nm on a FLUOstar OPTIMA microplate reader (BMG Labtech). All data were normalized to the time zero reading of each well. All experiments were repeated at least three times and similar results were obtained. Representative results are shown in Fig. 7A and B.

Chuang Y.M., Bandyopadhyay N., Rifat D., Rubin H., Bader J.S, & Karakousis P.C. (2015). Deficiency of the Novel Exopolyphosphatase Rv1026/PPX2 Leads to Metabolic Downshift and Altered Cell Wall Permeability in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio, 6(2), e02428-14.

Publication 2015

Bacteria Biological Assay Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone Cells Ethidium Ethidium Bromide Fluorescence inhibitors Reserpine Tween 80 Verapamil

Most recents protocols related to «Ethidium»

Disrupting Efflux Pump Function

Not available on PMC !

EXAMPLE 7

Efflux pumps draw energy from hydrolysis of ATP, ions, or protons. Therefore, disruption of these processes could lead to inhibition of efflux pumps. Ethidium bromide (EtBr), a fluorescent dye, is an efflux pumps' substrate and damages on the membrane directly or indirectly lead to the accumulation of EtBr. As shown in FIG. 12, a concentration-dependent fluorescence increase was observed from both OCG- and BDQ-treated cells. Considering that OCG does not cause physical membrane damage, the increased fluorescent signals could be an indirect result of impaired functions of the efflux pumps. The dissipation of the PMF caused by BDQ indirectly damaged the efflux pumps, resulting in the accumulation of EtBr.

US11857521B1. Anti-mycobacterial drugs (2024-01-02). None [US], None [US]. Inventors: Joong Ho Moon [US], Michelle Miranda [US].

Full text: Click here

Patent 2024

Biological Assay Cells Ethidium Ethidium Bromide Fluorescence Fluorescent Dyes Hydrolysis Ions lead bromide Physical Examination Protons Psychological Inhibition Tissue, Membrane

Ethidium Bromide Uptake Assay for Bacterial Membrane Permeability

Bacteria were cultured overnight in LB broth without shaking. 1 mL of culture was diluted in 19 mL of fresh LB broth and cultivated at 37 °C with stirring until the optical density at 600 nm reached 1.8. 10 mL of cells were harvested by centrifugation at room temperature and washed twice with 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at room temperature. After 20-fold dilution, the cells were resuspended in 0.5 mL of the same buffer, and the optical density was determined. Cells with a total of 0.4 OD₆₀₀ units were added to the same potassium phosphate buffer (final volume, 2 mL). After the addition of ethidium bromide at a final concentration of 6 μM to the mixture. The fluorescence of the ethidium-nucleic acid complex generated by the influx of ethidium into cells was measured at room temperature using a spectrofluorometer with excitation and emission wavelengths of 545 and 600 nm, respectively [22 (link)]. The value was read every 70 s for 30 min, and the test was repeated three times. ATCC14028 cells were suspended in a 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer without Ethidium bromide as a blank control. The positive control was ATCC14028 cells treated with 75% ethanol for 1 h.

Han Y., Luo P., Zeng H., Wang P., Xu J., Chen P., Chen X., Chen Y., Cao Q., Zhai R., Xia J., Deng S., Cheng A., Cheng C, & Song H. (2023). The effect of O-antigen length determinant wzz on the immunogenicity of Salmonella Typhimurium for Escherichia coli O2 O-polysaccharides delivery. Veterinary Research, 54, 15.

Full text: Click here

Publication 2023

Bacteria Buffers Cells Centrifugation Ethanol Ethidium Ethidium Bromide Fluorescence Nucleic Acids potassium phosphate Technique, Dilution Vision

Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species in Hematopoietic Malignancies

Various types of ROS were determined in untreated and drug-treated hematopoietic malignant cells by flow cytometry using live-cell permeant specific fluorogenic probes. Dihydroethidium (DHE, Marker Gene Technologies, M1241) was used as probe for detection of the cytosolic superoxide anion (cO2•-), MitoSox (Molecular Probes, M36008) was used as probe for detection of the mitochondrial superoxide anion (mO2•-) and 6-carboxy-2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-H2DCFDA; Molecular Probes, C-400) was used as probe for detection of H₂O₂. DHE was oxidized to red fluorescent ethidium by cytosolic superoxide and MitoSox was selectively targeted to mitochondria, where it was oxidized by superoxide and exhibited red fluorescence. Carboxy-H2DCFDA was cleaved by esterase to yield DCFH, a polar nonfluorescent product, but in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the latter is oxidized to a green fluorescent product, dichlorofluorescent (DCF). For cell staining, cells were centrifuged and the pellets were resuspended in PBS with a final concentration of 5 μM for each probe. The mixture was incubated in the dark at 37 °C for 15 min. Then, the cell suspension was analyzed using flow cytometry within 20 min.

Biniecka P., Matsumoto S., Belotti A., Joussot J., Bai J.F., Majjigapu S.R., Thoueille P., Spaggiari D., Desfontaine V., Piacente F., Bruzzone S., Cea M., Decosterd L.A., Vogel P., Nencioni A., Duchosal M.A, & Nahimana A. (2023). Anticancer Activities of Novel Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Inhibitors in Hematological Malignancies. Molecules, 28(4), 1897.

Full text: Click here

Publication 2023

2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate Cells Cytosol dihydroethidium Esterases Ethidium Flow Cytometry Fluorescence Genes Hematopoietic System Mitochondria Mitochondrial Inheritance MitoSOX Molecular Probes Pellets, Drug Peroxide, Hydrogen Pharmaceutical Preparations Superoxides

Detecting HBV-specific CD8+ T cells

HBV core-specific CD8 T cells were detected by staining with MHC class I multimers conjugated with HBV core-derived H-2K^b-restricted peptide C_93-100 (C₉₃, MGLKFRQL), as described previously [28 (link)].
For intracellular cytokine staining, splenocytes and liver-associated lymphocytes (LAL) were stimulated with H-2K^b-restricted peptides C₉₃ (HBcAg (ayw), sequence: MGLKFRQL, (JPT Peptide Technologies, Berlin, Germany)) or B8R (MVA, sequence: TSYKFESV (kindly provided by Ingo Drexler, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany)] for 5h in the presence of 1 mg/mL Brefeldin A (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany). Cells were live/dead-stained with ethidium monoazidebromide (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany). Surface markers were stained with PB-conjugated anti-CD8 T cell antibody (clone 56.6-7, BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany) and anti-CD4-PE (eBioscience, San Diego, USA). Intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) was performed using a Cytofix/Cytoperm Kit (BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions with FITC anti-IFNƴ (clone XMG1.2, eBioscience), PE-Cy7 anti-TNFα (Biolegend) and APC anti-IL2 (eBioscience). Data were acquired on a CytoflexS (Beckmann Coulter) flow cytometer. Analyses were performed using FlowJo-Version9 software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR, USA).

Stephan A.S., Kosinska A.D., Mück-Häusl M., Muschaweckh A., Jäger C., Röder N., Heikenwälder M., Dembek C, & Protzer U. (2023). Evaluation of the Effect of CD70 Co-Expression on CD8 T Cell Response in Protein-Prime MVA-Boost Vaccination in Mice. Vaccines, 11(2), 245.

Full text: Click here

Publication 2023

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Brefeldin A CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes Cells Clone Cells Cytokine Ethidium Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Genes, MHC Class I Hepatitis B Core Antigen Liver Lymphocyte Peptides Protoplasm Trees Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Live-Dead Cell Imaging Assay

The viability of the cells was assessed on days 3, 7 and 21 using a live-dead imaging kit (Molecular Probes, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, UK). As per the manufacturer’s guidelines, the cells underwent incubation with live-dead solution containing 0.05% of 4 mM Cacein- AM (Ex/Em: 495/515 nm) and 0.2% of 2 mM Ethidium homodimer-1 (Ex/Em 495/635 nm) at room temperature for 30 min prior to imaging them with an EVOS fluorescence inverted microscope (EVOS FL color, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, US). The Live/Dead Cell Double Staining Kit is utilised for simultaneous fluorescence staining of viable and dead cells. This kit contains calcein-AM and ethidium solutions, which stain viable and dead cells, respectively. Calcein-AM, an acetoxymethyl ester of calcein, is highly lipophilic and cell membrane permeable. Though calcein-AM itself is not a fluorescent molecule, the calcein generated from calcein-AM by esterase in a viable cell emits a strong green fluorescence (λex 490 nm, λem 515 nm). Therefore, calcein-AM only stains viable cells. Alternatively, the nuclei staining dye ethidium cannot pass through a viable cell membrane. It reaches the nucleus by passing through disordered areas of dead cell membrane and intercalates with the DNA double helix of the cell to emit red fluorescence (λex 535 nm, λem 617 nm). Since both calcein and ethidium-DNA can be excited with 490 nm light, simultaneous monitoring of viable and dead cells is possible with a fluorescence microscope. The percentage of live and dead cells was calculated after staining.

Froghi S., de Andrade M.O., Hadi L.M., Gelat P., Rashidi H., Quaglia A., Fuller B., Saffari N, & Davidson B. (2023). Liver Ultrasound Histotripsy: Novel Analysis of the Histotripsy Site Cell Constituents with Implications for Histotripsy Application in Cell Transplantation and Cancer Therapy. Bioengineering, 10(2), 276.

Full text: Click here

Publication 2023

Altretamine calcein AM Cell Nucleus Cells Cell Survival Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique Esterases Ethidium ethidium homodimer-1 Fluorescence fluorexon Helix (Snails) Light Microscopy Microscopy, Fluorescence Molecular Probes Permeability Plasma Membrane Stains

Top products related to «Ethidium»

Dihydroethidium by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, China, Germany, Netherlands, Canada, Australia

Dihydroethidium is a fluorescent dye used in biological research. It is a cell-permeable compound that can be used to detect the presence of superoxide, a reactive oxygen species, in living cells. Dihydroethidium is oxidized by superoxide to form a fluorescent product, which can be detected using fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry techniques.

Dihydroethidium dhe by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, China, Germany, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, Italy

Dihydroethidium (DHE) is a fluorescent dye used for the detection of superoxide anion radicals in biological samples. It is a cell-permeable compound that can be oxidized by superoxide to form the fluorescent product ethidium, which can then intercalate with DNA and emit a red fluorescence. DHE is commonly used in research applications to assess oxidative stress and superoxide levels in cells and tissues.

Dihydroethidium dhe by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, France, Switzerland, China, Spain, Japan

Dihydroethidium (DHE) is a fluorescent dye used as a probe for the detection and measurement of superoxide (O2−) levels in biological samples. It is a cell-permeable compound that can be oxidized by superoxide to form a fluorescent product, which can be detected and quantified using fluorescence-based techniques.

Live dead viability cytotoxicity kit by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, Spain, France, Japan, Sweden, Canada

The LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit is a fluorescence-based assay used to simultaneously identify live and dead cells in a sample. The kit contains two fluorescent dyes: one that stains live cells and another that stains dead cells. This allows for the quantification of the relative number of live and dead cells in a population.

Calcein am by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Australia, Japan, China, France, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Switzerland, Czechia, Spain

Calcein AM is a fluorescent dye used for cell viability and cytotoxicity assays. It is a cell-permeant dye that is non-fluorescent until it is hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases, at which point it becomes fluorescent and is retained within live cells.

Ethidium homodimer 1 by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Ireland, Australia, Japan

Ethidium homodimer-1 is a fluorescent dye used for nucleic acid detection and quantification. It binds to DNA and emits fluorescence upon excitation, allowing for the visualization and measurement of DNA samples.

Dihydroethidium by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Sao Tome and Principe, France

Dihydroethidium is a fluorescent probe used for the detection and quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems. It is a cell-permeable dye that can be oxidized by various ROS, resulting in the formation of a fluorescent product that can be measured using spectroscopic techniques.

Mitosox by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Italy, France, Singapore, Israel

MitoSOX is a fluorogenic dye that can be used to detect superoxide (O2-) in the mitochondria of live cells. It is a highly selective indicator of superoxide in the mitochondria.

Facscalibur by BD

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada, Japan, Italy, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Singapore, Uruguay, Australia, Spain, Poland, India, Austria, Denmark, Netherlands, Jersey, Finland, Sweden

The FACSCalibur is a flow cytometry system designed for multi-parameter analysis of cells and other particles. It features a blue (488 nm) and a red (635 nm) laser for excitation of fluorescent dyes. The instrument is capable of detecting forward scatter, side scatter, and up to four fluorescent parameters simultaneously.

Dihydroethidium dhe by Beyotime

Sourced in China

Dihydroethidium (DHE) is a fluorescent probe used for the detection and quantification of superoxide anion (O2•−) in biological systems. It is a cell-permeable dye that is oxidized by superoxide to form a fluorescent product, which can be detected using fluorescence microscopy or spectroscopy.

What are common applications of Ethidium in molecular biology and biochemistry research?

Ethidium is widely used in various molecular biology and biochemistry techniques, including gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing, and flow cytometry. It intercalates between the base pairs of DNA, enhancing its fluorescence and allowing for the visualization and quantification of nucleic acids. Researchers can leverage Ethidium to study DNA structure, analyze DNA samples, and detect and quantify DNA in a variety of applications.

How can researchers optimize their Ethidium protocols?

Researchers can optimize their Ethidium protocols by using PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform that helps locate the most effective methods from literature, preprints, and patents. PubCompare.ai allows researchers to screen protocol literature more efficiently and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights. This can help researchers identify the most effective protocols related to Ethidium for their specific research goals, enabling them to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy.

What are some common challenges or variations in using Ethidium?

One common challenge in using Ethidium is the need to carefully optimize the concentration and incubation time to achieve the desired level of fluorescence without causing excessive DNA damage. Additionally, there are different variations of Ethidium, such as Ethidium Bromide and Ethidium Homodimer, which may have slightly different properties and applications. Researchers should carefully consider the specific requirements of their experiment when selecting the appropriate Ethidium variant.

How can PubCompare.ai assist researchers in the optimal use and comparison of Ethidium protocols?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven analysis can help researchers identify the most effective Ethidium protocols by highlighting key differences in their effectiveness. The platform allows researchers to screen protocol literature more efficiently and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights, such as the optimal Ethidium concentration, incubation time, and specific applications. This can enable researchers to choose the best protocol for their research goals, improving reproducibility and accuracy in their Ethidium-based experiments.

More about "Ethidium"

Ethidium, a widely used fluorescent dye, plays a crucial role in molecular biology and biochemistry research.
It is known for its ability to intercalate between the base pairs of DNA, enhancing its fluorescence and enabling the visualization and quantification of nucleic acids.
Ethidium is extensively employed in various techniques, including gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing, and flow cytometry.
To optimize Ethidium protocols, researchers can leverage the power of PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform that helps locate the most effective methods from literature, preprints, and patents.
This platform enhances reproducibility and research accuracy, ensuring that researchers build their work on the most reliable and effective techniques.
Dihydroethidium (DHE), another related compound, is commonly used as a fluorescent probe to detect superoxide anion radicals in cells.
The LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit, which utilizes Calcein AM and Ethidium homodimer-1, is used to assess cell viability and cytotoxicity.
MitoSOX, a mitochondria-targeted fluorogenic dye, is employed to measure mitochondrial superoxide production.
The FACSCalibur, a flow cytometry instrument, is often used in conjunction with Ethidium-based assays to quantify and analyze various cellular parameters, such as DNA content and apoptosis.
By exploring PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their Ethidium-based experiments, enhance their research accuracy, and build on the most reliable and effective techniques available.
This AI-driven platform empowers scientists to take their Ethidium research to new heights, unlocking the full potential of this versatile fluorescent dye.