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Fluconazole

Fluconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal medication used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and systemic mycoses.
It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes.
Fluconazole is known for its high bioavailability, good tissue penetration, and relatively low toxicity profile compared to other antifungal agents.
Reseachers can leverage PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platfrom to optimize Fluconazole studies, locate reliable protocols, and identify the best products and procedures to advance their research with enhanced reproducibility and accuracy.

Most cited protocols related to «Fluconazole»

Cryptococcal Meningitis Management in HIV

Cited 28 times

We enrolled patients at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, and Mbarara Hospital, Mbarara — both in Uganda — and at GF Jooste Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, beginning in November 2010, February 2011, and April 2011, respectively. Patients with suspected meningitis were screened at the time of hospital presentation and counseled regarding cryptococcosis, HIV and AIDS, ART, and possible research participation. Eligibility criteria for enrollment were an age of 18 years or older, a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, no previous receipt of ART, a diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture or CSF cryptococcal antigen assay, and treatment with amphotericin-based therapy. Exclusion criteria were an inability to undergo follow-up, contraindication for or refusal to undergo lumbar punctures, multiple concurrent CNS infections, previous cryptococcosis, receipt of chemotherapy or immunosuppressive agents, pregnancy, breast-feeding, and serious coexisting conditions that precluded random assignment to earlier or deferred ART. Women included in the study agreed to use two forms of contraception, because high-dose fluconazole is potentially teratogenic during the first trimester of pregnancy. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant or his or her surrogate. The institutional review board at each participating site approved the study.

Boulware D.R., Meya D.B., Muzoora C., Rolfes M.A., Huppler Hullsiek K., Musubire A., Taseera K., Nabeta H.W., Schutz C., Williams D.A., Rajasingham R., Rhein J., Thienemann F., Lo M.W., Nielsen K., Bergemann T.L., Kambugu A., Manabe Y.C., Janoff E.N., Bohjanen P.R, & Meintjes G. (2014). Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis. The New England journal of medicine, 370(26), 2487-2498.

Publication 2014

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Amphotericin Antigens Biological Assay Central Nervous System Infection Cerebrospinal Fluid Contraceptive Methods Cryptococcus Cryptococcus neoformans Infections Diagnosis Eligibility Determination Ethics Committees, Research Fluconazole HIV HIV Infections Immunosuppressive Agents Inpatient Meningitis Meningitis, Cryptococcal Patients Pharmacotherapy Pregnancy Punctures, Lumbar Teratogenesis Therapeutics Woman

Continuous Evolution Protocol to Minimize Recombinant Selection Phage

Cited 19 times

Host cell cultures, lagoons, media, and the PACE apparatus were as previously described^{9 (link)}. Recombined selection phage harboring gene III (rSP) will poison a PACE experiment by outcompeting the evolving SP. We have noted that the likelihood of rSP occurrence in an SP stock increases with extended standing culture growth during the initial SP stock preparation. To reduce the likelihood of rSP formation, all SPs are repurified prior to any continuous evolution experiments. Briefly, SPs were plaqued on S2208 cells. A single plaque was picked into 2 mL 2xYT (United States Biological) supplemented with the appropriate antibiotics and grown until the culture reached mid log-phase (OD₆₀₀ 0.5–0.8). The culture was centrifuged using a tabletop centrifuge for 2 min at 10,000 G, followed by supernatant filtration using a 0.22 μm PVDF Ultrafree centrifugal filter (Millipore). This short growth period routinely yields titers of 10⁶–10⁸ pfu/mL and was found to minimize the occurrence of rSP during PACE experiments.
To prepare the PACE strain, the AP and MP were co-transformed into electrocompetent S1030 cells (see above) and recovered using Davis rich media^{9 (link)} (DRM) to ensure MP repression. Transformations were plated on 1.8% agar-2xYT containing 50 μg/mL carbenicillin, 40 μg/mL chloramphenicol, 10 μg/mL fluconazole, 10 μg/mL amphotericin B, 100 mM glucose (United States Biological) and grown for 12–18 h in a 37 °C incubator. Following overnight growth, four single colonies were picked and resuspended in DRM, then serially diluted and plated on 1.8% agar-2xYT containing 50 μg/mL carbenicillin, 40 μg/mL chloramphenicol, 10 μg/mL fluconazole, 10 μg/mL amphotericin B, and either 100 mM glucose or 100 mM arabinose (Gold Biotechnology) and grown for 12–18 h in a 37 °C incubator. Concomitant with this plating step, the dilution series was used to inoculate liquid cultures in DRM supplemented with 50 μg/mL carbenicillin, 40 μg/mL chloramphenicol, 10 μg/mL tetracycline, 50 μg/mL streptomycin, 10 μg/mL fluconazole, 10 μg/mL amphotericin B and grown for 12–18 h in a 37 °C shaker at 230 rpm. Following confirmation of arabinose sensitivity using the plate assay, cultures of the serially diluted colonies still in log-phase growth were used to seed a 25-mL starter culture for the PACE chemostat.
Once the starter culture had reached log-phase density (OD₆₀₀ 0.5–0.8), the 25-mL culture was added directly to 175 mL of fresh DRM in the chemostat. The chemostat culture was maintained at 200 mL and grown at a dilution rate of 1.5–1.6 vol/hr as previously described^{9 (link)}. Lagoons flowing from the chemostats were maintained at 40 mL, and diluted as described for each experiment. Lagoons were supplemented with 25 mM arabinose to induce the MP for 8–16 h prior to infection with packaged SP. Samples were taken at the indicated time points, centrifuged at 10,000 G for 2 min, then filtered with a 0.2 μm filter and stored overnight at 4°C. Phage aliquots were titered by plaque assay on S2208 cells (total phage titer) and S1030 or S2060 cells (rSP titer) for all time points.

Badran A.H., Guzov V.M., Huai Q., Kemp M.M., Vishwanath P., Kain W., Nance A.M., Evdokimov A., Moshiri F., Turner K.H., Wang P., Malvar T, & Liu D.R. (2016). Continuous evolution of B. thuringiensis toxins overcomes insect resistance. Nature, 533(7601), 58-63.

Publication 2016

Agar Amphotericin B Antibiotics Arabinose Bacteriophages Biological Assay Biological Evolution Biopharmaceuticals Carbenicillin Cell Culture Techniques Cells Chloramphenicol Filtration Fluconazole Genes Glucose Gold Hypersensitivity Infection Poisons polyvinylidene fluoride Repression, Psychology Senile Plaques Streptomycin Technique, Dilution Tetracycline

CRISPR-Mediated Genetic Manipulation of Candida albicans

Cited 15 times

C. albicans strain SC5314 was used for all experiments unless otherwise noted. The fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strain Can90 was provided by the Massachusetts General Hospital. Yeast strains were grown in YPD medium supplemented with 0.27 mM uridine and selected using Nat at a concentration of 200 μg/ml. Transformations were performed using the lithium acetate method (27 (link)). Flipout of Nat^R gene from Cas9-expressing Duet vector pV1025 was done by induction of flippase by growth in Difco yeast carbon base with bovine serum albumin, and screening for isolates that had lost the Nat^R gene. Filamentation experiments were performed with yeast grown overnight in liquid YPD, washed twice in RPMI 1640 medium (cat. #22400-105, Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% FBS, and incubated in RPMI + 10% FBS for the indicated time at a starting optical density (OD) of 0.1. Growth curves were performed in a clear-bottom 96-well plate and incubated with shaking at 30°C in a Tecan Saphire² plate reader, reading OD at 600 nm every 5 min for the indicated time. YPD-grown overnight yeast cultures were used to inoculate these wells to an initial OD of 0.05. CRISPR-mutagenized loci were verified by sequence analysis of PCR products amplified from the target locus and by restriction digest where applicable.

Vyas V.K., Barrasa M.I, & Fink G.R. (2015). A Candida albicans CRISPR system permits genetic engineering of essential genes and gene families. Science Advances, 1(3), e1500248.

Publication 2015

Candida albicans Carbon Cloning Vectors CRISPR Loci Fluconazole Genes lithium acetate Sequence Analysis Serum Albumin, Bovine Strains Uridine Vision Yeast, Dried

Multisite Study of Initial Antifungal Therapy for HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cited 11 times

Data for this study was combined from 4 trials of initial antifungal therapy for treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis [1 (link),4 (link),13 (link),14 (link)]. Studies were approved by the ethical and scientific review subcommittee of the Thai Ministry of Public Health; by the research ethics committee of The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, and The Medicines Control Council of South Africa; by the ethics committee of the University Hospital of Mbarara, Uganda; and by Wandsworth local research ethics committee, covering St George’s Hospital, UK.

A randomised study of 63 ART-naïve HIV-seropositive patients treated with amphotericin B 0.7 mg/kg/d, alone or in combination with flucytosine (100 mg/kg/d), fluconazole (400 mg/d), or both, conducted in Ubon Ratchathani in Northeast Thailand [1 (link)].

An observational study of 54 ART-naïve or -experienced patients treated with amphotericin B alone, at 1 mg/kg/d, or fluconazole 400 mg/d, according to local protocol, in Cape Town, South Africa [4 (link)].

Randomised studies of ART-naïve patients receiving amphotericin B-based combination therapy in Cape Town, South Africa [13 (link), ISRCTN68133435]. In step 1, amphotericin B 1 mg/kg/d was compared with 0.7 mg/kg/d, both with flucytosine 100 mg/kg/d (n=64, 13). In step 2, amphotericin B 1 mg/kg/d plus flucytosine is being compared with amphotericin B 1 mg/kg/d plus fluconazole (at 800 mg/d or 1200 mg/d, n=21, recruitment ongoing).

A cohort, dose-escalation study of initial therapy with fluconazole at Mbarara University Hospital, Uganda, a setting where standard treatment was with fluconazole at 400 mg/d. 30 patients were treated with fluconazole at 800 mg/d, and 30 at 1200 mg/d [14 (link)].

For the randomised studies of amphotericin B combinations in Thailand and Cape Town, exclusion criteria were alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >5 times upper limit of normal (>200 IU), absolute neutrophil count<500×10⁶/L, platelets<50,000×10⁶/L, pregnancy, lactation, previous serious reaction to AmB, flucytosine, or fluconazole, and patients already on ART. In Mbarara, Uganda, exclusions were ALT >5 times upper limit of normal (>200 IU), pregnancy, and prior ART.
In trials 1, 3, and 4, above, after two weeks, therapy was fluconazole, 400 mg/d for 8 weeks and 200 mg/d thereafter. In study 2, amphotericin B was given for a median of 7 days prior to switching to fluconazole. After initial inpatient treatment, patients continued to be followed up in established HIV outpatient clinics at the study sites. At the time of the trial in Thailand, ART was not generally available in that country. In all more recent trials, patients have been counselled and started on ART at a median interval of 47 days (Cape Town) and 38 days (Mbarara) after starting antifungal therapy.
Lumbar punctures were done on days 1, 3, 7, and 14, for quantitative cultures to assess the rate of clearance of infection. Quantitative cultures of CSF were performed as previously described [1 (link), 4 (link)]. The rate of decrease in log CFU/ml CSF per day was derived from the slope of the linear regression of log CFU against time for each patient [1 (link), 4 (link)]. Population modelling confirmed that a linear model best fitted the CFU clearance data, and gave results consistent with the individual patient analysis. CSF cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6) were determined using the Luminex multianalyte system (Luminex) and cytokine kits (Bio-Rad), and separate ELISA (Quantikine, R&D Systems), as previously described [4 (link), 15 (link)]. Plasma viral load and CSF cytokine levels were not available for patients enrolled in Uganda.

Bicanic T., Muzoora C., Brouwer A.E., Meintjes G., Longley N., Taseera K., Rebe K., Loyse A., Jarvis J., Bekker L.G., Wood R., Limmathurotsakul D., Chierakul W., Stepniewska K., White N.J., Jaffar S, & Harrison T.S. (2009). Rate of clearance of infection is independently associated with clinical outcome in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: analysis of a combined cohort of 262 patients. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 49(5), 702-709.

Publication 2009

Amphotericin B Antifungal Agents Blood Platelets Breast Feeding Combined Modality Therapy Cytokine D-Alanine Transaminase Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Ethics Committees, Clinical Ethics Committees, Research Faculty Fluconazole Flucytosine Hospitalization Infection Interferon Type II Meningitis, Cryptococcal Metabolic Clearance Rate Neutrophil Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Plasma Pregnancy Psychotherapy, Multiple Punctures, Lumbar Thai Therapeutics Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Quantifying Cryptococcal Meningitis Fungal Burden

Cited 10 times

We prospectively screened 91 HIV-infected participants with suspected cryptococcal meningitis at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda from August 13 through November 30, 2013. CSF samples (n=305) were collected at diagnosis (n=86), and at days 3 (n=58), 7 (n=60), 10 (n=44) 14 (n=45), and after day 19 (n=12) of follow-up during the pilot phase of the ASTRO-CM trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01802385). The ASTRO-CM pilot was a dose finding phase II clinical study of adjunctive sertraline 100–400mg/day added to amphotericin 0.7–1.0 mg/kg/day with fluconazole 800mg/day. Participants provided written informed consent, and applicable institutional review boards approved the study.
Fresh CSF specimens were simultaneously cultured by three different quantitative culture techniques of varying complexity. The “St. George’s Method,” as developed by Robert Larsen, Thomas Harrison, and colleagues, was the reference standard used for comparison.^{5 (link)–11 (link)} This method uses 100 µL input volume of undiluted CSF with five additional 1:10 serial dilutions in sterile H₂O. Each Sabouraud dextrose agar plate received a 100 µL volume of CSF and was distributed using five 4.5mm sterile glass marbles (Figure 1A). The second method, as developed by Robert Larsen and used by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG), employs multiple input volumes (1000, 100, 10 µL) of undiluted CSF and two sequential 1:100 dilutions each with two 100 µL and 10 µL input volume per dilution, distributed using an L-shaped spreader (Figure 1B). This ACTG method uses seven culture plates in total. Finally, a third, and deliberately simple “loop” method of a calibrated plastic 10 µL loop was used to plate undiluted and 1:100 diluted CSF onto two culture plates (Figure 1C). Due to delays in receiving supplies, 10 µL loop cultures began in October 2013, one month after the first CSF sample was collected. For each method, CSF vortexing was performed prior to dilutions and prior to plating. For quantification of fungal CSF burden, distinct colonies on agar plates were counted and colony-forming units (CFU) per mL CSF were enumerated on the 10^th day of culturing.
We performed additional quantitative analyses of CSF fungal burden at diagnosis. In order to quantify cryptococcal antigen titers in CSF, we performed Cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assays (CrAg LFA) using a strategy that minimized the number of LFAs needed to determine titer values (Supplemental Appendix). In addition, yeast cells were quantified using automated cell counts performed on 10 µL of undiluted CSF using the TC20 Automated Cell Counter (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA), and subtracting the CSF white cell count (determined by manual counting).

Dyal J., Akampurira A., Rhein J., Morawski B.M., Kiggundu R., Nabeta H.W., Musubire A.K., Bahr N.C., Williams D.A., Bicanic T., Larsen R.A., Meya D.B, & Boulware D.R. (2016). Reproducibility of CSF quantitative culture methods for estimating rate of clearance in cryptococcal meningitis. Medical Mycology, 54(4), 361-369.

Publication 2016

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Agar Amphotericin Antigens Biological Assay Cells Cryptococcus Culture Techniques Diagnosis Ethics Committees, Research Fluconazole Glucose Leukocyte Count Marble Meningitis, Cryptococcal Sertraline Sterility, Reproductive Technique, Dilution Yeast, Dried

Most recents protocols related to «Fluconazole»

Cryptococcal Meningitis Screening and Treatment

The CM model begins with the projected number of PLHIV‐initiating ART with CD4 <200 cells/mm³, drawn from 2021 national AIM files in Spectrum (Figure 2 and Table 3). We then calculate the number of cryptococcal deaths that would be expected in the absence of any CM screening/treatment intervention, based on the prevalence η of cryptococcal antigenemia (CrAg+), the fraction θ of CrAg+ who go on to develop CM and a CFR for CM. Values for these parameters were drawn from expert opinion and published studies [5 (link), 6 (link), 17 (link), 18 (link), 19 (link), 26 (link)]. Finally, we reduce these deaths based on the fraction F that are averted by intervention, where the value of F depends on whether AHD cases are identified by CD4 testing or clinical staging.
The fraction F of deaths averted by intervention is calculated by dividing CrAg+ AHD patients into three groups: those with symptomatic (we assume that multiple symptoms of CM would be detected in this group) CM at presentation (Group 1, p₁), those with sub‐clinical CSF‐positive cryptococcal disease (Group 2, p₂) and those with CSF‐negative cryptococcal antigenemia (CrAg+ but CSF–, Group 3, p₃), such that p1+p2+p3=1. The model assumes three treatment regimens, each associated with a coverage ei, and four treatment efficacies τi of preventing death from CM. The first treatment is an amphotericin‐based regimen, while the second is a high‐dose fluconazole regimen, used when amphotericin is unavailable (e2=1−e1). We assume that in many settings, patients with CM receive fluconazole monotherapy, despite it no longer being a WHO‐recommended regimen, and that coverage of amphotericin‐based treatments is relatively low. The third treatment is fluconazole‐based preventive therapy for CrAg‐positive patients who are CSF‐negative (efficacy τ₃), or who have sub‐clinical CM that is not detected by CSF CrAg testing (efficacy τ₄). This third regimen is available with independent coverage e₃.
We assume Group 1, those with symptomatic CM, are easily diagnosed and receive whichever of the two CM treatment regimens is available. Groups 2 and 3 must first be screened for AHD and correctly identified as such (α). If identified as AHD, Group 2 receive a test for cryptococcal antigenemia (coverage c₂), followed a test for CSF‐positivity (coverage c₁); a positive CSF test is followed by the available treatment regimen, while a negative CSF test is followed by pre‐emptive therapy. If identified as AHD, Group 3 receive a test for cryptococcal antigenemia followed by pre‐emptive therapy.
As with the TB model, the effect of CD4 testing on cryptococcal disease/CM mortality comes entirely through the identification of AHD, in this case for Groups 2 and 3. We assume that testing for both CrAg‐positivity and CSF‐positivity was indicated equally for all AHD cases, whether identified by clinical staging or CD4 testing. We assumed that CD4 testing would successfully identify all PLHIV with CD4 <200 cells/mm³ as having AHD. There are limitations of clinical staging for the identification of CD4 <200 cells/mm³; estimates of the sensitivity of clinical staging can vary but results from Munthali et al. showed that 60% of AHD cases (CD4 <200 cells/mm³) were identified by clinical staging [26 (link)], which we have adopted in our analysis.

Oboho I.K., Paulin H., Corcoran C., Hamilton M., Jordan A., Kirking H.L., Agyemang E., Podewils L.J., Pretorius C., Greene G., Chiller T., Desai M., Bhatkoti R., Shiraishi R.W, & Shah N.S. (2023). Modelling the impact of CD4 testing on mortality from TB and cryptococcal meningitis among patients with advanced HIV disease in nine countries. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 26(3), e26070.

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Publication 2023

Amphotericin Cells Cryptococcus Fluconazole Hypersensitivity Patients Therapeutics Treatment Protocols

Personalized Cancer Treatment Protocol

After the patients enrolled themselves, their guardians signed the informed consent form. Before the initiation of treatment, the liver and kidney functions of the patients were examined to avoid contraindication of therapy. Bone marrow was collected under an aseptic condition, placed in an EDTA anticoagulant tube, refrigerated at 2 °C – 8 °C, and transported to PreceDo Inc. (Hefei, China). The primary tumor cells isolated and purified according to the standard operating procedure were expanded in vitro by an improved cell reprogramming technique. The cultured primary cells were tested for high-throughput drugs in vitro according to the clinical first-line and second-line treatment schemes of the corresponding cancer types and FDA drug bank, and the sensitive drugs and schemes were selected. The experiment was performed according to the procedure laid down in a previous report (17 (link)). The growth inhibition rates of different chemotherapeutic drugs were calculated in the laboratory, and test reports were prepared in the clinic. In contrast to the reference, the drug inhibition rates were classified as follows: high sensitivity (+++): inhibition rate ≥80%; moderate sensitivity (++): inhibition rate of 50%–80%; and low sensitivity (+): inhibition rate of 20%–<50%. After receiving the test report, the department selected the chemotherapy plan according to the test report. After the start of chemotherapy, the adverse effects on the patients were recorded. Three days after the end of the treatment course, the cardiac B-ultrasound, electrocardiogram, and biochemical indices were reexamined to observe the level of toxicity of the drug. The myelograms and peripheral blood routine were reexamined 14 days after the course of treatment; morphology, immunophenotype, cytogenetics, and molecular biology classification were performed, and the morphological characteristics of the cells were analyzed. When any signs of fungal infection were observed, antifungal drugs such as fluconazole/voriconazole and echinocandins were added to the treatment protocol.

Lv W., Chen T., Wang S., Li C., Zhang B., Wang L., Xv F., Cao F., Wang J., Chen L., Liao C., Li N, & Liu H. (2023). Feasibility of high-throughput drug sensitivity screening (HDS)-guided treatment for children with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 11, 1117988.

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Publication 2023

Anticoagulants Antifungal Agents Asepsis BLOOD Bone Marrow Cells Cellular Reprogramming Techniques Cultured Cells Echinocandins Edetic Acid Electrocardiography Fluconazole Heart Hypersensitivity Immunophenotyping Kidney Legal Guardians Liver Mycoses Myelography Neoplasms Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Pharmacotherapy Psychological Inhibition Second Primary Cancers Substance Abuse Detection Toxicity, Drug Treatment Protocols Ultrasonics Voriconazole

Broth Microdilution for Antifungal AFST

The broth microdilution protocol of the CLSI M27-A3 was followed. AFST included the following antifungal drugs, fluconazole (Pfizer), amphotericin B (Sigma-Aldrich), micafungin (Astellas Pharma), and anidulafungin (Pfizer). Plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, and the MIC50 data (50% growth reduction compared to controls without drug) were determined visually. Each experiment included at least three biological replicates.

Arastehfar A., Daneshnia F., Cabrera N., Penalva-Lopez S., Sarathy J., Zimmerman M., Shor E, & Perlin D.S. (2023). Macrophage internalization creates a multidrug-tolerant fungal persister reservoir and facilitates the emergence of drug resistance. Nature Communications, 14, 1183.

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Publication 2023

Amphotericin B Anidulafungin Antifungal Agents Biopharmaceuticals Fluconazole Micafungin Pharmaceutical Preparations

Inhibition Curve Determination for CYP Enzymes

For the determination of inhibition curves using single substrate and the cocktail, seven selective CYP inhibitors were used at different concentrations as follows: 0.05–1 µM α-Naphthoflavone for CYP1A2, 1–50 μM Fluconazole for CYP2C19, 0.1–15 µM Quercetin for CYP2C8, 0.01–5 µM Sulfaphenazole for CYP2C9, 0.005–2 µM Quinidine for CYP2D6, 0.1–5 µM 4-Methylpyrazole for CYP2E1, and 0.005–1 µM Ketoconazole for CYP3A (Supplementary Table S2).

Lin F., Lin X., Wang X., Mei G., Chen B., Yao H, & Huang L. (2023). Inhibitory effect of Selaginella doederleinii hieron on human cytochrome P450. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1108867.

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Publication 2023

CYP1A2 protein, human CYP2C19 protein, human Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Fluconazole inhibitors Ketoconazole Psychological Inhibition Quercetin Quinidine Sulfaphenazole

Phytochemical Profiling and Enzymatic Assays

Pooled mixed gender human liver microsomes from 50 donors were purchased from XenoTech (Lenexa, United States), β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) were purchased from solarbiobiotech (Beijing, China), Omeprazole (HPLC purity> 99%), Taxol (HPLC purity> 99%), Tolbutamide (HPLC purity> 99%), Chlorzoxazone (HPLC purity> 99%), Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide (HPLC purity> 98%), Alpha-Naphthoflavone (HPLC purity> 98%), Fluconazole (HPLC purity> 98%), Quercetin (HPLC purity> 98%) and Ketoconazole (HPLC purity> 99%) were purchased from Dalian Meilunbio. Co. Ltd (Dalian, China), Phenaceti (HPLC purity> 99%), Sulfaphenazolum (HPLC purity> 99%), Quinidine (HPLC purity> 99%) were purchased from Shyuanye Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China), Testosterone (HPLC purity> 98%) were purchased from Derick Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Chengdu, China), 4-Methylpyrazole (HPLC purity> 97%) were purchased from J&K Scientific (San Jose, United States).
The SDEA extract was prepared following our previously described procedure (Sui et al., 2016 (link); Yao et al., 2017 (link)). Delicaflavone (purity≥ 98%, determined by the peak area normalization method using HPLC-PDA) were isolated from S. doederleinii and the structure was fully elucidated by MS, UV, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR, which was confirmed by comparison with the literatures (Li et al., 2013 (link); Li et al., 2014 (link); Yao et al., 2017 (link); Chen et al., 2018 (link)). Amentoflavone (HPLC purity> 98%) and Apigenin (HPLC purity> 98%) were purchased from Dalian Meilunbio. Co. Ltd (Dalian, China), Palmatine (HPLC purity> 98%) was purchased from Shyuanye Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China).
Methanol and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), formic acid (HPLC grade) was purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China), ethanol (analytical grade) was obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagents (Shanghai, China), and ultrapure water was prepared by a Millpore Milli-Q system (Beddford, United States).

Lin F., Lin X., Wang X., Mei G., Chen B., Yao H, & Huang L. (2023). Inhibitory effect of Selaginella doederleinii hieron on human cytochrome P450. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1108867.

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Publication 2023

1H NMR acetonitrile alpha-naphthoflavone amentoflavone Apigenin Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Chlorzoxazone Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide Donors Ethanol Fluconazole Fomepizole formic acid High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Homo sapiens Ketoconazole Methanol Microsomes, Liver NADP Omeprazole palmatine Quercetin Quinidine Sulfaphenazole Taxol Testosterone Tolbutamide

Top products related to «Fluconazole»

Fluconazole by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Brazil, Italy, Canada, Japan, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Poland, France, Ireland, Spain, China, India

Fluconazole is a pharmaceutical product manufactured by Merck Group. It is an antifungal medication used to treat a variety of fungal infections. The core function of Fluconazole is to inhibit the growth and proliferation of fungal pathogens.

Amphotericin b by Merck Group

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Amphotericin B is a laboratory reagent used as an antifungal agent. It is a macrolide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces nodosus. Amphotericin B is commonly used in research and biomedical applications to inhibit the growth of fungi.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group

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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.

Caspofungin by Merck Group

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Caspofungin is an antifungal medication developed by Merck. It is a semi-synthetic lipopeptide that acts as an echinocandin, inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. Caspofungin is primarily used to treat invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis.

Fluconazole by Pfizer

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Spain, Brazil, Egypt, Switzerland, India

Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat a variety of fungal infections. It is a laboratory-produced compound that functions as an inhibitor of fungal enzymes, preventing the formation of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.

Itraconazole by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Brazil, Hungary, India

Itraconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent used in the treatment of various fungal infections. It functions by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of the fungal cell membrane, thereby disrupting the integrity and function of the fungal cell.

Voriconazole by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Brazil, France, United Kingdom, Japan, Spain, Italy

Voriconazole is a laboratory product used as an antifungal agent. It is a synthetic triazole compound that inhibits the fungal enzyme lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, which is essential for the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes.

Ketoconazole by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, India, Sao Tome and Principe, United Kingdom, Macao, Israel

Ketoconazole is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is an antifungal agent used for research and development purposes. The core function of Ketoconazole is to inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes.

Rpmi 1640 medium by Merck Group

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RPMI-1640 is a widely used cell culture medium formulation, developed at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. It is a complete and balanced medium designed to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types, including human and animal cell lines. The medium contains essential nutrients, vitamins, amino acids, and other components necessary for cell proliferation and survival in in vitro cell culture applications.

Posaconazole by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, Spain, France, India, Belgium

Posaconazole is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is an antifungal agent used in research and development applications.

What is Fluconazole used for?

What are the key benefits of Fluconazole?

How can PubCompare.ai help with Fluconazole research?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers optimize their Fluconazole studies in several ways. First, it allows you to screen protocol literature more efficiently, saving time and effort. Second, the platform's AI analysis can help identify critical insights, such as differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy. This can be particularly useful when comparing various Fluconazole-related protocols from the literature, pre-prints, and patents.

What types of Fluconazole-related research can PubCompare.ai assist with?

PubCompare.ai's platform can assist with a wide range of Fluconazole-related research, from identifying the most effective protocols for specific applications to comparing the performance of different Fluconazole products and procedures. The AI-driven analysis can help researchers make informed decisions and achieve enhanced reproducibility and accuracy in their Fluconazole studies.

Is there a common challenge with using Fluconazole that PubCompare.ai can help address?

One common challenge with using Fluconazole is ensuring that the most effective protocols are being used, especially when there are many options available in the literature. PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers identify the best protocols for their specific research goals, taking into account factors such as effectiveness, reproducibility, and accuracy. This can be particularly helpful in optimizing Fluconazole studies and overcoming any protocol-related challenges.

More about "Fluconazole"

Fluconazole is a versatile antifungal medication used to treat a wide range of fungal infections, including candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and systemic mycoses.
This broad-spectrum azole compound works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.
Fluconazole is known for its excellent bioavailability, good tissue penetration, and relatively low toxicity profile compared to other antifungal agents like Amphotericin B and Caspofungin.
Researchers can leverage the AI-driven platform of PubCompare.ai to optimize their Fluconazole studies.
The platform helps locate reliable protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and provides AI-powered comparisons to identify the best products and procedures.
This can significantly enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of Fluconazole research.
In addition to Fluconazole, other antifungal agents like Itraconazole, Voriconazole, and Ketoconazole may also be used to treat fungal infections.
The choice of antifungal medication often depends on the specific type of fungal infection, patient factors, and the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of the drugs.
Researchers may also utilize RPMI-1640 medium, a widely used cell culture medium, to assess the in vitro activity of Fluconazole and other antifungal agents.
DMSO, a common solvent, can be used to prepare stock solutions of these compounds for experimental studies.
By leveraging the insights and tools provided by PubCompare.ai, researchers can take their Fluconazole studies to new heights, optimizing their research protocols, identifying the best products and procedures, and enhancing the overall reproducibility and accuracy of their findings.