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Fumarate
Fumarate
Fumarate is a dicarboxylic acid that plays a vital role in the Krebs cycle, a key metabolic pathway involved in cellular energy production.
It is an intermediate in the conversion of succinate to malate, and its presence is essential for proper mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis.
Fumarate has been the subject of intense research, with potential therapeutic applications in various disease states, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders.
Understanding the regulation and function of fumarate is crucial for advancing our knowledge of cellular metabolism and developing effective treatments targeting this important metabolite.
It is an intermediate in the conversion of succinate to malate, and its presence is essential for proper mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis.
Fumarate has been the subject of intense research, with potential therapeutic applications in various disease states, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders.
Understanding the regulation and function of fumarate is crucial for advancing our knowledge of cellular metabolism and developing effective treatments targeting this important metabolite.
Most cited protocols related to «Fumarate»
acetonitrile
ammonium acetate
Ammonium Hydroxide
CMX 157
Fumarate
Homo sapiens
Methanol
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Plasma
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Graphite electrodes (65 cm2 solid graphite blocks, 1 in. by 0.5 in. by 3 in., grade G10, , Graphite Engineering and Sales, Greenville, MI), poised with a potentiostat (+300 mV versus Ag/AgCl) in ‘H-type cells’ were provided as an electron acceptor as previously described [7] (link), [14] (link). The cells were grown in freshwater medium (2.5 g/L NaHCO3, 0.25 g/L NH4Cl, 0.06 g/L, NaHPO4*H2O, 0.1 g/L KCl, vitamins and minerals) [30] (link) containing 10 mM acetate and 40 mM fumarate. When the culture reached an A600 of 0.2, the anode chamber was swapped to freshwater medium containing 10 mM acetate and no fumarate. Once the current reached approximately 1 mA the system was switched to a continuous flow through mode, in which medium was flowed through the chamber at a dilution rate of 0.15/hr. Current measurements were collected directly from potentiostat outputs every second with a Power Lab 4SP connected to a Macintosh computer, and data was logged with Chart 5.0 software (ADI instruments, Mountain View, CA). Fumarate control fuel cells were grown as described above but with the working, counter and reference electrodes disconnected and with 40 mM fumarate present in the medium.
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Acetate
Bicarbonate, Sodium
Cells
Fumarate
Graphite
Minerals
Oxidants
Technique, Dilution
Vitamins
M1 defined medium containing 0.02% (w/v) of vitamin-free Casamino Acids and 15 mM lactate was used in all physiological experiments [72 (link)]. Growth of the deletion strain under aerobic or anaerobic conditions was determined by recording growth curves in triplicate with a Bioscreen C microbiology reader (Labsystems Oy, Helsinki, Finland) with MR-1 as the control. For aerobic growth, exponential phase cultures were diluted to approximately ~1 × 105 cells/ml in fresh medium, and 400 μl was transferred to the honeycomb plate wells of the Bioscreen C reader. The cultures were shaken at medium intensity continuously, and the turbidity was measured every 30 min at 600 nm and DO (dissolved oxygen) was recorded every hour with an Accumet XL40 meter (Fisher Scientific). For anaerobic growth, exponential phase cultures grown aerobically were centrifuged, purged in nitrogen and suspended in fresh medium to approximately ~1 × 105 cells/ml in an anaerobic glove box. Electron acceptors tested in this study included fumarate (20 mM), nitrate (2 mM), nitrite (1 mM), thiosulfate (3 mM), TMAO (20 mM), and DMSO (20 mM). For electron acceptors containing metals including MnO2 (5 mM), ferric citrate (10 mM), and cobalt(III)-EDTA (200 μM), growth was monitored by the color change of the cultures and cell counting under a microscope (Nikon Optiphot, Nikon, Japan).
Survival of MR-1 and the ΔarcA strain during the stationary phase was examined. Cultures were grown from a single colony under aerobic conditions with vigorous shaking. After the onset of stationary phase, the cultures were divided into two parts. One was kept in the incubator with vigorous shaking and the other was kept still. The cultures were serially diluted into LB and plated onto LB plates every 12 h. Plates from dilutions that gave 100 to 250 colony form units (CFU) per plate were used to minimize statistical variation due to small sample sizes. Experiments were done in triplicate.
Survival of MR-1 and the ΔarcA strain during the stationary phase was examined. Cultures were grown from a single colony under aerobic conditions with vigorous shaking. After the onset of stationary phase, the cultures were divided into two parts. One was kept in the incubator with vigorous shaking and the other was kept still. The cultures were serially diluted into LB and plated onto LB plates every 12 h. Plates from dilutions that gave 100 to 250 colony form units (CFU) per plate were used to minimize statistical variation due to small sample sizes. Experiments were done in triplicate.
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Bacteria, Aerobic
casamino acids
Cells
Cobalt
Cultural Evolution
Deletion Mutation
Edetic Acid
ferric citrate
Fumarate
Lactate
Metals
Microscopy
Nitrates
Nitrites
Nitrogen
Oxidants
Oxygen
physiology
Strains
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Technique, Dilution
Thiosulfates
trimethyloxamine
Vitamins
Acetate
Bicarbonate, Sodium
Calcium Chloride Dihydrate
Chloride, Ammonium
Culture Media, Conditioned
Cysteine
Cytoskeletal Filaments
Deletion Mutation
Electrons
Fumarate
Gas Scavengers
Geobacter sulfurreducens
Heptahydrate Magnesium Sulfate
Minerals
Oliver-McFarlane syndrome
Oxidants
Potassium Chloride
potassium phosphate, dibasic
resazurin
sodium carbonate
Sodium Chloride
Strains
Tissue Donors
Vitamins
The MS-Ready processing workflow is an extension of the workflows described in detail by Mansouri et al. to curate and prepare QSAR-Ready structures for use in the development of prediction models [28 , 30 ]. The related QSAR-Ready workflow is openly available on GitHub [34 ]. The free and open-source environment KNIME (Konstanz Information Miner) was used to design and implement the workflow [35 ]. Only free and open source KNIME nodes were used in the workflow. Cheminformatic steps were mainly performed using INDIGO nodes [36 ]. The nodes for each step were grouped into metanodes to ease readability and increase flexibility and future updates.
The MS-Ready workflow and transformation files are available on GitHub [31 ] and consisted of the following steps:2 ). For the generation of both QSAR and MS-Ready structures, salts and solvents are separated and removed from mixtures via an exclusion list (Fig. 2 a). The exclusion list used during QSAR-Ready structure preparation (189 structures, SDF file provided as Additional file 2 ) was substantially reduced for MS-Ready structures (32 structures, SDF file provided as Additional file 1 ), allowing a greater number of secondary components that are observable in MS to be retained and linked to the original substances via MS-Ready forms (e.g., benzoate, fumarate, citrate). For MS-Ready structures, all records still containing multiple components were separated out, deduplicated if necessary, and retained, with all components linked to the original substance (Fig. 2 b, c). For the QSAR-Ready workflow, in contrast, chemical mixtures are excluded due to the complexity merging activity estimates for components of the mixture (Fig. 2 b, c). The MS-Ready workflow retains organometallics containing covalent metal–carbon bonds within the chemical structure while the QSAR-Ready workflow does not (Fig. 2 d), primarily because most descriptor packages used for QSAR modeling cannot handle organometallic compounds. However, users of MS-Ready structures for environmental and exposure NTA applications need to include substances such as organomercury and organotin compounds, due to their toxicity and use as, for example, fungicides and antifouling agents.![]()
The MS-Ready workflow and transformation files are available on GitHub [31 ] and consisted of the following steps:
Consistency checking: file format, valence, and structural integrity.
Removal of inorganics and separation of mixtures into individual components.
Removal of salts and counterions (the salts list is available in Additional file
Conversion of tautomers and mesomers to consistent representations. Examples include: nitro and azide mesomers, keto–enol tautomers, enamine–imine tautomers, enol-ketenes, etc. [37 (link)–39 ].
Neutralization of charged structures and removal of stereochemistry information.
Addition of explicit hydrogen atoms and aromatization of structures.
Removal of duplicates using InChIKey [40 ].
Original substances (left) and processed, linked chemical structures (right) indicating similarities and differences between the QSAR-Ready and MS-Ready workflows.
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Azides
Benzoate
Carbon
Citrate
Fumarate
Hydrogen
Imines
Indigo
Industrial Fungicides
Ketogenic Diet
Metals
Organometallic Compounds
Organotin Compounds
Salts
Solvents
Most recents protocols related to «Fumarate»
Example 3
The pulverized vicagrel salt was placed with pregelatinized starch, lactose, and sodium carboxymethyl starch in a fluidized bed, fluidized mixing is started for 10 min, and 5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is prepared as a binder. At an air inlet temperature of 80° C., the binder was sprayed while maintaining a bed temperature at 40-50° C. The formed particles were dried for 30 min while the bed temperature was maintained at 50-60° C., and were discharged. Sodium stearyl fumarate was added and mixed for 5 min, and the particles were filled into capsules.
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Capsule
carboxymethyl starch
Fumarate
Hypromellose
Lactose
sodium carboxymethyl starch
Sodium Chloride
sodium stearyl fumarate
Starch
vicagrel
Example 13
A solution of Varenicline free base (20.0 g) in methylene dichloride (100 mL) was stirred with the aqueous solution of Fumaric acid (13.18 g, 1.2 eq in 100 mL of water). The aqueous layer containing Varenicline fumarate salt was stirred with methylene dichloride to remove the nitrosamine impurity by solvent extraction. Thereafter, follow the general procedure for the isolation of Varenicline base from the aqueous layer. Yield: 14.0 g
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Acids
Fumarate
fumaric acid
isolation
Methylene Chloride
Nitrosamines
Sodium Chloride
Solvents
Varenicline
Example 7
Approximately 10-20 mg of 1-(4-{[6-Amino-5-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-pyrimidin-4-ylamino]-methyl}-4-fluoro-piperidin-1-yl)-propenone were weighed into glass vials. 7 mL of FaSSIF medium (pH 6.5, prewarmed to 37° C.) were added and the suspension was shaken at 450 rpm at 37° C. After 30 min, 60 min and 120 min, 1 mL suspension was withdrawn and filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter. Clear filtrate was analysed by HPLC after suitable dilution to measure the amount of API dissolved.
Results from mini dissolution studies are summarised below.
While a number of embodiments of this invention are described herein, it is apparent that the basic examples may be altered to provide other embodiments that utilize the compounds and methods of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the previously described embodiments rather than by the specific embodiments that have been represented by way of example.
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Fumarate
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Oxalates
Parent
Sodium Chloride
Syringes
Technique, Dilution
A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and verified by conducting forced degradation studies on BDQ that included exposure to light, heat, acid, base and oxidation. The method was validated for reproducibility, system stability, linearity, specificity, ruggedness, filter suitability and working standard stability, and used to determine potency of BDQ in the two formulations on Days 0, 15 and 30. Three aliquots were withdrawn from each of the three bottles for a total of n = 9 at each time point.
The diluent was prepared with water and acetonitrile (1:1), and allowed to equilibrate at room temperature. The stock standard solution was prepared by dissolving 60 mg of BDQ fumarate bulk powder in the diluent in a 100-mL volumetric flask for a 0.5 mg/mL (as BDQ). The working standard solution was prepared by diluting the stock standard solution with diluent to a concentration of 0.02 mg/mL. The stock sample solution was prepared by volumetrically diluting 5 mL of BDQ (20 mg/mL) suspension to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL in diluent. A 4-mL aliquot of this mixture was further diluted with the diluent to 100 mL for a concentration of 0.02 mg/mL. An aliquot of this mixture was filtered through a 0.45 μm polypropylene membrane syringe filter and the filtrate was analyzed by HPLC. Details of the HPLC method are provided inTable 3 .
Ten μL of working standard solution was injected into the chromatographic system and the area under the BDQ peak eluting at 4.5 to 5.5 min was recorded. Ten μL of the diluent was injected as a blank to ensure no interference occurred with the BDQ peak. Five consecutive injections of the working standard were made to show the reproducibility of BDQ peak areas. Ten μL of the sample solution were injected into the chromatographic system, and the area under the BDQ peak was recorded as a percentage of the theoretical concentration. The working standard solution was injected periodically, throughout the run and at the end of the run to demonstrate HPLC system stability. The BDQ peak area response agreed with the system suitability average within 2%.
The diluent was prepared with water and acetonitrile (1:1), and allowed to equilibrate at room temperature. The stock standard solution was prepared by dissolving 60 mg of BDQ fumarate bulk powder in the diluent in a 100-mL volumetric flask for a 0.5 mg/mL (as BDQ). The working standard solution was prepared by diluting the stock standard solution with diluent to a concentration of 0.02 mg/mL. The stock sample solution was prepared by volumetrically diluting 5 mL of BDQ (20 mg/mL) suspension to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL in diluent. A 4-mL aliquot of this mixture was further diluted with the diluent to 100 mL for a concentration of 0.02 mg/mL. An aliquot of this mixture was filtered through a 0.45 μm polypropylene membrane syringe filter and the filtrate was analyzed by HPLC. Details of the HPLC method are provided in
Ten μL of working standard solution was injected into the chromatographic system and the area under the BDQ peak eluting at 4.5 to 5.5 min was recorded. Ten μL of the diluent was injected as a blank to ensure no interference occurred with the BDQ peak. Five consecutive injections of the working standard were made to show the reproducibility of BDQ peak areas. Ten μL of the sample solution were injected into the chromatographic system, and the area under the BDQ peak was recorded as a percentage of the theoretical concentration. The working standard solution was injected periodically, throughout the run and at the end of the run to demonstrate HPLC system stability. The BDQ peak area response agreed with the system suitability average within 2%.
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acetonitrile
Acids
Chromatography
Dietary Fiber
Fumarate
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Light
Polypropylenes
Powder
Syringes
Tissue, Membrane
All chemicals used in this study along with
their chemical and common names and classifications are listed inTable 1 . The NIH Drug Supply
Program provided the following compounds: (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide
hemitartrate (LSD, CAS: 17676-08-3), psilocin (PSI, CAS: 520-53-6),
psilocybin (PSY, CAS: 520-52-5), (−)-ibogaine hydrochloride
(IBO, CAS: 36415-61-9), and (−)-cocaine hydrochloride (COCN,
CAS: 53-21-4). The following compounds were purchased from commercial
sources: (±)-ketamine hydrochloride (KET, Fagron, 803647, CAS:
1867-66-9), (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride
(DOI, Cayman, 13885, CAS: 42203-78-1), (±)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
hydrochloride (MDMA, Cayman, 13971, CAS: 64057-70-1), and (−)-scopolamine
hydrobromide trihydrate (SCOP, Acros Organics, AC161750010, CAS: 6533-68-2).
The remaining compounds used in these studies were synthesized in
house and judged to be of >95% purity based on nuclear magnetic
resonance
(NMR) and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–mass
spectrometry (UHPLC). (±)-Amphetamine fumarate (AMPH) and (±)-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
fumarate (MDA) were prepared using methodology adapted from Nenajdenko
et al.46 (link) (±)-Methamphetamine fumarate
(METH) was prepared as a 1:1 ratio of the enantiopure R- and S-methamphetamine fumarate synthesized as
previously described.47 (link) The vehicle used
for all compounds was molecular biology grade dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO,
ACROS, AC327182500, CAS: 67-68-5).
their chemical and common names and classifications are listed in
Program provided the following compounds: (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide
hemitartrate (LSD, CAS: 17676-08-3), psilocin (PSI, CAS: 520-53-6),
psilocybin (PSY, CAS: 520-52-5), (−)-ibogaine hydrochloride
(IBO, CAS: 36415-61-9), and (−)-cocaine hydrochloride (COCN,
CAS: 53-21-4). The following compounds were purchased from commercial
sources: (±)-ketamine hydrochloride (KET, Fagron, 803647, CAS:
1867-66-9), (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride
(DOI, Cayman, 13885, CAS: 42203-78-1), (±)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
hydrochloride (MDMA, Cayman, 13971, CAS: 64057-70-1), and (−)-scopolamine
hydrobromide trihydrate (SCOP, Acros Organics, AC161750010, CAS: 6533-68-2).
The remaining compounds used in these studies were synthesized in
house and judged to be of >95% purity based on nuclear magnetic
resonance
(NMR) and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–mass
spectrometry (UHPLC). (±)-Amphetamine fumarate (AMPH) and (±)-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
fumarate (MDA) were prepared using methodology adapted from Nenajdenko
et al.46 (link) (±)-Methamphetamine fumarate
(METH) was prepared as a 1:1 ratio of the enantiopure R- and S-methamphetamine fumarate synthesized as
previously described.47 (link) The vehicle used
for all compounds was molecular biology grade dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO,
ACROS, AC327182500, CAS: 67-68-5).
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Amphetamines
Caimans
Fumarate
Hydrochloride, Cocaine
Ibogaine
Ketamine Hydrochloride
Liquid Chromatography
Lysergic Acid
MDMA
Methamphetamine
Pharmaceutical Preparations
psilocin
Psilocybin
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Top products related to «Fumarate»
Sourced in United States
Fumarate is a lab equipment product offered by Merck Group. It serves as a key component in various scientific applications, facilitating essential chemical reactions and processes. The core function of Fumarate is to act as a source of fumaric acid, a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid that plays a crucial role in the citric acid cycle and other metabolic pathways.
Sourced in United States
The Fumarate Assay Kit is a laboratory tool used to quantify the presence and concentration of fumarate, a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The kit provides a reliable and efficient method for the colorimetric detection and measurement of fumarate levels in various biological samples.
Sourced in United States, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, Macao, France, Italy
Succinate is a laboratory equipment product that serves as a chemical compound. It functions as a dicarboxylic acid and is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, a central metabolic pathway in many organisms.
Trigonox® 25-C75 is a laboratory-grade organic peroxide manufactured by AkzoNobel. It is a clear, colorless liquid used as a polymerization initiator in various chemical processes.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Macao
Malate is a laboratory instrument used to measure the concentration of malate, a dicarboxylic acid, in various samples. It provides quantitative analysis of malate levels in biological, food, and environmental samples.
The Fumarate Assay Kit is a laboratory tool designed to quantify the level of fumarate, a key metabolite in the citric acid cycle. The kit provides a convenient and reliable method for measuring fumarate concentrations in various biological samples.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Macao, India, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Brazil, Czechia, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia, Slovakia, Cameroon, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Finland, Malaysia, Latvia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Uruguay, Bangladesh
DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
Sourced in United States, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, France, Macao, Brazil, Canada, China
Glutamate is a laboratory instrument used to measure the concentration of the amino acid glutamate in various samples. It functions by utilizing enzymatic reactions and spectrophotometric detection to quantify the amount of glutamate present.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Denmark, France, Austria, Japan, Italy, Macao, China
Pyruvate is a chemical compound that serves as an intermediate in various metabolic pathways. It is a key product of glycolysis and can be further metabolized through different processes, such as the citric acid cycle or lactate production. Pyruvate is a versatile molecule that plays a central role in cellular energy production and various biochemical reactions.
Sourced in United States
The Fumarate Colorimetric Assay Kit is a laboratory tool used to quantify the amount of fumarate, a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, present in biological samples. The kit utilizes a colorimetric method to measure the concentration of fumarate, providing researchers with a reliable and efficient way to monitor this important metabolic process.
More about "Fumarate"
Fumarate, a dicarboxylic acid, plays a pivotal role in the Krebs cycle, a fundamental metabolic pathway essential for cellular energy production.
This versatile metabolite is an intermediary in the conversion of succinate to malate, and its presence is crucial for proper mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis.
Fumarate has garnered significant research interest due to its potential therapeutic applications in various disease states, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders.
Understanding the regulation and function of fumarate is crucial for advancing our knowledge of cellular metabolism and developing effective treatments targeting this important metabolite.
Researchers can utilize the Fumarate Assay Kit to accurately measure fumarate levels, providing valuable insights into cellular processes and metabolic pathways.
The kit's high sensitivity and specificity make it a valuable tool for investigating the role of fumarate in health and disease.
Fumarate's connection to other key metabolites, such as succinate, malate, glutamate, and pyruvate, further underscores its significance in cellular energetics and signaling.
Exploring these interrelated pathways can unlock new avenues for therapeutic interventions and enhance our understanding of cellular homeostasis.
The chemical compound Trigonox® 25-C75, a peroxide used in various industrial applications, may also be of interest to researchers studying fumarate-related processes, as it can potentially influence metabolic pathways and cellular function.
By leveraging the wealth of information available on fumarate and related compounds, researchers can optimize their investigations, improve reproducibility, and drive advancements in the field of cellular metabolism and disease treatment.
This versatile metabolite is an intermediary in the conversion of succinate to malate, and its presence is crucial for proper mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis.
Fumarate has garnered significant research interest due to its potential therapeutic applications in various disease states, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders.
Understanding the regulation and function of fumarate is crucial for advancing our knowledge of cellular metabolism and developing effective treatments targeting this important metabolite.
Researchers can utilize the Fumarate Assay Kit to accurately measure fumarate levels, providing valuable insights into cellular processes and metabolic pathways.
The kit's high sensitivity and specificity make it a valuable tool for investigating the role of fumarate in health and disease.
Fumarate's connection to other key metabolites, such as succinate, malate, glutamate, and pyruvate, further underscores its significance in cellular energetics and signaling.
Exploring these interrelated pathways can unlock new avenues for therapeutic interventions and enhance our understanding of cellular homeostasis.
The chemical compound Trigonox® 25-C75, a peroxide used in various industrial applications, may also be of interest to researchers studying fumarate-related processes, as it can potentially influence metabolic pathways and cellular function.
By leveraging the wealth of information available on fumarate and related compounds, researchers can optimize their investigations, improve reproducibility, and drive advancements in the field of cellular metabolism and disease treatment.