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Galactosides

Galactosides are a class of glycosides containing galactose as the sugar moiety.
These compounds play crucial roles in biological processes, including cell-cell interactions, signal transduction, and immune response.
Galactosides can be found in various natural sources, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, and have diverse applications in research, medicine, and industry.
Studying the structure, function, and regulation of galactosides is essential for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms and developing novel therapeutics and diagnostic tools.
This MeSH term provides a comprehensive overview of the importance and relevance of galactosides in the scientific community.

Most cited protocols related to «Galactosides»

Allelic Replacement Efficiency Characterization

Cited 21 times

Replacement efficiency was characterized by performing the allelic replacement protocol on EcNR2 cells using 90-mer oligos (Supplementary Table 3) that produced a premature stop codon in the chromosomal lacZ gene. In general, 250–500 cells were plated on LB-min containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-β-d-galactoside and isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (USB Biochemicals) agar plates. Efficiency of allelic replacement was calculated by taking the ratio of the number of white colonies to the total number of colonies on plates. A similar strategy was used in the cmR gene recovery experiments with strain EcFI5 where 30–110mer oligos were used to determine optimal oligo length for allelic replacement (Supplementary Fig. 2a). These oligos contained two phosphorothioate bonds at both the 5′ and 3′ termini. Cells were plated on LB-min-chloramphenicol and LB-min agar plates and grown overnight. Efficiency of allelic replacement was calculated by taking the ratio of the number of colonies on LB-minchloramphenicol plates to the number of colonies on LB-min plates.

Wang H.H., Isaacs F.J., Carr P.A., Sun Z.Z., Xu G., Forest C.R, & Church G.M. (2009). Programming cells by multiplex genome engineering and accelerated evolution. Nature, 460(7257), 894-898.

Publication 2009

2',5'-oligoadenylate Agar Alleles Cells Chloramphenicol Chromosomes Codon, Nonsense Galactosides Genes Genes, vif LacZ Genes Oligonucleotides Strains

SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Expression and Purification

Cited 16 times

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Publication 2020

Animals, Laboratory Buffers Chromatography Cloning Vectors Digestion Dithiothreitol Escherichia coli Galactosides Gel Chromatography Nickel nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, SARS-CoV-2 Plasmids SARS-CoV-2 Sodium Chloride Strains Tromethamine Ulp1 protease Ultrafiltration

Characterization of Swine-Origin Influenza

Cited 16 times

All swine-origin H1N1 viruses were isolated and passaged in MDCK cells to produce viral stocks. The viruses and their passage histories are described in the `Methods' section. All experiments with S-OIVs were performed in approved enhanced biosafety level 3 (BSL3) containment laboratories.
Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and MDCK cells overexpressing the β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase I gene17 (link) were maintained in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) containing 5% newborn calf serum. Human airway epithelial (HAE) cells were obtained from residual surgical tissue trimmed from lungs during the process of transplantation. The bronchial specimens were dissected and enzymatically digested, and monolayers of HAE cells were isolated, cultured and differentiated as previously described18 (link).

Itoh Y., Shinya K., Kiso M., Watanabe T., Sakoda Y., Hatta M., Muramoto Y., Tamura D., Sakai-Tagawa Y., Noda T., Sakabe S., Imai M., Hatta Y., Watanabe S., Li C., Yamada S., Fujii K., Murakami S., Imai H., Kakugawa S., Ito M., Takano R., Iwatsuki-Horimoto K., Shimojima M., Horimoto T., Goto H., Takahashi K., Makino A., Ishigaki H., Nakayama M., Okamatsu M., Takahashi K., Warshauer D., Shult P.A., Saito R., Suzuki H., Furuta Y., Yamashita M., Mitamura K., Nakano K., Nakamura M., Brockman-Schneider R., Mitamura H., Yamazaki M., Sugaya N., Suresh M., Ozawa M., Neumann G., Gern J., Kida H., Ogasawara K, & Kawaoka Y. (2009). In vitro and in vivo characterization of new swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses. Nature, 460(7258), 1021-1025.

Publication 2009

Bronchi Epithelial Cells Galactosides Homo sapiens Infant, Newborn Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Lung Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells Operative Surgical Procedures Pigs Serum Sialyltransferases Tissues Transplantation Virus

Senescence-Associated β-Galactosidase Assay

Cited 10 times

Cells were seeded 48 hours prior to staining at 2-4 × 10⁴cells/well in six well plates. This cell density ensures that the staining is performed before the cultures reach confluence. SA-β-Gal staining was performed as previously described with minor modifications [16 (link)]. Briefly, the cells were washed with cold PBS, and fixed for 5 min with 0.5% glutaraldehyde diluted in cold PBS. After fixation, cells were washed in PBS and incubated for 8 hours at 37°C in staining solution containing 1 mg/ml 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside (X-Gal) (Roche) and the rest of the components described in [16 (link)]. For staining at different pH values, 0.1 M citric acid and 0.2 M Na₂HPO₄solutions were mixed at appropriate proportions. For pH 4.0 - 38.6 ml of 0.2 M Na₂HPO₄were mixed with 61.5 ml of 0.1 M citric acid, and for pH 6.0 - 63.2 ml of 0.2 M Na₂HPO₄were mixed with 36.9 ml of 0.1 M citric acid. Following the incubation period at 37°C, cells were washed 3 × 5 minutes with cold PBS and stored in PBS at 4°C until images were collected.
For analysis of the effect of cell density on SABG activity, FSE cells from two different PDs (42 and 46) were seeded at increasing densities ranging from 20 × 10³/well to 250 × 10³/well (in 6-well plates), and cultured until the well containing the highest cell density reached confluence.

Shlush L.I., Itzkovitz S., Cohen A., Rutenberg A., Berkovitz R., Yehezkel S., Shahar H., Selig S, & Skorecki K. (2011). Quantitative digital in situ senescence-associated β-galactosidase assay. BMC Cell Biology, 12, 16.

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Publication 2011

5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside Cells Citric Acid Cold Temperature Galactosides Glutaral

Characterization of Swine-Origin Influenza

Cited 9 times

Publication 2009

Most recents protocols related to «Galactosides»

Overexpression and Purification of MINA53 and NO66

The MINA53 coding sequence (A26-V464) and NO66 coding sequence (A167-N641) were sub-cloned into an expression vector pET-28b respectively and the plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3).^{5,24 (link)} In brief, a 6 × 10 mL overnight culture was used to inoculate 6 l of Terrific Broth media containing 100 μg mL⁻¹ kanamycin. Cultures were grown at 37 °C until the OD₆₀₀ reached ∼1.0. The temperature was adjusted to 18 °C, and expression was then induced or 18 hr with 0.5 mM isopropylthio-β-galactoside (IPTG). Cells were centrifuged, then resuspended in the lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole, 0.5 mM tris-(2-carboxyethyl)-phosphine (TCEP), and 5% glycerol in the presence of a protease inhibitor mixture 1 : 2000 (Complete, EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail, Roche Diagnostics Ltd) and lysed by three passages through a high-pressure cell breaker (EmulsiFlex C5-Avestin) at 4 °C. The lysates were cleared by centrifugation (60 minutes, 36 000× g, 4 °C) and loaded onto a Ni NTA column. After extensively rinsing with the lysis buffer the His6-tagged MINA53 and NO66 proteins were eluted using lysis buffer containing 300 mM imidazole. The eluted fractions were further purified using an AKTA Xpress system combined with an S200 gel filtration column equilibrated in 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM tris (2-carboxyethyl)-phosphine (TCEP) and 5% glycerol. The purity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and by mass spectrometry as reported.^{5,24 (link)}

Türkmen V.A., Hintzen J.C., Tumber A., Moesgaard L., Salah E., Kongsted J., Schofield C.J, & Mecinović J. (2023). Substrate selectivity and inhibition of histidine JmjC hydroxylases MINA53 and NO66. RSC Chemical Biology, 4(3), 235-243.

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Publication 2023

167-A Buffers Cells Centrifugation Cloning Vectors Diagnosis Edetic Acid Escherichia coli Galactosides Gel Chromatography Glycerin HEPES imidazole Kanamycin Mass Spectrometry Open Reading Frames phosphine Plasmids Pressure Protease Inhibitors Proteins SDS-PAGE SERPINB5 protein, human Sodium Chloride Strains tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine Tromethamine

Measuring pfeT Promoter Activity

Cells containing the pfeT promoter lacZ fusions (P_pfeT–lacZ) were grown in LB amended with different concentrations of FeSO₄·7H₂O in milliQ H₂O to an OD₆₀₀ of ~0.4 in 96-well plates with 200 µl LB medium per well at 37 °C with vigorous shaking. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in Z buffer supplemented with dithiothreitol (DTT, 400 nM final concentration) and lysed by lysozyme. OD₆₀₀ was measured before lysozyme treatment. After lysis, ortho-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG) was added and OD₄₂₀ and OD₅₅₀ were measured every 2 min. Product accumulation was calculated using the formula product=1000×[OD₄₂₀−(1.75×OD₅₅₀)] and plotted against time. The slope of the linear part of the product accumulation curve was calculated using Excel and Miller unit (MU) was calculated using the formula MU=slope/OD₆₀₀/V, where V is the volume of cells used for the reaction (200 µl).

Steingard C.H., Pinochet-Barros A., Wendel B.M, & Helmann J.D. (2023). Iron homeostasis in Bacillus subtilis relies on three differentially expressed efflux systems. Microbiology, 169(1), 001289.

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Publication 2023

Buffers Cells Centrifugation Dithiothreitol Galactosides LacZ Genes Muramidase

Production and Purification of Recombinant IbNAC43

The full-length IbNAC43 cDNA was amplified with specific primers and fused into the BamHI and EcoRI sites of the expression vector pET-28a (Novagen; https://www.merckmillipore.com/CN/zh). The construct vector was introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells to produce recombinant 6×His-IbNAC43 proteins induced by 0.03 mM isopropylthio-β-galactoside (IPTG) and then grown at 16°C. The 6×His-IbNAC43 protein was purified with Ni-NTA Agarose (Forscience, Beijing, China) as described previously (Zhang et al., 2022 (link)). Labeled probes with biotin at their 5′-ends were used as binding probes, while unlabeled probes were used as competitors. The primer and probe sequences are listed in Supplementary Table S1. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was performed using a LightShift Chemiluminescent EMSA Kit (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Sun S., Li X., Nie N., Chen Y., Gao S., Zhang H., He S., Liu Q, & Zhai H. (2023). Sweet potato NAC transcription factor NAC43 negatively regulates plant growth by causing leaf curling and reducing photosynthetic efficiency. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1095977.

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Publication 2023

Biotin Cells Cloning Vectors Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI DNA, Complementary Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Escherichia coli Galactosides Oligonucleotide Primers Proteins Sepharose

Detailed Protocol for Molecular Techniques

Enzymes EcoRI (R3101), BamHI (R3136), SphI (R3182), MscI (R0534), T4 Polynucleotide kinase (M0201), Protoscript II (M0368), calf intestinal phosphatase (M0290), Q5 High fidelity DNA polymerase (M0491), XRN-1 (M0338) and Vent (exo–) DNA Polymerase (M0257) were purchased from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA, USA). Ampicillin (AMP201.5), Chloramphenicol (CLR201.5), kanamycin (KAN201.5), Ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONP301.5), Polymyxin B (POL435.5), tetracyclin (TET701) and Phenol (PHE509.1) were purchased from BioShop (Burlington, ON, Canada). Acrylamide:Bisacrylamide 19:1 and 29:1 (A0006 and A0007) and PCR product purification kit (BS-365) were purchased from BioBasic (Markham, ON, Canada). Turbo DNase (AM2238) was purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit was purchased from QIAGEN (Hilden, Germany). Pyrophosphatase (10108987001) was purchased from Millipore Sigma (Burlington, MA, USA). T4 DNA ligase and RNase Inhibitor were produced by the Sherbrooke University Protein Purification Platform. T7 RNA polymerase was purified in house (Massé Laboratory).

Carrier M.C., Lalaouna D, & Massé E. (2023). Hfq protein and GcvB small RNA tailoring of oppA target mRNA to levels allowing translation activation by MicF small RNA in Escherichia coli. RNA Biology, 20(1), 59-76.

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Publication 2023

Acrylamide Ampicillin bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase Chloramphenicol Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI Deoxyribonucleases DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase Enzymes Galactosides Intestines Kanamycin Phenol Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases Polymyxin B Polynucleotide 5'-Hydroxyl-Kinase Proteins Pyrophosphatase Ribonucleases T4 DNA Ligase Tetracycline

Eugenol-mediated Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Assessment

Eugenol (purity: 98.5%) was provided by Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB), agar, and 2,7-dichlorodihy-drofluorescein diacetate dye (DCFH-DA) were bought from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). O-Nitrobenzene β-D-galactoside (ONPG) and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) Protein Assay Kit were purchased from Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The LIVE/DEAD^™ BacLight^™ bacterial viability kit was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (United Kingdom). Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and 5–5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid; DTNB) were purchased from Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Without further purification, all reagents were used directly. Double distilled water (DDW) was used in the experiment.

Liu W., Chen G., Dou K., Yi B., Wang D., Zhou Q, & Sun Y. (2023). Eugenol eliminates carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae via reactive oxygen species mechanism. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1090787.

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Publication 2023

2-nitrophenylgalactoside, (beta-D)-isomer Agar Bacterial Viability bicinchoninic acid Biological Assay diacetyldichlorofluorescein Dithionitrobenzoic Acid Eugenol Galactosides Nitrobenzenes Nitrobenzoic Acids Proteins thiobarbituric acid Trichloroacetic Acid tryptic soy broth

Top products related to «Galactosides»

Acetonitrile by Merck Group

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Acetonitrile is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is a commonly used solvent in various analytical and chemical applications, including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and other laboratory procedures. Acetonitrile is known for its high polarity and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds.

Formic acid by Merck Group

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Formic acid is a colorless, pungent-smelling liquid chemical compound. It is the simplest carboxylic acid, with the chemical formula HCOOH. Formic acid is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications.

Methanol by Merck Group

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Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.

Luciferase assay system by Promega

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The Luciferase Assay System is a laboratory tool designed to measure the activity of the luciferase enzyme. Luciferase is an enzyme that catalyzes a bioluminescent reaction, producing light. The Luciferase Assay System provides the necessary reagents to quantify the level of luciferase activity in samples, enabling researchers to study biological processes and gene expression.

Isopropyl β d thiogalactoside iptg by Merck Group

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Isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) is a synthetic chemical compound commonly used in molecular biology laboratories. It functions as an inducer, triggering the expression of genes under the control of the lac operon in bacterial cell cultures.

Bovine serum albumin (bsa) by Merck Group

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Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common laboratory reagent derived from bovine blood plasma. It is a protein that serves as a stabilizer and blocking agent in various biochemical and immunological applications. BSA is widely used to maintain the activity and solubility of enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules in experimental settings.

Epicatechin by Merck Group

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Epicatechin is a natural compound found in various plants and is commonly used in laboratory settings. It serves as a standard reference material for analytical and research purposes. Epicatechin exhibits antioxidant properties and is often employed in the evaluation of antioxidant activity and the development of analytical methods.

Quercetin by Merck Group

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Quercetin is a natural compound found in various plants, including fruits and vegetables. It is a type of flavonoid with antioxidant properties. Quercetin is often used as a reference standard in analytical procedures and research applications.

Lightshift chemiluminescent emsa kit by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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The LightShift Chemiluminescent EMSA Kit is a laboratory tool designed to detect and analyze protein-DNA interactions. It uses chemiluminescent detection to visualize and quantify the binding of proteins to specific DNA sequences.

Amylose resin by New England Biolabs

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Amylose resin is a chromatography resin used for the purification of proteins and enzymes. It functions by selectively binding to proteins with a high affinity for amylose, a component of starch. This resin can be used to isolate and concentrate target proteins from complex mixtures.

What are the different types of Galactosides?

Galactosides can be classified into several types based on the structure and source of the galactose-containing glycoside. Some common types include plant-derived galactosides (e.g. from fruits, vegetables, and herbs), animal-derived galactosides (e.g. from milk, eggs, and tissues), and microbial galactosides (e.g. from bacteria and fungi). The specific type of galactoside can influence its biological functions and applications.

How can Galactosides be used in research and industry?

Galactosides have a wide range of applications in research, medicine, and industry. They are widely used as cell surface markers, cell-cell interaction mediators, and signal transduction modulators in biological and biomedical research. In medicine, galactosides are important for developing diagnostic tools, therapeutics, and drug delivery systems. Industrially, galactosides are used as food additives, cosmetic ingredients, and in the production of various chemicals and materials.

What are some common challenges in working with Galactosides?

One of the key challenges in working with galactosides is ensuring reproducibility and consistency in experimental protocols. Galactosides can be sensitive to factors like pH, temperature, and storage conditions, which can affect their stability and activity. Additionally, the diversity of galactoside structures and sources can make it difficult to find the optimal protocols and products for specific research or industrial applications. This is where PubCompare.ai can be helpful - the platform's AI-driven analysis can assist in identifying the most effective and reproducible protocols for your galactoside studies.

How can PubCompare.ai help with Galactoside research?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can enhance your galactosdie research by helping you more efficiently screen the protocol literature and identify critical insights. The platform's intelligent algorithm can pinpoint the most effective protocols related to galactosides, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy. By leveraging PubCompare.ai, you can save time, reduce the guesswork, and achive more reliable and reproducible results in your galactoside studies.

What are some key considerations when selecting Galactoside products and protocols?

When selecting galactoside products and protocols, there are several key factors to consider. These include the source and purity of the galactoside, the compatibility with your specific experimental system or application, the stability and shelf-life, and the reproducibillity of the protocols. It's also important to carefully evaluate the experimental conditions, such as pH, temperature, and incubation times, to ensure optimal performance. PubCompare.ai's AI-driven analysis can help you navigate these considerations and identify the most suitable galactoside products and protocols for your research needs.

More about "Galactosides"

Galactosides, also known as galactosyl compounds or galactose-containing glycosides, are a class of glycosides that play crucial roles in various biological processes.
These compounds are composed of galactose, a monosaccharide sugar, bonded to another molecule, typically an aglycone.
Galactosides are found in a wide range of natural sources, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
They are involved in important biological functions, such as cell-cell interactions, signal transduction, and immune response.
These compounds have diverse applications in research, medicine, and industry, making them a topic of great interest in the scientific community.
Galactosides can be further classified into different subgroups based on the nature of the aglycone moiety.
For example, galactolipids are galactosides with a lipid aglycone, while galactosaminoglycans are galactosides with a galactosamine aglycone.
The structural diversity and functional relevance of galactosides have led to their use in various applications, such as the development of diagnostic tools, therapeutic agents, and industrial products.
In the context of research, the study of galactosides is crucial for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms.
Techniques like galactosidase assays, which utilize compounds like isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) and luciferase assay systems, are commonly employed to investigate the role of galactosides in cellular processes.
Additionally, the use of purification methods, such as amylose resin, and analytical techniques, such as those involving acetonitrile, formic acid, and methanol, are important for the isolation and characterization of these compounds.
Galactosides are also known to have important pharmacological properties.
For instance, some plant-derived galactosides, such as epicatechin and quercetin, have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications in areas like cardiovascular health and cancer prevention.
Furthermore, the use of tools like the LightShift Chemiluminescent EMSA Kit can help researchers investigate the interactions between galactosides and other biomolecules, such as proteins, which is crucial for understanding their biological functions.
In summary, galactosides are a diverse class of glycosides with crucial roles in biological processes.
Studying their structure, function, and regulation is essential for advancing our understanding of fundamental mechanisms and developing innovative applications in research, medicine, and industry.