A slightly modified version of the method of Singleton et al. was used. (10 ). A 50 milligram quantity of each test compound was dissolved in either water or ethanol, dependent upon solubility. For compounds suspected of having high reactivity, the following dilutions were made: 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:50, 1:100. For compounds suspected of having low reactivity the dilutions made were 1:5, 2:5, 3:5 and 4:5. Cuvettes were prepared such that there were three replicates for each of the dilutions mentioned above. To each cuvette was added 1.58 mL water. 0.1 mL F-C reagent and 20 uL of the proper dilution of test compound. Cuvettes were stirred and allowed to stand 5 minutes. After this, 0.3 mL of a 20% aqueous sodium carbonate solution was added to each cuvette. Cuvettes were again stirred and incubated at 45°C for 30 minutes in a dry bath. Absorbances were read at 765 nm using a Bio-Rad Smart Spec 3000 spectrophotometer. Graphs of absorbance versus concentration were prepared using Sigma Plot software. Activity of compounds is expressed in terms of Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE). GAE is defined as slope of test compound standard curve / slope of gallic acid standard curve.
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Gallic Acid
Gallic Acid
Gallic acid is a naturally occurring phenolic compound found in various plants, including oak, sumac, and tea leaves.
It has been the subject of extensive research due to its diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Gallic acid has potential applications in the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions.
This page provides an overview of the latest research on gallic acid, including protocols, pre-prints, and patents, to help optimise your studies.
Utilise our data-driven comparison tools to identify the most reliable and reproducible protocols, ensuring accuracy and efficiency in your gallic acid research.
Experience the power of AI-powered decision making and take your studies to new heights.
It has been the subject of extensive research due to its diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Gallic acid has potential applications in the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions.
This page provides an overview of the latest research on gallic acid, including protocols, pre-prints, and patents, to help optimise your studies.
Utilise our data-driven comparison tools to identify the most reliable and reproducible protocols, ensuring accuracy and efficiency in your gallic acid research.
Experience the power of AI-powered decision making and take your studies to new heights.
Most cited protocols related to «Gallic Acid»
Bath
compound 20
Ethanol
fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether
Gallic Acid
sodium carbonate
Technique, Dilution
The total phenolic content was determined for individual extracts using the Folin–Ciocalteu method [6 (link)]. Briefly, 1 mL of extract (100–500 µg/mL) solution was mixed with 2.5 mL of 10% (w/v) Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. After 5 min, 2.0 mL of Na2CO3 (75%) was subsequently added to the mixture and incubated at 50 °C for 10 min with intermittent agitation. Afterwards, the sample was cooled and the absorbance was measured utilizing a UV Spectrophotometer (Shimazu, UV-1800) at 765 nm against a blank without extract. The outcome data were expressed as mg/g of gallic acid equivalents in milligrams per gram (mg GAE/g) of dry extract.
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folin
Gallic Acid
The total phenolic content was determined by employing the methods given in the literature (Slinkard and Singleton, 1977 (link)) with some modification. Sample solution (1 mg/mL; 0.25 mL) was mixed with diluted Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (1 mL, 1:9, v/v) and shaken vigorously. After 3 min, Na2CO3 solution (0.75 mL, 1%) was added and the sample absorbance was read at 760 nm after a 2 h incubation at room temperature. The total phenolic content was expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE/g extract) (Vlase et al., 2014 ).
The total flavonoids content was determined using AlCl3 method (Zengin et al., 2014 (link)). Briefly, sample solution (1 mg/mL; 1 mL) was mixed with the same volume of aluminum trichloride (2%) in methanol. Similarly, a blank was prepared by adding sample solution (1 mL) to methanol (1 mL) without AlCl3. The sample and blank absorbances were read at 415 nm after a 10 min incubation at room temperature. The absorbance of the blank was subtracted from that of the sample. Rutin was used as a reference standard and the total flavonoid content was expressed as milligrams of rutin equivalents (mg RE/g extract) (Mocan et al., 2015 (link)).
The total saponins content of the extract was determined by the vanillin-sulfuric acid method (Aktumsek et al., 2013 (link)). Sample solution (1 mg/mL; 0.25 mL) was mixed with vanillin (0.25 mL, 8%) and sulfuric acid (2 mL, 72%). The mixture was incubated for 10 min at 60°C. Then the mixture was cooled for another 15 min, followed by the sample absorbance measurement at 538 nm. The total saponin content was expressed as milligrams of quillaja equivalents (mg QAE/g extract).
The total triterpenoids content of the extracts was determined according to Zhang et al. (2010) (link) method with some modifications. Briefly, sample solution (1 mg/mL; 500 μL) was mixed with the vanillin–glacial acetic acid (5%, w/v, 0.5 mL) and 1 mL of perchloric acid. The mixture was incubated at 60°C for 10 min, cooled in an ice water bath for 15 min and then 5 mL glacial acetic acid was added and mixed well. After 6 min, the absorbance was read at 538 nm. Oleanolic acid was used as a reference standard and the content of total triterpenoids was expressed as oleanolic acid equivalents (mg OAE/g extract) through a calibration curve with oleanolic acid.
HPLC-PDA analyses were performed on a Waters liquid chromatograph equipped with a model 600 solvent pump and a 2996 photodiode array detector, and Empower v.2 Software (Waters Spa, Milford, MA, United States) was used for acquisition of data. A C18 reversed-phase packing column (Prodigy ODS (3), 4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm; Phemomenex, Torrance, CA, United States) was used for the separation and the column was thermostated at 30 ± 1°C using a Jetstream2 Plus column oven. The injection volume was 20 μL. The mobile phase was directly on-line degassed by using Biotech DEGASi, mod. Compact (LabService, Anzola dell’Emilia, Italy). Gradient elution was performed using the mobile phase water-acetonitrile (93:7, v/v, 3% acetic acid) (Zengin et al., 2016 (link)). The UV/Vis acquisition wavelength was set in the range of 200–500 nm. The quantitative analyses were achieved at maximum wavelength for each compound.
The total flavonoids content was determined using AlCl3 method (Zengin et al., 2014 (link)). Briefly, sample solution (1 mg/mL; 1 mL) was mixed with the same volume of aluminum trichloride (2%) in methanol. Similarly, a blank was prepared by adding sample solution (1 mL) to methanol (1 mL) without AlCl3. The sample and blank absorbances were read at 415 nm after a 10 min incubation at room temperature. The absorbance of the blank was subtracted from that of the sample. Rutin was used as a reference standard and the total flavonoid content was expressed as milligrams of rutin equivalents (mg RE/g extract) (Mocan et al., 2015 (link)).
The total saponins content of the extract was determined by the vanillin-sulfuric acid method (Aktumsek et al., 2013 (link)). Sample solution (1 mg/mL; 0.25 mL) was mixed with vanillin (0.25 mL, 8%) and sulfuric acid (2 mL, 72%). The mixture was incubated for 10 min at 60°C. Then the mixture was cooled for another 15 min, followed by the sample absorbance measurement at 538 nm. The total saponin content was expressed as milligrams of quillaja equivalents (mg QAE/g extract).
The total triterpenoids content of the extracts was determined according to Zhang et al. (2010) (link) method with some modifications. Briefly, sample solution (1 mg/mL; 500 μL) was mixed with the vanillin–glacial acetic acid (5%, w/v, 0.5 mL) and 1 mL of perchloric acid. The mixture was incubated at 60°C for 10 min, cooled in an ice water bath for 15 min and then 5 mL glacial acetic acid was added and mixed well. After 6 min, the absorbance was read at 538 nm. Oleanolic acid was used as a reference standard and the content of total triterpenoids was expressed as oleanolic acid equivalents (mg OAE/g extract) through a calibration curve with oleanolic acid.
HPLC-PDA analyses were performed on a Waters liquid chromatograph equipped with a model 600 solvent pump and a 2996 photodiode array detector, and Empower v.2 Software (Waters Spa, Milford, MA, United States) was used for acquisition of data. A C18 reversed-phase packing column (Prodigy ODS (3), 4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm; Phemomenex, Torrance, CA, United States) was used for the separation and the column was thermostated at 30 ± 1°C using a Jetstream2 Plus column oven. The injection volume was 20 μL. The mobile phase was directly on-line degassed by using Biotech DEGASi, mod. Compact (LabService, Anzola dell’Emilia, Italy). Gradient elution was performed using the mobile phase water-acetonitrile (93:7, v/v, 3% acetic acid) (Zengin et al., 2016 (link)). The UV/Vis acquisition wavelength was set in the range of 200–500 nm. The quantitative analyses were achieved at maximum wavelength for each compound.
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Acetic Acid
acetonitrile
Aluminum Chloride
Bath
Flavonoids
folin
Gallic Acid
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Ice
Liquid Chromatography
Methanol
Oleanolic Acid
Perchloric Acid
Prodigy
Quillaja
Rutin
Saponin
Saponins
Solvents
sulfuric acid
Triterpenes
vanillin
The total phenolic content was determined by the spectrophotometric method [27 (link)]. In brief, a 1 ml of sample (1 mg/ml) was mixed with 1 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent. After 5 min, 10 ml of a 7% Na2CO3 solution was added to the mixture followed by the addition of 13 ml of deionized distilled water and mixed thoroughly. The mixture was kept in the dark for 90 min at 23°C, after which the absorbance was read at 750 nm. The TPC was determined from extrapolation of calibration curve which was made by preparing gallic acid solution. The estimation of the phenolic compounds was carried out in triplicate. The TPC was expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of dried sample.
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folin
Gallic Acid
Phenol
Spectrophotometry
The total phenolics of the extracts were determined using the Folin and Ciocalteu reagent, following the method described by Singleton and Rossi [20 ] with slight modifications. Sample and standard readings were made using a spectrophotometer (Cary 50 Bio UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Varian) at 765 nm against the reagent blank.
The test sample (0.2 mL) was mixed with 0.6 mL of water and 0.2 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent (1 : 1). After 5 min, 1 mL of saturated sodium carbonate solution (8% w/v in water) was added to the mixture and the volume was made up to 3 mL with distilled water. The reaction was kept in the dark for 30 min and after centrifuging the absorbance of blue color from different samples was measured at 765 nm. The phenolic content was calculated as gallic acid equivalents GAE/g of dry plant material on the basis of a standard curve of gallic acid (5–500 mg/L, Y = 0.0027x − 0.0055, R2 = 0.9999). All determinations were carried out in triplicate.
The test sample (0.2 mL) was mixed with 0.6 mL of water and 0.2 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent (1 : 1). After 5 min, 1 mL of saturated sodium carbonate solution (8% w/v in water) was added to the mixture and the volume was made up to 3 mL with distilled water. The reaction was kept in the dark for 30 min and after centrifuging the absorbance of blue color from different samples was measured at 765 nm. The phenolic content was calculated as gallic acid equivalents GAE/g of dry plant material on the basis of a standard curve of gallic acid (5–500 mg/L, Y = 0.0027x − 0.0055, R2 = 0.9999). All determinations were carried out in triplicate.
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folin
Gallic Acid
Phenol
Plants
sodium carbonate
Most recents protocols related to «Gallic Acid»
The TPC was quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteau method (17 (link)) with some modifications. Briefly, 200 μl of properly diluted samples or standard were mixed with 100 μl of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. After 5 min, 300 μl of Na2CO3 (7.5%, w/v) and 1.0 ml of water were added. After 30 min, the absorbance at 765 nm was measured using a microplate reader (Biotek, Vermont, USA). The TPC was calculated based on the calibration curve plotted using gallic acid (0–200 μg/ml) and the results were expressed as μg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of extract [(μg GAE)/g E].
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folin
Folin-Ciocalteau reagent
Gallic Acid
Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions
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Agaricales
Arginine Hydrochloride
Bromides
Cell Culture Techniques
Cells
Culture Media
Dietary Supplements
Dopa
Esters
Gallic Acid
kojic acid
Lipopolysaccharides
lupalbigenin
Monophenol Monooxygenase
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
Rutin
Solvents
Stem, Plant
SYBR Green I
trizol
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Colorimetry
folin
Gallic Acid
Light
sodium carbonate
Polyphenol contents of FP and BP extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method according Tian et al. (29 (link)), with slight modifications. Extract solution (100 μL) was mixed with 7.9 mL of distilled water and 500 μL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, then after 5 min, 1.5 mL of sodium carbonate solution (20%, w/v) was added. After resting for 2 h at room temperature, in the dark, the absorbance at 765 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (UV-1780, Suzhou Shimadzu Instrument Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China). The result was expressed as mg of gallic acid (GA) equivalent in 1 g dry weight of sample (mg GA eq/g DW).
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folin
Gallic Acid
Polyphenols
sodium carbonate
For antioxidant activity (TAA), leaf powder (∼100 mg) was homogenized with methanol and incubated for 30 min at 40°C (Re et al., 1999 (link)). After centrifugation (15 000g, 15 min at 4°C), the supernatant was mixed with an ABTS (2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) solution. The absorbance was read at 734 nm using a Jenway 7305 spectrophotometer. Antioxidant activity was determined using a gallic acid standard curve (y=0.0002x + 0.173, R2 = 0.984).
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2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
Antioxidant Activity
Centrifugation
Gallic Acid
Methanol
Plant Leaves
Powder
Sulfonic Acids
Top products related to «Gallic Acid»
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Gallic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound that can be used as a laboratory reagent. It is a white to light tan crystalline solid with the chemical formula C6H2(OH)3COOH. Gallic acid is commonly used in various analytical and research applications.
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The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent is a colorimetric reagent used for the quantitative determination of phenolic compounds. It is a mixture of phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic acid complexes that undergo a color change when reduced by phenolic compounds.
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Quercetin is a natural compound found in various plants, including fruits and vegetables. It is a type of flavonoid with antioxidant properties. Quercetin is often used as a reference standard in analytical procedures and research applications.
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DPPH is a chemical compound used as a free radical scavenger in various analytical techniques. It is commonly used to assess the antioxidant activity of substances. The core function of DPPH is to serve as a stable free radical that can be reduced, resulting in a color change that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
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Catechin is a natural polyphenolic compound found in various plants, including green tea. It functions as an antioxidant, with the ability to scavenge free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress.
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Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.
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Sodium carbonate is a water-soluble inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2CO3. It is a white, crystalline solid that is commonly used as a pH regulator, water softener, and cleaning agent in various industrial and laboratory applications.
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Caffeic acid is a phenolic compound commonly found in various plants. It serves as a laboratory standard for the identification and quantification of similar phenolic compounds using analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometry.
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Rutin is a laboratory reagent used for analytical and research purposes. It is a flavonoid compound derived from various plant sources. Rutin exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and is commonly used in assays, chromatography, and other analytical techniques.
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Trolox is a water-soluble vitamin E analog that functions as an antioxidant. It is commonly used in research applications as a reference standard for measuring antioxidant capacity.
More about "Gallic Acid"
Gallic acid, a naturally occurring polyphenol, is a versatile phytochemical found in various plants like oak, sumac, and tea leaves.
It has garnered significant attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties, including potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Gallic acid's potential applications span across a wide range of diseases, from cancer and cardiovascular disorders to neurodegenerative conditions.
Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, a common analytical tool, is often utilized to quantify the total phenolic content, including gallic acid, in various samples.
Quercetin, another polyphenol, has been studied in combination with gallic acid due to its synergistic effects.
The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay is a widely used method to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of compounds like gallic acid.
Catechin, a flavanol found in green tea, shares structural similarities with gallic acid and has been investigated for its own health benefits.
Methanol and sodium carbonate are commonly used solvents and reagents in the extraction and analysis of gallic acid and other polyphenols.
Caffeic acid, a phenolic acid, and rutin, a flavonoid glycoside, are additional plant-derived compounds that have been studied in relation to gallic acid's biological activities.
Trolox, a synthetic vitamin E analogue, is often used as a standard for comparison in antioxidant assays involving gallic acid.
By leveraging the insights gained from these related topics, researchers can optimize their gallic acid studies, ensuring reproducibility and efficiency in their investigations.
Explore the power of PubCompare.ai's AI-driven comparison tools to identify the most reliable protocols and products, taking your gallic acid research to new heights.
It has garnered significant attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties, including potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Gallic acid's potential applications span across a wide range of diseases, from cancer and cardiovascular disorders to neurodegenerative conditions.
Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, a common analytical tool, is often utilized to quantify the total phenolic content, including gallic acid, in various samples.
Quercetin, another polyphenol, has been studied in combination with gallic acid due to its synergistic effects.
The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay is a widely used method to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of compounds like gallic acid.
Catechin, a flavanol found in green tea, shares structural similarities with gallic acid and has been investigated for its own health benefits.
Methanol and sodium carbonate are commonly used solvents and reagents in the extraction and analysis of gallic acid and other polyphenols.
Caffeic acid, a phenolic acid, and rutin, a flavonoid glycoside, are additional plant-derived compounds that have been studied in relation to gallic acid's biological activities.
Trolox, a synthetic vitamin E analogue, is often used as a standard for comparison in antioxidant assays involving gallic acid.
By leveraging the insights gained from these related topics, researchers can optimize their gallic acid studies, ensuring reproducibility and efficiency in their investigations.
Explore the power of PubCompare.ai's AI-driven comparison tools to identify the most reliable protocols and products, taking your gallic acid research to new heights.