Ginger (Zīngiber officināle) is a perennial herb 0.5-1 m tall, with a creeping, nodular, cylindrical, pale yellow or reddish root. The leaves are dark green, grow from the root and are 17 cm long, narrow, pointed, bilobed and covered with scales. The leaves are in a row, and the leaf sheaths are arranged one above the other. The flower stem is thinner than the leaf stem, usually about 12 cm tall, covered with outer leaves.
At the top there are spike-shaped inflorescences, and in the axils of the leaves there are flowers. Lateral inflorescences, the edges are light yellow, the top may have a white tip. The calyx is tubular (3 corollas grown together).
The inflorescence consists of three incompletely separated yellow petals, oval in shape, tapering towards the tip, the posterior calyx is wider when viewed from the side, and bent over the pistil. Lips are almost round, about 12 mm in diameter, wide, light purple or red purple, spotted and have a cream or yellow base. The side lobes are not completely separated from the middle lobes. Anthers are single, cream-colored, and the appendage at the tip of the anther is dark purple in color. The mother seed consists of three leaves that grow together. This type of plant does not yield when grown under normal conditions. The horn is propagated by root development [2] .
The great famous medicine scientist Hakim Abu Ali ibn Sina wrote in his work "The Laws of Medicine" that it is necessary to add ginger to the ointments used in the treatment of many diseases. Ginger is recommended for consumption by sick and healthy people. In medicine, ginger root is recommended to be used as the main active agent in more than 25 different diseases in complex therapy. Ginger is scientifically called singibera, which means "horned root" and is widely used as a "universal medicine". Ginger contains complex minerals, vitamins, all types of amino acids necessary for human life: calcium, sodium, phosphorus, zinc, iron, magnesium, vitamins A, B1, B 2 , C, nicotinic acid and essential oils. Treatment with ginger is indicated in most diseases. In particular, it is recognized as an antiviral agent for colds. In the treatment of colds, ginger has antiviral, mucolytic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antihistaminic, expectorant properties [3;4] .
The chemical composition of the root of ginger, the main components that provide its pharmacological activity are essential oil and phenolic compounds, that is, gingerol and shogaol. Essential oils are 1-4%. More than 100 components have been identified in ginger, of which sesquiterpenes (50% of the total amount) -α-and β-zingiberenes, curcumens, βsesquiphelandrene, β-bisabolene, α-and β-farnesenes, zingiberol and others are the main ones. The main root contains a small amount of monoterpenes -geraniol (9%), linalool (1%), borneol, geranial, geraniacetate, isoborneols, which give a characteristic smell.
Essential oil also contains aldehydes, alcohols, ketones and alkanes. The region where it is grown has a significant effect on the composition and amount of essential oil in ginger.
Gingerols are the non-volatile phenolic compounds in ginger root that give it its bitter taste. The main of them is gingerol-6, gingerol-8 and gingerol-10 in smaller amounts. During drying and storage, gingerols are partially dehydrated to shogaols, respectively, which can then be transformed into paradol, gingerdiones, gingerdiols, and gingerdiol acetates.
Also, ginger root contains amino acids, proteins, lipids (6-8%), proteolytic enzymes, vitamins, tannins, sterols, starch (up to 50%), monosaccharides, inorganic substances. Vitamins are represented by ascorbic acid, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin and a small amount of retinoid and tocopherols.
The characteristics of spices belonging to the ginger family, their biological value have been studied. A commodity price is given for bread and flour confectionery products made with the addition of turmeric and ginger.
Thus, the authors concluded that the introduction of plant supplements containing iodine into newly developed recipes of bread and flour confectionery products does not impair their consumption characteristics and, at the same time, remains an additional source of iodine in food products.
For the first time, the composition of capsules containing the dry extract of medicinal ginger, which dissolves quickly, was developed by the author, theoretically and research-based. In this study, a medicinal preparation in the form of capsules was obtained based on dry extracts of medicinal ginger. Antioxidant, antitoxic, analgesic and hepatoprotective effects of ginger have been studied. The amount of essential oils, including gingerol and shogaol, in the extract and finished product was determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography method [5;6] .
Experimental studies show that the consumption of ginger root improves salivation.
The article discusses the results of a spectrophotometric study of accumulation of flavonoids in the weakly polar fraction of ginger root fruit (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the system of immiscible solvents (aqueous solution of ethanol -rapeseed oil) through two-phase extraction. The role of a polar extractor has been shown to optimize the process of extracting biologically active substances from primary raw materials.
Сарибаева Д.А., Kurbanov N., Atamirzayeva S., & Yakubzhanova Y. (2024). Ginger root as a source of biologically active substances. E3S Web of Conferences, 486, 02028-02028.