Hexanoic acid, also known as caproic acid, is a six-carbon saturated fatty acid that occurs naturally in various plant and animal sources.
It is used in the production of esters, lubricants, and other chemical compounds.
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Tyramide conjugates were synthesized as described [49 (link)] from N-hydroxy-succinimidyl-esters of 5/6-carboxyfluorescein (Pierce), 5-(and-6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (Molecular Probes), DyLight 633 (Pierce), and 6-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) amino hexanoic acid (Molecular probes). Tyramide signal amplification was performed by incubating planarians for 10 min in fluorophore-conjugated tyramide diluted 1:250–1:500 in 100 mM borate buffer pH 8.5, 2 M NaCl, 0.003% H2O2, and 20 μg/ml 4-iodophenylboronic acid. For double FISH experiments, residual peroxidase activity was quenched by incubating for 45 minutes in 100 mM glycine pH 2.0 or in PBSTx containing either 2% H2O2, 4% formaldehyde, or 100 mM sodium azide.
King R.S, & Newmark P.A. (2013). In situ hybridization protocol for enhanced detection of gene expression in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. BMC Developmental Biology, 13, 8.
Acryloyl-X, SE (6-((acryloyl)amino)hexanoic acid, succinimidyl ester, here abbreviated AcX; Thermo-Fisher) was resuspended in anhydrous DMSO at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, aliquoted and stored frozen in a desiccated environment. AcX prepared this way can be stored for up to 2 months. For anchoring, cells and tissue slices are incubated in AcX diluted in PBS at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL for > 6 hours, at room temperature. For thick tissue (> 100 microns), AcX penetration depth and labeling uniformity can be improved by incubating the sample at lower pH, at lower temperature, and in a 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES)-based saline (100 mM MES, 150 mM NaCl; Supplementary Fig. 9). Tissue slices can be incubated on a shaker or rocker to ensure mixing during the reaction.
Tillberg P.W., Chen F., Piatkevich K.D., Zhao Y., Yu C.C., English B.P., Gao L., Martorell A., Suk H.J., Yoshida F., DeGennaro E.M., Roossien D.H., Gong G., Seneviratne U., Tannenbaum S.R., Desimone R., Cai D, & Boyden E.S. (2016). Protein-retention expansion microscopy of cells and tissues labeled using standard fluorescent proteins and antibodies. Nature biotechnology, 34(9), 987-992.
Mosquitoes The colony of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (hereafter An. gambiae) was maintained at Wageningen University, The Netherlands, and originally obtained from Suakoko, Liberia (courtesy Prof. M. Coluzzi, Rome, Italy). The mosquitoes have been cultured in the laboratory since 1988 with blood meals from a human arm twice a week. The mosquito colony was kept in a climate room at 27 ± 1°C, 80 ± 5% RH and a photo-scotophase of 12/12 h L/D. Adult mosquitoes were maintained in 30 × 30 × 30 cm gauze cages with access to a 6% glucose solution on filter paper. Larvae were reared on tap water in plastic trays and fed daily with Tetramin® baby fish food (Melle, Germany). Pupae were collected daily and placed into adult cages for emergence. Olfactometer A dual-port olfactometer, consisting of a flight chamber (1.60 x 0.66 × 0.43 m) with glass walls and a Luxan top, was used to study the behavioral responses of female mosquitoes to different odor stimuli. Pressurized air was charcoal filtered, humidified, and led through two Perspex mosquito trapping devices connected to two ports (4 cm diam and 28 cm apart) in the flight chamber (flow rate of 20.6 ± 1.4 cm/s). The light from one tungsten light bulb (75 Watt) was filtered and scattered through a screen of yellow cloth hanging ± 1 m above the flight chamber. This resulted in dim light of about 1 Lux in the olfactometer. The experimental room was maintained at 27 ± 1°C and a relative humidity of 61 ± 9% RH. The temperature inside the flight chamber was 27 ± 2.5°C and 64 ± 9% RH. The air flowing out of the ports was maintained above 80% RH and an air temperature of 27.4 ± 1°C. Odor Stimuli Tested In The Olfactometer To insure a continuous and constant odor concentration for each compound within the odor plumes from start until the end of each experiment, we used air sample bags for ammonia, glass bottles for L-(+)-lactic acid, and 15 aliphatic carboxylic acids (Geier et al. 1999 (link); Bosch et al. 2000 (link)).Ammonia was supplied in a similar way as described in Smallegange et al. (2005 (link)). One day before the experiments, 250 μl of a 2.5% aqueous ammonia solution (25% in water; analytical grade, Merck) were injected into an 80 l Teflon air sample bag (SKC Gulf Coast Inc., Houston, TX, USA). Subsequently, the bag was filled with 60 l of warm, humidified, and charcoal filtered pressurized air at least 17 h prior to experiments to allow evaporation of the solution. This procedure resulted in an ammonia concentration of 136 ppm in the bag (Smallegange et al. 2005 (link)). During experiments, air pumps (Model 224-PCXR4, SKC Gulf Coast Inc., Houston, TX, USA) were used to lead air from the sample bag, through Teflon tubes (7 mm in diam; Rubber B.V., Hilversum, The Netherlands), and into the trapping devices at a flow of 230 ml/min. The flow of air was regulated by mechanical flow meters (Sho-Rate model GT1355; Brooks Instruments, Veenendaal, The Netherlands), and was mixed with the main air stream at a flow rate of approximately 23.5 l/min.L-(+)-lactic acid (90% aqueous solution, analytical grade, Purac Bioquimica or 88–92% aqueous solution, Riedel-de Haën) (henceforth termed lactic acid) was mixed with the main air stream by tapping lactic acid vapor (10 ml) from a 250 ml glass bottle (Fisher Scientific B.V., ‘s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands) with Teflon tubing. The flow rate was regulated to 15 ml/min by flow meters (Gilmont, Fisher Scientific B.V., ‘s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands), which caused a lactic acid release comparable to that from a human hand (Smith et al. 1970 (link); Geier et al. 1999 (link)). Since we applied lactic acid in a different way compared to previous experiments (Smallegange et al. 2005 (link)), we verified that it had no additional effect on the response of mosquitoes when added to ammonia.Fifteen saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids (C2–C16) of the highest purity grade available were used in the experiments: >99% acetic acid (Sigma), 99% propanoic acid (Sigma), 99% 2-methylpropanoic acid (Sigma), ≥99% 3-methylbutanoic acid (Sigma), >99% butanoic acid (Aldrich), >99% pentanoic acid (Sigma), ≥99% hexanoic acid (Sigma), 98% heptanoic acid (Sigma), ≥ 99% octanoic acid (Sigma), ≥ 97% nonanoic acid (Sigma), >99% decanoic acid (Sigma), ≥99% dodecanoic acid (Sigma), ≥ 98% tridecanoic acid (Sigma), >99% tetradecanoic acid (Sigma), ≥99% hexadecanoic acid (Sigma). Single, pure compounds [10 ml of a liquid compound (C2–C9) or 1 g of a solid compound (C10–C16)] were added to a 250 ml glass bottle (Fisher Scientific B.V., ‘s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands). A charcoal-filtered, warm, humidified air stream was passed through the bottle and carried the vaporized compound at the desired flow rate through Teflon tubing and into the main stream through one of the trapping devices. Flow rates were regulated by Gilmont flow meters (Fisher Scientific B.V., ‘s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands) at 0.5, 5, 50, and 100 ml/min. The calculated concentrations of the compounds in the air stream of the olfactometer are listed in Table S1 in the online supplement.When tripartite blends were tested, the three compounds were mixed just before entering the trapping device. When more than one aliphatic carboxylic acid was part of the blend, a Perspex ring with 10 holes was attached upstream of each trapping device to be able to release each odor into the main air stream individually (Fig. 1). Tripartite blends were tested against ammonia alone. During experiments with multi-component blends, the multi-component odor blends were tested against the ammonia + lactic acid blend. Initially, we wanted to examine whether we could increase the attractiveness of ammonia—our best kairomone at that time. For this reason, we used ammonia alone as a control. In addition, we had observed that ammonia + lactic acid + a mixture of 12 carboxylic acids did not attract more mosquitoes than ammonia + lactic acid, but was more attractive than ammonia alone (Smallegange et al. 2005 (link)). Once we determined which individual carboxylic acids augmented the attractiveness of ammonia + lactic acid (Table 1), we continued our experiments with ammonia + lactic acid as the control, as we aimed for a better result than was found in Smallegange et al. (2005 (link)).
An olfactometer trapping device is composed of three parts: A: part with baffle where mosquitoes enter the device; B: middle part device; C: distal end sealed with metal gauze to prevent mosquito crossing. A Perspex ring (D) with 10 holes for separate odor delivery. The end of the tube running from the glass bottle with an odor was inserted through one of the holes. Charcoal filtered, warm, humidified, pressurized air is led into the trapping device through E (a: schematic representation of the couplings between the various parts, made to fit smoothly on each other to prevent air loss)
Effect of adding an individual carboxylic acid, at four flow rates (ml/min), to ammonia + lactic acid tested against ammonia alone in the dual-choice olfactometer. The result of the χ2-test (P-value), trap entry response (%) and total number of mosquitoes released (n) are given for each two-choice test
Carboxylic acid
0.5 ml/min
5 ml/min
50 ml/min
100 ml/min
Acetic acid (C2)
P = 0.25
P = 0.24
P = 0.85
P = 0.56
24.1%
22.5%
14.4%
15.3%
n = 199
n = 262
n = 201
n = 177
Propanoic acid (C3)
P = 0.13
P < 0.001 A
P = 0.59
P = 0.001 A
15.7%
21.2%
8.8%
20.8%
n = 178
n = 156
n = 160
n = 154
2-Methylpropionic acid (2mC3)
P = 1.00
P = 0.38
P = 0.34
P = 0.22
8.2%
18.9%
30.5%
39.9%
n = 170
n = 175
n = 174
n = 198
Butanoic acid (C4)
P = 0.03 A
P = 0.69
P = 0.53
P = 0.47
24.7%
11.6%
6.1%
11.0%
n = 150
n = 225
n = 164
n = 155
3-Methylbutanoic acid (3mC4)
P = 0.008 A
P = 0.64
n.t.
n.t.
16.6%
10.2%
n = 169
n = 176
Pentanoic acid (C5)
P = 0.13
P = 0.32
P = 0.86
P = 0.01 A
6.3%
20.6%
18.5%
39.4%
n = 174
n = 175
n = 178
n = 175
Hexanoic acid (C6)
P = 0.003 R
P = 0.66
P = 0.88
P = 0.73
19.7%
17.5%
26.3%
15.7%
n = 234
n = 468
n = 179
n = 464
Heptanoic acid (C7)
P = 0.03 A
P = 0.005 R
P = 0.007 R
P = 0.85
8.8%
11.0%
13.5%
15.4%
n = 226
n = 164
n = 170
n = 175
Octanoic acid (C8)
P = 0.30
P = 0.47
P < 0.001 A
P = 0.23
13.5%
16.0%
29.5%
29.2%
n = 170
n = 187
n = 193
n = 195
Nonanoic acid (C9)
P = 0.78
P = 0.41
P = 0.16
P = 0.53
7.6%
13.5%
4.5%
5.6%
n = 170
n = 178
n = 177
n = 177
Decanoic acid (C10)
P = 0.32
P = 1.00
P = 1.00
P = 0.53
4.1%
6.9%
3.7%
4.5%
n = 219
n = 232
n = 215
n = 221
Dodecanoic acid (C12)
P = 0.47
P = 1.00
P = 1.00
P = 0.78
9.4%
8.9%
4.4%
7.3%
n = 180
n = 180
n = 180
n = 178
Tridecanoic acid (C13)
P = 0.26
P = 0.82
P = 0.09
P = 0.58
23.4%
11.3%
25.4%
17.3%
n = 167
n = 168
n = 169
n = 168
Tetradecanoic acid (C14)
P = 0.02 A
P = 0.04 A
P = 0.007 A
P = 0.01 A
8.7%
11.2%
11.5%
12.7%
n = 173
n = 170
n = 174
n = 173
Hexadecanoic acid (C16)
P = 0.06
P = 0.37
P = 0.74
P = 0.80
5.7%
6.3%
5.2%
8.5%
n = 175
n = 176
n = 172
n = 177
A: significantly more mosquitoes in the trapping device baited with the tripartite blend compared to the trapping device baited with ammonia (χ2-test, P < 0.05). R: significantly fewer mosquitoes in the trapping device baited with the tripartite blend compared to the trapping device baited with ammonia (χ2-test, P < 0.05). Calculated concentrations of the compounds in the odor plume are given in the online supplement (Table S1).
n.t. not tested
Olfactometer Tests Thirty female mosquitoes, 5–8 d-old, that had not received a blood meal, were randomly collected from their cage 14–18 h before the start of experiments. The mosquitoes were placed into a cylindrical release cage (8-cm diam, 10-cm high) with access to tap water from damp cotton wool placed on top of the cage. Experiments were performed during the last 4 h of the dark period, when An. gambiae is normally active (Haddow and Ssenkubuge 1973 ; Maxwell et al. 1998 (link); Killeen et al. 2006 (link)).In each trial, test compounds were released into the air stream and a group of mosquitoes was set free from a release cage placed at the downwind end of the flight chamber of the olfactometer, 1.60 m from the two ports. Mosquitoes were left in the flight chamber for 15 min. Female mosquitoes that had entered either of the trapping devices were counted at the end of the experiment, after anaesthetization with 100% CO2. Mosquitoes remaining in the flight chamber were removed with a vacuum cleaner. After use, the trapping devices were washed with soapy water (CLY-MAX Heavy Duty Cleaner, Rogier Bosman Chemie B.V., Heijningen, The Netherlands), rinsed with tap water, and cleaned with cotton wool drenched in 70% ethanol (Merck).The operator wore surgical gloves (Romed®, powderfree vinyl) to avoid contamination of the equipment with human volatiles. Each trial started with new mosquitoes and clean trapping devices. An experiment testing a particular blend was repeated at least 6 times on different days. The sequence of test odors was randomized on the same day and between days. Test stimuli were alternated between right and left ports in different replicates to rule out any positional effects. Experiments in which only clean air was fed into the olfactometer through both ports were done to test the symmetry of the trapping system. Trapping Experiments in Screen Cage To assess the performance of some of the blends as a lure, we conducted laboratory experiments with volatile baited MM-X traps in a textile screen cage (233 × 250 × 330 cm; Howitec Netting BV, Bolsward, The Netherlands) inside a climate-controlled room (22.7 ± 1.1°C and 52.4 ± 7.4% RH). Two Mosquito Magnet-X (MM-X) traps (American Biophysics Corp., U.S.A.) (Kline 1999 (link)) were placed inside the cage at 2 m distance from each other.Initially, a 9-compound blend (blend A) was tested. To compose this blend, 500 µl of a liquid pure compound or 500 mg of a solid compound (tetradecanoic acid) were put into individual low density polyethylene sachets (LDPE; 6 × 6 cm; Audion Elektro, The Netherlands; Torr et al. 1997 (link)) with a thickness of 0.1 mm (ammonia, lactic acid, heptanoic, octanoic, and tetradecanoic acid) or in a closed LDPE tube (32 × 14 mm, Kartell, 3.5 ml; Fisher Emergo, The Netherlands) within an LDPE sachet with a thickness of 0.2 mm (this delivery method was used for the 4 most volatile aliphatic carboxylic acids (i.e., propanoic, butanoic, 3-methylbutanoic, and pentanoic acids) to reduce their release to a higher extent than would have been possible with a sachet only). Only ammonia was diluted with distilled water (to 2.5%). The sachets were applied inside the central, black tube of the MM-X traps using odorless tape (3M™ Double Coated Tape 400). Air flow was created by a fan on top of this tube taking the headspace of the test blend downwards and outside the MM-X trap. Second, a tripartite blend was tested (blend B). Since we calculated that the release rates of the aliphatic carboxylic acids in blend A were at least two times higher than calculated for the multi-component blends tested in the optimization and subtraction olfactometer experiments, the 3 LDPE sachets (each with a thickness of 0.1 mm) containing the separate components of blend B were made as small as possible (2.5 × 2.5 cm) to reduce evaporation (Torr et al. 1997 (link)). One hundred µl of a liquid pure compound (ammonia, lactic acid) or 50 mg of a solid compound (tetradecanoic acid) were put into individual LDPE sachets. The amount of a compound within a sachet does not affect the evaporation rate of the compound through the LDPE material, whereas the surface of a LDPE sachet does (Torr et al. 1997 (link)). When blend B was applied, ammonia was not diluted (25.0%). Both blend A and B were tested against a blend of ammonia + lactic acid. Evaporation rates of the compounds were measured by weighing the LDPE sachets before and after experiments (see Table S1 in the online supplement).Fifty female mosquitoes, 5–8 d-old, which had not received a blood meal, were randomly collected 14–18 h before the start of experiments. They were placed into a cylindrical release cage (diam 8 cm, height 17.5 cm) with access to tap water from damp cotton wool placed on top of the cage. The mosquitoes were set free from the release cage in the center of the screen cage. After 4 h, the MM-X traps were closed and transferred into a freezer to kill the mosquitoes. These experiments were performed during the last 4 h of the dark period. Each two-choice test was repeated either 4 or 6 times, alternating the position of each treatment every experimental day. Surgical gloves were worn to avoid contamination of equipment with human volatiles. Experiments with unbaited traps in the MM-X setup were done 6 times to test the symmetry of the trapping system. Statistical Analysis For each two-choice assay, a Chi-square test was used to analyze whether the total number (i.e., sum of all replicates; a comparison of data collected on different days revealed no heterogeneity) of mosquitoes trapped in the treatment trapping device (of either olfactometer or MM-X trap) and the total number that was trapped in the control trapping device (of olfactometer or MM-X trap) differed from a 1:1 distribution. Effects were considered to be significant at P < 0.05. The number of female mosquitoes caught in both trapping devices divided by the number of mosquitoes that flew out of the release cage is expressed as the trap entry response (TER).
Smallegange R.C., Qiu Y.T., Bukovinszkiné-Kiss G., Van Loon J.J, & Takken W. (2009). The Effect of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids on Olfaction-Based Host-Seeking of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 35(8), 933-943.
The stock solution of hexanoic acid at a concentration of 0.93 g/mL was diluted with appropriate volumes of water to produce an 8 mM working solution. Hexanoic acid (“Hex8mM”) was applied on 30 apical cannabis inflorescences collected from 10 plants by manual spray application three and seven days before harvest. Each inflorescence was sprayed three times with 20 mL of 8 mM hexanoic acid (Hex8mM). The spray application schedule was determined to be optimal in preliminary experiments when compared to a single spray application either three or seven days prior to harvest. Furthermore, based on past research, the initiation of plant secondary metabolite synthesis pathways typically requires about three to four days to achieve peak levels, which explains the aforementioned application frequency [29 (link),30 (link)]. The reference group (“REF”) consisting of 30 apical cannabis inflorescences from 10 plants was sprayed only with water under the same conditions as for the treatment group. It was verified in preliminary experiments that there was no statistical difference in the inflorescence cannabinoid and terpene concentrations due to water spray as compared to “no spraying” control inflorescence. The optimal concentration of hexanoic acid (8 mM) was determined in a set of preliminary experiments, in which four different concentrations (1, 4, 8, and 10 mM) were sprayed on cannabis inflorescence and the concentration of THCA, CBDA, and CBGA was determined after drying and curing processes (d6, Table S2).
Birenboim M., Chalupowicz D., Kenigsbuch D, & Shimshoni J.A. (2024). Improved Long-Term Preservation of Cannabis Inflorescence by Utilizing Integrated Pre-Harvest Hexanoic Acid Treatment and Optimal Post-Harvest Storage Conditions. Plants, 13(7), 992.
Cannabis inflorescences were stored for four months (d130) in the dark. The inflorescences were stored either in a polyethylene plastic sealed package (“air”, CD-200 impulse heat sealer, Carerite, Woodland Hills, CA, USA) or under vacuum (“VAC”, Chemical Duty Vacuum Pressure Pump, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA). The storage temperature was set to 4 °C, which was found to be superior in terms of cannabinoid and terpene content preservation for a prolonged storage time as compared to the other temperatures examined previously [19 (link),20 ]. During storage, four different groups were examined, namely, the reference group that was stored in a polyethylene plastic sealed package (“REF-air”), the reference group that was stored under vacuum (“REF-VAC”), the hexanoic acid group that was stored in a polyethylene plastic sealed package (“Hex8mM-air”), and the hexanoic acid group that was stored under vacuum (“Hex8mM-VAC”).
Birenboim M., Chalupowicz D., Kenigsbuch D, & Shimshoni J.A. (2024). Improved Long-Term Preservation of Cannabis Inflorescence by Utilizing Integrated Pre-Harvest Hexanoic Acid Treatment and Optimal Post-Harvest Storage Conditions. Plants, 13(7), 992.
The composition of the synthetic media (SM) used in this study is specified in Table 1. The chemicals used in the preparation of the SM exhibited a purity level of ≥ 99.9%.
Composition of different synthetic media used in this study
Concentration (g/L)
SM 1 (1:1)*
SM 2 (1:2)*
SM 3 (1:4)*
SM 4 (1:6)
Acetic acid
3.57
2.60
1.48
1.02
Propionic acid
0.64
0.61
0.68
0.66
Butyric acid
5.93
5.47
5.78
5.84
Valeric acid
1.42
1.33
1.31
1.29
Hexanoic acid
3.52
5.19
5.90
6.24
Total
15.08
15.20
15.15
15.06
* Acetic acid:hexanoic acid ratio (A:H) are in brackets
SM 1 was prepared according to the SCFAs profile obtained by Greses et al., (2020) in the anaerobic fermentation of food wastes [15 ]. To carry out the ALE of Y. lipolytica, SM 2 and 3 were modified from SM 1 to have higher hexanoic acid concentrations. In order to maintain 15 g/L of SCFAs in all media, the concentration of acetic acid, the least inhibitory acid, was reduced while hexanoic acid was increased. Thus, four different A:H ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6) were established, corresponding to SM 1, 2, 3 and 4. Since the YNB composition was the same in all media (1.7 g/L of yeast nitrogen base and 7.5 g/L of ammonium sulfate), the initial C:N ratio was kept at 3.5.
Morales-Palomo S., Navarrete C., Martínez J.L., González-Fernández C, & Tomás-Pejó E. (2024). Transcriptomic profiling of an evolved Yarrowia lipolytica strain: tackling hexanoic acid fermentation to increase lipid production from short-chain fatty acids. Microbial Cell Factories, 23, 101.
Acetonitrile, anhydrous ammonium formate, ethanol, formic acid, and hexanoic acid (>99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (HPLC grade, Saint Louis, MO, USA). Ultra-pure water was provided by the Milli-Q Plus system (Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA, USA). Cannabinoid analytical standards were purchased from RESTEK (RESTEK, Bellefonte, PA, USA): cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidiol (CBD), (-)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), (-)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA), cannabinol (CBN), cannabinolic acid (CBNA), cannabichromevarinic acid (CBCVA), (-)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC), (-)-Δ8-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-8-THC), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), cannabichromene (CBC), (-)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), and cannabichromenic acid (CBCA). Each of those standards was obtained at a stock concentration of 1000 µg/mL except CBLA which was obtained at a stock concentration of 500 µg/mL. Terpene standard mix at a stock concentration of 2500 µg/mL from each terpene containing the following terpenes—α-pinene, camphene, (-)-β-pinene, β-myrcene, δ-3-carene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, d-limonene, ocimene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, linalool, (-)-isopulegol, geraniol, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, nerolidol, (-)-guaiol, and (-)-α-bisabolol—was obtained from RESTEK (RESTEK, Bellefonte, PA, USA).
Birenboim M., Chalupowicz D., Kenigsbuch D, & Shimshoni J.A. (2024). Improved Long-Term Preservation of Cannabis Inflorescence by Utilizing Integrated Pre-Harvest Hexanoic Acid Treatment and Optimal Post-Harvest Storage Conditions. Plants, 13(7), 992.
Pure chemicals: 1-octanol; 1-octen-3-ol; hexanal; heptanal; octanal; nonanal; 2-decenal, (E); benzaldehyde; hexanoic acid; octanoic acid; dodecanoic acid; benzene, 1,4-dimethoxy; 2-hexen-1-ol, (E); 2-hexen-1-ol, acetate, (E); 3-heptanone, 2-methyl; acetic acid, pentyl ester; acetic acid, hexyl ester; butanoic acid, methyl ester; butanoic acid, ethyl ester; butanoic acid, butyl ester; hexanoic acid, ethyl ester; linalool; γ-dodecalactone and toluene-d8 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). The analytical standards n-alkanes mixture (C10–C40) for retention index (RI) assessment determination was supplied by Supelco (St. Louis, USA).
Babič K., Strojnik L., Ćirić A, & Ogrinc N. (2024). Optimization and validation of an HS-SPME/GC-MS method for determining volatile organic compounds in dry-cured ham. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1342417.
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Hexanoic acid is a carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)4COOH. It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic unpleasant odor. Hexanoic acid is used as a precursor in the synthesis of various organic compounds and as a component in certain industrial and laboratory applications.
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Octanoic acid is a saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)6COOH. It is a colorless, oily liquid with a characteristic odor. Octanoic acid is primarily used as a chemical intermediate in the production of various compounds, including esters, surfactants, and perfumes.
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Acetic acid is a colorless, vinegar-like liquid chemical compound. It is a commonly used laboratory reagent with the molecular formula CH3COOH. Acetic acid serves as a solvent, a pH adjuster, and a reactant in various chemical processes.
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Butyric acid is a short-chain fatty acid that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a colorless liquid with a distinctive odor. Butyric acid is a key component in various biochemical and analytical processes, serving as a versatile tool for researchers and scientists.
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Decanoic acid is a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)8COOH. It is a colorless, oily liquid that is commonly used in laboratory applications. Decanoic acid has a variety of chemical and physical properties that make it useful in various experimental and analytical procedures.
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Propionic acid is a widely used organic compound that serves as a key ingredient in various industrial and laboratory applications. It is a colorless, pungent liquid with a characteristic odor. Propionic acid is primarily utilized as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in food, animal feed, and pharmaceutical products.
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Ethyl hexanoate is a colorless, volatile, and flammable organic compound. It is commonly used as a flavoring agent and solvent in various industries. Ethyl hexanoate has a fruity, sweet aroma and is naturally found in some fruits and fermented products.
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Isovaleric acid is a straight-chain carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH(CH3)COOH. It is a colorless, oily liquid that is slightly soluble in water. Isovaleric acid is commonly used as a chemical intermediate in various industrial processes.
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Spain, United Kingdom
1-hexanol is a clear, colorless liquid chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H14O. It is a primary alcohol with a linear carbon chain. 1-hexanol is used as a solvent and as an intermediate in the production of various chemicals.
Sourced in United States, Germany, Ireland, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe
Valeric acid is a straight-chain, saturated carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH. It is a colorless, oily liquid with a characteristic unpleasant odor. Valeric acid is commonly used as a chemical intermediate in the production of various pharmaceutical and industrial compounds.
