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Kainate

Kainates are a class of excitatory amino acid receptors found in the central nervous system.
They play a key role in neurological processes like synaptic transmission and modulation of neuronal excitability.
Kainates are involved in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including epilepsy, ischemia, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Understanding the mechanisms and functions of kainates is crucial for developing effective therapies and improving our understanding of the brain.
PubCompare.ai can help optimize your kainate research by locating the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, enhacing reproducibility and accuracy to ensure you find the most effective protocols and products.
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Most cited protocols related to «Kainate»

1
Unified Nomenclature for Ionotropic Receptors
IR genes were named according to a unified nomenclature system based upon a foundation of the cytologically derived D. melanogaster IR gene names [15] (link). Receptor names are preceded by a four-letter species abbreviation consisting of an uppercase initial letter of the genus name and three lower case initial letters of the species name (e.g. Anopheles gambiae = Agam; Daphnia pulex = Dpul). Orthologues of D. melanogaster sequences are given the same name (e.g. CquiIR25a, AcalIR25a). If multiple copies of an orthologue of a D. melanogaster gene exist for a species (based on sequence, not function), they are given the same name followed by a point and a number (e.g. ApisIR75d.1, ApisIR75d.2). If several in-paralogues exist both in D. melanogaster and other species, these are all given the same number (indicating their grouping within a common clade), but different final letterings. For novel, species-specific IRs, we defined new names numbering from 101 upwards to avoid confusion with D. melanogaster gene names, which number up to IR100a. For species-specific IRs that form monophyletic clades and had high (>60%) amino acid identity, we gave these the same name with an additional number suffix after a point (e.g. AaegIR75e.1, AaegIR75e.2). We did not rename genes with previously published names (e.g. C. elegans GLR-7 and GLR-8 [9] (link)).
For vertebrate iGluRs, we used the NC-IUPHAR nomenclature [81] (link): each species name is followed by “Glu”, a letter representing the subtype of the receptor (K for Kainate, A for AMPA and N for NMDA), and a number, reflecting predicted orthology with mammalian iGluRs. We did not name (or rename) invertebrate iGluRs in this study, except for newly predicted gene sequences (Table S3), where logical variants of NC-IUPHAR nomenclature were assigned.
Croset V., Rytz R., Cummins S.F., Budd A., Brawand D., Kaessmann H., Gibson T.J, & Benton R. (2010). Ancient Protostome Origin of Chemosensory Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and the Evolution of Insect Taste and Olfaction. PLoS Genetics, 6(8), e1001064.
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Publication 2010
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Amino Acids Anopheles gambiae Base Sequence Caenorhabditis elegans Daphnia Genes Invertebrates Kainate Mammals N-Methylaspartate Vertebrates
2
GABA-A Receptor Characterization in Neuronal Slices
Slices were perfused with ACSF, which was heated to 35–37°C, equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2 and contained (in mM): 126 NaCl, 26 NaHCO3, 3 KCl, 1.25
NaH2PO4, 1.6 CaCl2, 1.5 MgSO4, 10 glucose, 0.05 D-(–)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), 0.02 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) and 0.002 (2S)-3-{[(1S)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]amino-2-hydroxypropyl)(phenylmethyl)phosphinic acid (CGP 55845). APV, DNQX and CGP55845 were used to block NMDA, AMPA/kainate and GABAB receptors, respectively, so that GABAA receptor-mediated currents could be studied in relative isolation (Bevan et al., 2002 (link); Hallworth and Bevan, 2005 (link)). Miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) were recorded in the additional presence of 0.5 µM tetrodotoxin. In some cases sulpiride (2 µM) was added to block D2 dopamine receptors. Drugs were purchased from Abcam except for sulpiride, which was obtained from Tocris.
Somatic patch clamp recordings were obtained under visual guidance (Axioskop FS2, Zeiss) using computer-controlled manipulators (Luigs & Neumann) and a Multiclamp 700B amplifier and digidata 1440A digitizer controlled by PClamp 10 (Molecular Devices). Pipettes contained (in mM): 135 CsCl, 3.6 NaCl, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 10 QX-314, 0.1 Na4EGTA, 0.4 Na3GTP and 2 Mg1.5ATP (pH 7.2, 290 mOsm) or 130 Kgluconate, 3.6 Nagluconate, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 10 QX-314, TEA-Cl 5, 0.1 Na4EGTA, 0.4 Na3GTP and 2 Mg1.5ATP (pH 7.2, 290 mOsm) for the recording of GABAA receptor-mediated mIPSCs and evoked currents, respectively. mIPSCs were recorded at −60 mV. Evoked IPSCs and isoguvacine-evoked current were recorded at −50 mV. Weighted decay kinetics ofmIPSCs were calculated from τ decay = (A1*τ1 + A2*τ2)/(A1 + A2) where A and τ refer to the amplitude and decay constants, respectively, of biexponential fits of mIPSCs. Data were analyzed with Clampfit 10 (Molecular Devices), Igor Pro 6 (Wavemetrics) and Origin 8 (OriginLab).
Fan K.Y., Baufreton J., Surmeier D.J., Chan C.S, & Bevan M.D. (2012). Proliferation of External Globus Pallidus-Subthalamic Nucleus Synapses following Degeneration of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(40), 13718-13728.
Publication 2012
6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Amino Acids Bicarbonate, Sodium Cardiac Arrest cesium chloride CGP 55845 CGP55845 Diploid Cell Dopamine D2 Receptor GABA-A Receptor Glucose HEPES Hypromellose Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents isoguvacine isolation Kainate Kinetics Magnesium Chloride Medical Devices N-Methylaspartate Pharmaceutical Preparations Phosphinic Acids QX-314 Seizures Sodium Chloride Sulfate, Magnesium Sulpiride Tetrodotoxin
3
Multimodal Mapping of Receptor Densities
Receptor density maps for 41 regions (Brodmann areas and subcortical nuclei) were extracted for the following 13 receptor types from the publication by Palomero-Gallagher et al.28 : for glutamate (AMPA, NMDA and Kainate), for GABA (GABAa), for acetylcholine and muscarine (M1 and M2), for nicotine (nicotinic α4/β2), for catecholamines (α1 and α2), for serotonin (5-HT 1 A and 5-HT 2), for dopamine (D1 and D2) (Table S2). A 3 point coarse scale provided by the authors was applied for all receptor systems, e.g. 1 = low, 2 = intermediate, 3 = high, For some regions intermediate levels of receptor densities between those 3 levels were reported. Those were coded as 1.5 or 2.5. Brodmann regions have been shown to provide distinct functional information as measured through resting state MRI if at all rather under-parcellating such data57 . Additionally, as for each receptor map for about 5% of regions the density was reported as unknown we aimed to reduce data loss for the multiple linear regression analyses requiring a full data matrix. For this an interpolated version of the receptor density table was created replacing the missing values by the mode of other densities for the corresponding receptor. A detailed description of receptor density map extraction is provided in Supplement 1.
As these coarse receptor density maps were obtained from a review publication of ex vivo studies, we aimed to additionally evaluate if more fine grained in vivo density estimates provided by molecular receptor imaging further improve the observed associations. For this we extracted dopamine transporter (DAT) and GABAa density estimates as measured through DAT-SPECT and flumazenil PET for the 41 regions reported above. DAT-SPECT data were obtained from a publicly available control cohort of healthy volunteers (Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative) (Fig. 3b). GABAa density estimates were obtained using flumazenil PET data of 6 healthy volunteers acquired at the Imperial College London. Details on these cohorts, pre-processing and DAT and GABAa density estimation are provided in Supplement 1.
Dukart J., Holiga Š., Chatham C., Hawkins P., Forsyth A., McMillan R., Myers J., Lingford-Hughes A.R., Nutt D.J., Merlo-Pich E., Risterucci C., Boak L., Umbricht D., Schobel S., Liu T., Mehta M.A., Zelaya F.O., Williams S.C., Brown G., Paulus M., Honey G.D., Muthukumaraswamy S., Hipp J., Bertolino A, & Sambataro F. (2018). Cerebral blood flow predicts differential neurotransmitter activity. Scientific Reports, 8, 4074.
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Publication 2018
Acetylcholine alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Catecholamines Cell Nucleus Dietary Supplements Disease Progression Dopamine Flumazenil gamma Aminobutyric Acid Glutamate Healthy Volunteers HTR2A protein, human Kainate Microtubule-Associated Proteins Muscarine N-Methylaspartate Nicotine SLC6A3 protein, human Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
4
Integrated GWAS Analysis of OCD
For the single-marker association analyses, we used a recently published method for combining family-based and population-based data. More precisely, family-based association testing of within-family information is combined with population-based analyses of between-family information and the association analyses of unrelated study subjects 27 (link). This hybrid approach is inherently robust to population stratification and potentially increases statistical power compared to a classic meta-analysis design 27 (link). As part of our analytical pipeline we therefore computed P-values for all autosomal markers and both the within and the between family information using PBAT 28 (link). The two P-values were subsequently combined using a weighted Z-score statistic as implemented via METAL 29 (link).
Gene-based statistics were derived as fixed Z scores, as implemented in FORGE 30 . More information on the approach is provided elsewhere 31 (link). Here we used the single-marker results of our combined OCGAS GWAS. Information about the correlation pattern in the data was provided through usage of HapMap phase 2 samples 32 (link). A maximum of 1 000 000 permutations were used per gene (adaptive approach) and analyses included an additional +/− 20kb sequence information based on positions obtained from ENSEMBL v70 33 (link). We used the gene-based results in two ways: First we used them to agnostically search for genes that are associated with OCD. Second, we used them to follow-up on gene-set based results from the IOCDF-GC study, which reported an enrichment of association signals for two gene sets that comprised high confidence targets of two miRNA families 21 (link). In addition, we used information from a global interactome for Homo sapiens in order to identify high confidence interactors of DLGAP1 and GRIK2 (confidence threshold > 0.95) 34 (link). No sub-network reduction was applied and only genes representing first neighbors of DLGAP1 and/or GRIK2 in the global interactome were considered for this analysis. We used gene-based results in order to identify an enrichment of association with OCD in interaction partners of DLGAP1 and the ionotropic kainate 2 glutamate receptor (GRIK2). This analysis was motivated by the assumption that biologically closely related genes of these previously described OCD risk genes would make reasonable candidates for hypothesis driven downstream analyses. Based on an assumed similarity between these genes with regards to an involvement in common biological processes and provided that, on a broader level, these biological processes themselves are associated with the phenotype under study it seems reasonable to hypothesize that focusing on biologically closely related genes (see above) helps to identify new disease genes (through reduction of some of the multiple testing burden in standard GWAS). More information on the usage of the interactome data and the visualization of the resulting networks are found in the supplementary material and methods. In brief, we would like to emphasize that our analyses represent a simple, hypothesis driven approach for inclusion of the human interactome data, rather than an exhaustive network science approach (making use among others of topological features of the interactome other then the status of direct interaction). While the latter has been successfully used with neuropsychiatric traits in the past, we felt that this evolving field still needs some further improvements and therefore decided to refrain from these kinds of analyses.
Mattheisen M., Samuels J.F., Wang Y., Greenberg B.D., Fyer A.J., McCracken J.T., Geller D.A., Murphy D.L., Knowles J.A., Grados M.A., Riddle M.A., Rasmussen S.A., McLaughlin N.C., Nurmi E., Askland K.D., Qin H.D., Cullen B.A., Piacentini J., Pauls D.L., Bienvenu O.J., Stewart S.E., Liang K.Y., Goes F.S., Maher B., Pulver A.E., Shugart Y.Y., Valle D., Lange C, & Nestadt G. (2014). Genome-Wide Association Study in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Results from the OCGAS. Molecular psychiatry, 20(3), 337-344.
Publication 2014
Acclimatization Biological Processes Feelings Gene Order Genes Genome-Wide Association Study HapMap Homo sapiens Hybrids Kainate Metals MicroRNAs Phenotype Receptors, Ionotropic Glutamate
5
Live Imaging of Microglial Dynamics
CX3CR1+/GFP animals were euthanized and their eyes immediately enucleated and immersed in oxygenated Ringer's solution containing (in mM): 125 NaCl, 5 KCl, 1.5 CaCl2, 0.75 MgCl2/6 H2O, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 10 D-glucose, 20 HEPES (pH 7.35–7.45). Retinas were dissected free from the eyecup and flat-mounted on black Millipore filter paper (HABP045; Millipore, Billerica, MA) with the ganglion cell layer facing upwards. Flat-mount retinal explants were maintained in Ringer's solution at room temperature in a humidified, oxygenated chamber for no longer than 6 hours after dissection. For imaging experiments, explants were transferred to a stage-mounted, temperature-controlled (32°C) chamber (Bioptechs, Butler, PA) through which oxygenated Ringer's solution was continuously superfused. GFP-labeled microglia were imaged using a confocal microscope (SP2; Leica, Exton, PA) and a 40× (0.80 numerical aperture) water-immersion objective. Multiplane Z-series time-lapse images spanning the dimensions of imaged microglia were collected at a 512×512 pixel resolution at a rate of one image stack every 10 seconds. Agonists and antagonists were administered by superfusion into the recording chamber. Microglial morphology and motility were evaluated before, during, and after superfusion of each agent. The duration of a typical recording was approximately 25–33 minutes (150–200 image stacks). Neurotransmitter agonists evaluated were: AMPA, kainate, NMDA (all from Tocris), glutamate, GABA, and ATP (all from Sigma). Antagonists evaluated were: NBQX (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-benzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide disodium) a kainate/AMPA receptor antagonist; GYKI-52466, an AMPA receptor antagonist; APV (2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid), an NMDA receptor antagonist; bicuculline, a ionotropic GABAA receptor antagonist; suramin, a broad-spectrum P2 receptor antagonist (all from Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MO). Apyrase (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of ATP, was also evaluated.
Fontainhas A.M., Wang M., Liang K.J., Chen S., Mettu P., Damani M., Fariss R.N., Li W, & Wong W.T. (2011). Microglial Morphology and Dynamic Behavior Is Regulated by Ionotropic Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurotransmission. PLoS ONE, 6(1), e15973.
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Publication 2011
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate agonists alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid AMPA Receptors Animals antagonists Apyrase Bicuculline Cells Dissection Enzymes Eye GABA-A Receptor Antagonists gamma Aminobutyric Acid Ganglia Glucose Glutamate GYKI 52466 HEPES Hydrolysis Kainate Magnesium Chloride Microglia Microscopy, Confocal Motility, Cell N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors N-Methylaspartate Neoplasm Metastasis Neurotransmitters Quinoxalines Receptors, Kainic Acid Retina Ringer's Solution Sodium Chloride Submersion Sulfonamides Suramin

Most recents protocols related to «Kainate»

1
Molecular Docking Analysis of Occidentalin-1202
Docking analyses were performed using GOLD software30 (link) (Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center). Water and ligands were removed prior to the study, and the kainate previous position was established as the binding site (a 10 Å radius was used to define the pocket). The system was configured to perform 300 runs and a 200% search efficiency was used in the genetic algorithm. The Occidentalin-1202 molecule used as a ligand was constructed in Discovery Studio as previously informed and exported as a .mol2 file. The docked peptide run that achieved the highest PLP. Fitness score was used to pose (Supplementary Fig. 5) and DFT (density functional theory—Supplementary Fig. 6) analysis in Discovery Studio software.
Mortari M.R., Cunha A.O., dos Anjos L.C., Amaral H.O., Quintanilha M.V., Gelfuso E.A., Homem-de-Mello M., de Almeida H., Rego S., Maigret B., Lopes N.P, & dos Santos W.F. (2023). A new class of peptides from wasp venom: a pathway to antiepileptic/neuroprotective drugs. Brain Communications, 5(1), fcad016.
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Publication 2023
Binding Sites Crystallography Gold Kainate Ligands Peptides Radius
2
Kainate Receptor Structural Analysis
Since Occidentalin-1202(s) showed a potent antiepileptic performance in the KA-induced acute epileptic model, one hypothesis is that the peptide may interact with kainate receptors. Kainate-agonist receptors were searched in the Protein Data Bank (https://www.rcsb.org/). After filtering for no mutated structures and kainate affinity, ionotropic glutamatergic receptors GluR5 and GluR6 were chosen. This screening gave eight structures, that were superimposed to carry out the alignment of the sequences. A high similarity among the targets was pointed out, with an identity of 84.3% and similarity of 93.5% (Supplementary Fig. 12).
Regarding the crystallographic structures of the receptor, it was possible to verify a good overlap, and a well-preserved position of the connection site between the structures (Supplementary Fig. 13). The average RMSD between all aligned structures was around 1 Å (Supplementary Table 1). Following, two of the best-resolved PDB structures were used to evaluate the kainate binding site, 2XXR (resolution 1.60 Å) and 2XXT (resolution 1.90 Å). Both represent the same GluR6 receptor, but crystallographic structures were obtained with glutamate and kainate in the binding site, respectively. The two PDB structures were aligned and superimposed (RMSD = 0.693 Å), allowing to evaluate kainate ligand domain, showing that both agonists share the same binding site (Supplementary Fig. 14), although glutamate interacts with more residues than kainate (Supplementary Fig. 15).
Mortari M.R., Cunha A.O., dos Anjos L.C., Amaral H.O., Quintanilha M.V., Gelfuso E.A., Homem-de-Mello M., de Almeida H., Rego S., Maigret B., Lopes N.P, & dos Santos W.F. (2023). A new class of peptides from wasp venom: a pathway to antiepileptic/neuroprotective drugs. Brain Communications, 5(1), fcad016.
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Publication 2023
agonists Antiepileptic Agents Binding Sites Crystallography Epilepsy Gluk2 kainate receptor Glutamate Kainate Ligands Peptides Receptors, Kainic Acid Sequence Alignment
3
Electrophysiological Characterization of CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
A single brain slice was transferred to a recording chamber of an upright microscope (Axioskop 2-FS; Zeiss, Germany) and continuously perfused (3 mL sec-1, 32 °C) with aCSF. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from the soma of CA1 pyramidal neurons, identified using a magnification of 60x. All recordings were performed with Axon 700B amplifier using a 4 kHz low pass-filter, digitized at 20 kHz with a Digidata 1400 A and computer-saved using Clampex 10.3 (all from Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA). No liquid junction potential correction was applied. Recording electrodes (3–4.5 MΩ) were pulled from thin-wall borosilicate glass tubes (TW150F-4; World Precision Instruments, Germany) and filled with (in mM): 140 CsCl, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 2.5 QX314-Cl, 4 Mg-ATP (~ 290 mOsm, pH 7.29). The extracellular solution for recording inhibitory currents was aCSF containing (in μM) 10 NBQX (Abcam), 50 D-AP5 (Abcam), 1 CGP55845 (Sigma-Aldrich) and 5 CNO to block the activity of AMPA/kainate, NMDA and GABAB receptors, respectively.
PV_A females were injected intraperitoneally with either vehicle (Veh: saline) or CNO 40 min before slicing. Spontaneous currents (sIPSCs) were recorded in voltage-clamp mode, holding the membrane potential at -70 mV. For analysis, one-minute-long analysis window was scanned for the detection of sIPSCs; single events were detected manually using an amplitude threshold crossing method in Clampfit 10.3 (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) and analysed for amplitude, instantaneous frequency and charge transfer; all parameters were tested for time stability using Spearman’s rank order correlation test and segments of events that showed time instability during the experiment were excluded from further analysis. At least 400 events were analyzed for each experiment.
Pignataro A., Krashia P., De Introna M., Nobili A., Sabetta A., Stabile F., La Barbera L., D’Addario S.L., Ventura R., Cecconi F., D’Amelio M, & Ammassari-Teule M. (2023). Chemogenetic rectification of the inhibitory tone onto hippocampal neurons reverts autistic-like traits and normalizes local expression of estrogen receptors in the Ambra1+/- mouse model of female autism. Translational Psychiatry, 13, 63.
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Publication 2023
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Axon Brain Cardiac Arrest Carisoprodol cesium chloride CGP55845 Females HEPES Kainate Magnesium Chloride Medical Devices Membrane Potentials Microscopy N-Methylaspartate Psychological Inhibition Pyramidal Cells QX-314 Saline Solution
4
Ultrafast THz Generation and Characterization
THz generation was examined using an OPA
ultrafast laser system. The optical system for detection was based
on pump probe time domain spectroscopy. The pump beam of the OPA was
split into two paths using a 99:1 beam splitter, where the 99% was
directed into the OPA, and the 1% was used for the probe beam line.
For THz generation, the kainate crystal was placed in the collimated
beam of the pump laser, where telescopic optics were used to adjust
the beam size for illuminating the full crystal’s facet. The
pump beam was filtered out from the detection path using a thick Teflon
slab, which only transmits THz pulses. For the OPA, output was used
for pumping wavelengths between 1850 and 1150 nm. The pump wavelength
was frequency-doubled using a commercial BBO crystal to obtain wavelengths
between 600 and 800 nm. The generated THz field was collected and
collimated using an off-axis parabolic mirror (f =
101 mm). In this collimated THz plane, a slit on a motorized stage
was used to sample the spatial properties of the THz beam. A second
off-axis parabolic mirror (f = 101 mm) was used to
focus the THz beam into a ZnTe NLO crystal (d = 0.5
mm), which was used for electro-optic detection. To measure the extended
THz bandwidth, the detection crystal was changed to a GaP NLO crystal
with a thickness of 0.1 mm. To reduce THz absorption due to humidity
in the air, the entire measurement setup was placed in an enclosure
and pumped with dry air to a humidity of less than 1%. On the probe
line, the probe beam was sent to a calibrated motorized stage, which
was used to control the temporal delay. The probe beam was then directed
through a hole in the second parabolic mirror and spatially and temporally
overlapped with the THz pulse in the nonlinear crystal. The spatio-temporal
electric field amplitude and phase was measured through the process
of electro-optic detection, which is an optical set, containing a
quarter wave plate, a Wollaston prism, and a balanced photodiode.
The photodiode signal was amplified using a lock-in detector, which
was synchronized to the laser source using a mechanical chopper. The
refractive index of the kainate crystal was also measured using the
same system. For this, a ZnTe nonlinear crystal was used as the source,
which generates broadband THz fields up to 2.5 THz. The transmission
of the generated field from the ZnTe through the kainate crystal was
measured, as well as a reference through air. Total scan lengths of
100 ps were undertaken to obtain a high frequency
resolution.
Barhum H., McDonnell C., Alon T., Hammad R., Attrash M., Ellenbogen T, & Ginzburg P. (2023). Organic Kainate Single Crystals for Second-Harmonic and Broadband THz Generation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 15(6), 8590-8600.
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Publication 2023
Epistropheus Eye Humidity Kainate prisma Pulse Rate Pulses Radionuclide Imaging Spectrum Analysis Telescopes
5
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy of Crystals
The optical absorption measurements were performed with an optical
spectrophotometer UV–vis–NIR Cary 5000 (Varian, Agilent
Technologies), covering the wavelength range of 170–2600 nm.
For kainate measurements, an integrating sphere was used to collect
the scattered light and estimate the total crystal’s absorption.
The sample was placed on top of a silicon substrate and above a Teflon
substrate. A reference signal was obtained for calibration.
Barhum H., McDonnell C., Alon T., Hammad R., Attrash M., Ellenbogen T, & Ginzburg P. (2023). Organic Kainate Single Crystals for Second-Harmonic and Broadband THz Generation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 15(6), 8590-8600.
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Publication 2023
Kainate Light Silicon Vision

Top products related to «Kainate»

1
Kainate by Bio-Techne
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Kainate is a laboratory reagent used in neuroscience research. It is a potent agonist of the kainate subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors, which play a role in excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
2
Kainate by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom
Kainate is a laboratory equipment product designed for specific research purposes. It functions as a tool for researchers to study certain biochemical and neurological processes. The core function of Kainate is to facilitate the examination of specific receptor-mediated effects in biological systems, without making claims about its intended use.
3
Gabazine by Bio-Techne
Sourced in United Kingdom
Gabazine is a laboratory reagent used in biochemical research. It functions as a GABAA receptor antagonist, blocking the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on neuronal activity. Gabazine is commonly utilized in experimental settings to investigate the role of GABA-mediated signaling in various biological processes.
4
Kainate by Abcam
Sourced in Germany
Kainate is a chemical compound that acts as an agonist of the kainate receptor, a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor found in the central nervous system. It is commonly used in research applications as a tool to study the physiological and pharmacological properties of this receptor.
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Bicuculline is a laboratory reagent used as a GABA(A) receptor antagonist. It is commonly employed in neuroscience research to study the role of GABA-mediated inhibition in neural circuits and behavior.
6
Kainic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Sao Tome and Principe
Kainic acid is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a research tool in neuroscience laboratories. It is a potent agonist of certain glutamate receptors in the central nervous system, which makes it useful for the study of excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration. The core function of kainic acid is to selectively activate specific subtypes of glutamate receptors, allowing researchers to investigate their roles in neurological processes and disorders.
7
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D-AP5 is a potent and selective NMDAR antagonist. It blocks the NMDA receptor by binding to the glutamate recognition site on the NR2B subunit.
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Kainate ka by Bio-Techne
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Kainate (KA) is a chemical compound that acts as an agonist for the kainate receptor, a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor in the central nervous system. It is commonly used in scientific research to study the function and properties of kainate receptors.
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Multiclamp 700b amplifier by Molecular Devices
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The Multiclamp 700B amplifier is a versatile instrument designed for electrophysiology research. It provides high-quality amplification and signal conditioning for a wide range of intracellular and extracellular recording applications. The Multiclamp 700B offers advanced features and precise control over signal acquisition, enabling researchers to obtain reliable and accurate data from their experiments.
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More about "Kainate"

Kainates, also known as kainate receptors, are a class of excitatory amino acid receptors found in the central nervous system.
These receptors play a crucial role in various neurological processes, such as synaptic transmission, modulation of neuronal excitability, and the regulation of neuronal activity.
Kainates are involved in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including epilepsy, ischemia, and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Understanding the mechanisms and functions of kainates is essential for developing effective therapies and improving our understanding of the brain.
Gabazine and Bicuculline are related compounds that can be used to study the effects of kainates on neuronal activity.
Kainic acid, a potent kainate receptor agonist, has been widely used in research to induce excitotoxicity and model various neurological conditions.
PubCompare.ai can help optimize your kainate research by locating the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents.
Their AI-driven comparisons enhance reproducibility and accuracy, ensuring you find the most effective protocols and products.
Streamlint your kainate studies with their powerful research optimization tools, such as the Multiclamp 700B amplifier and PClamp 10 software, to enhance the quality and efficiency of your experiments.