Ketalar (ketamine hydrochloride) is a dissociative anesthetic medication used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.
It can produce a cataleptic-like state with profound analgesia, normal pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes, and cardiovascular and respiratory stability.
Ketalar may also have applications in pain management and as a rapid-acting antidepressant.
Researchers can use PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to easily locate and compare protocols related to Ketalar from the literature, preprints, and patents, optimizing their research and identifying the best products and methods.
R-ketamine hydrochloride and S-ketamine hydrochloride were prepared by recrystallization of RS-ketamine (Ketalar, ketamine hydrochloride, Daiichi Sankyo Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan) and d-(−)-tartaric acid (or l- (+)-tartaric acid), as described previously.34 The purity of these stereoisomers was determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography (CHIRALPAK IA, column size: 250 × 4.6 mm, mobile phase: n-hexane/dichloromethane/diethylamine (75/25/0.1), Daicel, Tokyo, Japan). NBQX, 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (catalog number: 0373, Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK, 10 mg kg−1) was dissolved in saline. ANA-12, N2-(2-{[(2-oxoazepan-3-yl) amino]carbonyl}phenyl)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide (catalog number: BTB06525SC, Maybridge, Trevillett Tintagel, Cornwall, UK, 0.5 mg kg−1) was prepared in vehicle of 1% dimethylsulfoxide in phosphate-buffered saline. The dose of ketamine, NBQX and ANA-12 was selected as reported previously.34 , 35 , 36 (link), 37 (link), 38 (link), 39 (link), 40 (link) Other reagents were purchased commercially.
Yang C., Shirayama Y., Zhang J.C., Ren Q., Yao W., Ma M., Dong C, & Hashimoto K. (2015). R-ketamine: a rapid-onset and sustained antidepressant without psychotomimetic side effects. Translational Psychiatry, 5(9), e632-.
The anesthetic, sedative, and analgesic agents used in the present study were as follows: ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar, Sankyo Lifetech Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), xylazine (Celactar, Bayer Yakuhin Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), pentobarbital sodium (Somnopentyl, Kyoritsu Seiyaku Co., Ltd.), medetomidine hydrochloride (Domitol, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), midazolam (Dormicum, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tokyo, Japan), butorphanol (Vetorphale, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd.), and isoflurane (Isoflu, DS Pharma Animal Health Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan). All agents were kept at room temperature before use. Animals were divided into four groups corresponding to each anesthetic protocol as follows: ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine combined (K/X; ketamine hydrochloride 100 mg/kg and xylazine 10 mg/kg); pentobarbital monoanesthesia (50 mg/kg); medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol combined (M/M/B; medetomidine 0.3 mg/kg, midazolam 4 mg/kg, and butorphanol 5 mg/kg); and inhalant anesthesia using isoflurane (5% for induction and 2% for maintenance). In the M/M/B group, mice were administered atipamezole (Antisedan, Zoetis Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan) at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg 30 min after the administration of M/M/B. All injectable anesthetics were administered intraperitoneally. The dose and concentration of each agent were as reported previously in mice [4 (link), 5 (link), 17 (link)]. Before administration, the concentration of M/M/B, K/X, and pentobarbital sodium was adjusted to 6 ml/kg by diluting with saline. In the M/M/B anesthetic group, a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol with saline was prepared and then concurrently administered. Similarly, the mixture of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine was adjusted with saline before concurrent administration. Isoflurane anesthesia was administered using a commercially available rodent inhalant anesthesia apparatus (SomnoSuite Small Animal Anesthesia System, Kent Scientific Corporation), which has a digital vaporizer and internal air-flow pump. The vaporized anesthetic gas was introduced into the induction chamber and nose mask (Kent Scientific Corporation) at a flow rate of 32 ml/min. The nose mask was covered with a latex membrane that had a hole in the center to fit closely around the nose. Initially, mice were induced with isoflurane at a 5% concentration. Once loss of the postural reaction and righting reflex was confirmed, the mice were rapidly transferred to the nose mask, and anesthesia was maintained with 2% isoflurane (Fig. 1
Vital signs monitoring during isoflurane anesthesia in mice. The rectal probe and pulse oximeter are located at the colorectum and tail base, respectively.
).
Tsukamoto A., Serizawa K., Sato R., Yamazaki J, & Inomata T. (2014). Vital signs monitoring during injectable and inhalant anesthesia in mice. Experimental Animals, 64(1), 57-64.
The animals were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar, Yuhan Co., Seoul, Korea) and xylazine (Rompun, Bayer Korea Co., Seoul, Korea). The surgical sites were shaven and then draped with alcohol and povidone iodine, followed by local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine (Lidocaine HCl, Huons, Seoul, Korea). An incision was made along the sagittal midline from the frontal bone to the occipital bone. A full-thickness flap was elevated to expose the cranial bone. Standardized circular defects with diameters of 6, 8, 11, and 15 mm were created using trephines of the corresponding sizes under cool-saline irrigation. The soft tissues were repositioned and then sutured layer by layer with a resorbable suture material (4-0 Vicryl, Ethicon, Somerville, NJ, USA) to achieve primary closure. The stitches were removed after 10 days. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, or 12 weeks postoperatively (Fig. 1).
Sohn J.Y., Park J.C., Um Y.J., Jung U.W., Kim C.S., Cho K.S, & Choi S.H. (2010). Spontaneous healing capacity of rabbit cranial defects of various sizes. Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science, 40(4), 180-187.
Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were obtained from Sankyo Labo Service Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Mice were maintained in our animal care facility under room temperature (21 ± 1 °C), with a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle. The experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University (Tokyo, Japan, approved number; #0130279A) and all experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Since the mice in the occlusal disharmony group could not easily eat the standard (pellet) diet, the standard diet was changed to a powdered diet on the third day after the standard diet was provided. The mice had three- and six-day acclimation periods, respectively, to adapt to the powdered diet and single cages prior to the experimental intervention (day 0; Fig. 1). Mice were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (n = 5) and an occlusal disharmony (disharmony) group (n = 5). In the disharmony group, the occlusal height was increased by 0.5 mm, using a composite resin (MI FIL, GC Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), with the mice under anaesthesia, as per methods that have previously been described, but with some modifications2 (link),3 (link) (Fig. 1). The mice were subjected to anaesthesia using medetomidine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg; Domitor, Meijiseika, Tokyo, Japan) and ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg; Ketalar, Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan). The same anaesthetic was used in mice in the control group, without any intervention. Atipamezole hydrochloride (the antagonist of medetomidine hydrochloride, 2.5 mg/kg; Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan) was administered to all animals to reduce the stress from the anaesthesia29 (link).
Shimizu Y., Khan M., Kato G., Aoki K, & Ono T. (2018). Occlusal disharmony-induced stress causes osteopenia of the lumbar vertebrae and long bones in mice. Scientific Reports, 8, 173.
After obtaining ethical committee approval, 24 Wistar albino rats – 200–270 g – were randomly divided into four groups: Group C; Group DM-C; Group DM-I/R; and Group DM-I/R-D. Diabetes was induced using Streptozotocin (Sigma Chemical, St Louis. MO, USA) at a single dose of 55 mg/kg in citrate buffer (0.1 Molar, pH 4.5). Rats with a blood glucose level – determined (GlucoDr Super Sensor, Allmedicus, Korea) from blood samples drawn via tail vein – above 250 mg/dl is accepted as diabetic. No additional intervention was done in Group C and Group DM-C. After a four-week follow-up period [16 (link)], laparotomy was performed in all groups detailed below. General anesthesia induction was done using intramuscular injection of 100 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar® flakon, Parke-Davis, USA). Rats were kept under a heat lamp. All procedures were performed in the supine position. After skin asepsis, midline laparotomy was performed. After removing intestines from the surgical field, the infra-renal abdominal aorta was explored. The aorta was clamped using an atraumatic microvascular clamp. The clamp was removed at the end of 120 minutes of ischemia, then reperfusion was provided for another 120 minutes. Ischemia was determined when distal aorta pulsation disappeared, while reperfusion was determined when it reappeared. In the control group, laparotomy and abdominal aorta dissection were applied during the same time period (240 minutes); however, I/R was not applied in these groups. In other groups, in order to minimize heat and fluid loss, intraperitoneal serum physiological was administered at clamping and declamping periods. Also, the abdominal incision was covered with wet gauze. In Group DM-I/R-D, 100 μg/kg dexmedetomidine was administered intraperitoneally 30 minutes before ischemia period. At the end of reperfusion period, biochemical and histopathological evaluations of renal tissue specimen were performed. Rats were decapitated at the end of experiment. Histopathological evaluation was performed in the Kirikkkale University Medical Faculty Histology and Embryology Department. After routine fixation process, specimens were embedded in paraffin blocks, then tissue sections of 5 μ were mounted on slides for staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Histopathological evaluation under light microscopy was performed, and findings were scored using a scoring system by Bostan et al. [17 (link)]. Glomerular vacuolization (GV), tubular dilatation (TD), vascular vacuolization and hypertrophy (VVH), tubular cell degeneration and necrosis (TCDN), Bowman space dilatation (BSD), tubular hyaline cylinder (THC), leucocyte infiltration (LI), and tubular cell spillage (TCS) were scored using a scoring system: 0: no change; +1: minimal change; +2: medium; +3: severe. Biochemical evaluation was performed in the Gazi University Medical Faculty Medical Biochemistry Department. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation were evaluated using Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels as Malondialdehyde (MDA) indicators in renal tissue. Also, Catalase (CAT), Glutathione s transferase (GST), Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activities were measured. SOD, CAT, GST, and NOS enzyme analyses were performed as described by Durak, Aebi, Habig, and Durak [respectively 18 (link)–21 (link)]. The SOD activity method is based on the measurement of absorbance increase at 560 nm due to reduction of NBT to NBTH2. One unit of SOD activity was defined as the enzyme protein amount causing 50% inhibition in NBTH2 reduction rate. The CAT activity method is based on the measurement of the absorbance decrease due to H2O2 consumption at 240 nm. The GST activity method is based on the measurement of absorbance changes at 340 nm due to formation of a GSH-CDNB complex. The NOS activity method is based on the diazotization of sulfanilic acid by nitric oxide at acid pH and subsequent coupling to N-(1-napthyl-ethylene diamine), and absorbance of the sample tube is measured against the blank tube at 540 nm. In this method, sodium nitroprusside is used as the chemical standard. The TBARS assay was carried out to determine lipid peroxidation using the thiobarbituric acid method [22 (link)]. TBARS measurements were conducted based on the reaction of MDA with thiobarbituric acid (TBA), which form a pink pigment with an absorption maximum at 532 nm in acid pH, and 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane was used as a standard MDA solution. All procedures were performed at 4°C throughout the experiment. Enzyme activities and TBARS levels were determined by continuously monitoring and end point change in absorbance at 25°C with a Shimadzu UV- 1601 spectrophotometer. Results were expressed IU/ mg protein for CAT and NOS, for GST and SOD mIU/mg protein and U/mg protein respectively. TBARS results were given nmol/mg protein.
Erbatur M.E., Sezen Ş.C., Bayraktar A.C., Arslan M., Kavutçu M, & Aydın M.E. (2017). Effects of dexmedetomidine on renal tissue after lower limb ischemia reperfusion injury in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The Libyan Journal of Medicine, 12(1), 1270021.
Approval for the study was granted by the Animal Research Ethics Committee of Health Sciences University Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (meeting number: 66, decision no.: 666, dated: 26.07.2021). This experimental study was started in 2021 after the approval of the ethics committee and the study was carried out in the Animal Laboratory at Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. The study sample comprised 21 male Wistar albino rats, each aging 8-9 weeks and weighting 250±25 grams. An environment was established before the experiment of room temperature 22-25°C, a 12-hour light/dark cycle (08:00-20:00 light; 20:00-08:00 dark), and humidity in the range of 55-60%. The rats had free access to standard rat food (23% protein, 5% fat, 15% fibre, and 50% carbohydrate) and tap water. The 21 rats were separated into 3 groups of 7. The anaesthesia procedure at the start of the study was applied to all the rats intraperitoneally with 90 mg/kg ketamine (Ketalar Flacon, 50 mg/ml Pfizer, Istanbul, Turkey) and xylazine 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal (Rompun 2% Flacon Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey). A blood sample was obtained from all the rats to determine the preoperative biochemical basal values. Laparotomy was applied to all the rats with a midline incision of approximately 3 cm. The National Institutes of Health Guiding Principles has been taken as a guide regarding the care and use of animals used in this experimental study.12
Akcaalan Y., Dumlu E.G., Menekse E., Yilmaz M.C., Erkilic E., Ogut B, & Dıncel A.S. (2023). Does the preoperative fasting period affect the liver in a distant organ model of renal ischaemia reperfusion?. Saudi Medical Journal, 44(2), 171-177.
The rats (body weight 300–400 g) were anesthetized with a mixture of 10 mg/kg xylazine (Bayer Health Care, CA, USA) and 100 mg/kg ketamine (Ketalar, Pfizer, NY, USA) in saline. LSECs were isolated and purified as described in Smedsrod, et al.37 (link), cryopreserved storage for LSECs followed with freezing and thawing were detailed in Mönkemöller et al.38 (link) The cells were plated (0.2 × 106 cells/cm2) in serum-free RPMI-1640 on 0.2 mg/mL human fibronectin-coated 0.2 mm thick fused quartz coverslips (AdValue technology, USA), unattached cells were gently washed away, and LSEC cultures were continued with incubating for 1–2 h to reach the desired confluency. Fibronectin coating was performed with just enough volume to completely cover the surface area. After 10 min of incubation at room temperature, the redundant fibronectin solution was rinsed with PBS and cells were then seeded on UVC transmissive fused quartz coverslips (200 µm thickness, AdValue Technology, USA). LSECs were fixed with 4% formaldehyde (FA) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 0.02 M sucrose (Sigma-Aldrich), pH 7.2 for 15 min, and stored in PBS until visualization.
Ströhl F., Wolfson D.L., Opstad I.S., Hansen D.H., Mao H, & Ahluwalia B.S. (2023). Label-free superior contrast with c-band ultra-violet extinction microscopy. Light, Science & Applications, 12, 56.
The animals were fasted for 8 h before hepatectomy. A mixture of 5 mg/kg xylazine (Rompun Bayer, Turkey) and 30 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar Panker Davis, Turkey) was administered i.p. for anesthesia/analgesia. 70% hepatectomy was performed on the animals in accordance with the technique described by Higgins and Anderson (Higgins and Anderson 1931 ; Nevzorova et al. 2015 (link)). The rats were randomized into 8 groups (n ≥ 3), which were defined as day-0, -1, -2, -3, -5, -7, -10,-14; denoting the days that the rats were sacrificed after PH. Serum samples were collected and regenerating remnant livers were removed on the day of sacrification. A portion of each liver specimen was fixed in 10% formalin solution for immunohistochemistry; a portion of the liver specimen was dissected in RIPA lysis buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) for protein analyses and a portion of the liver specimen was kept in RNAlater stabilization solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) for RT-qPCR analyses. mRNA expression levels of Vegf and Pcna were analyzed in addition to immunohistochemical evaluations. Liver tissue protein levels of endostatin, endocan and p-eEF2K/eEF2K were determined with Western blot and serum levels of endostatin and endocan were assessed with ELISA.
Yazici S.E., Gedik M.E., Leblebici C.B., Kosemehmetoglu K., Gunaydin G, & Dogrul A.B. (2023). Can endocan serve as a molecular “hepatostat” in liver regeneration?. Molecular Medicine, 29, 29.
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Ketalar is a general anesthetic medication used to induce and maintain anesthesia. It is a clear, colorless, water-soluble compound that is administered via injection. The active ingredient in Ketalar is the chemical compound ketamine hydrochloride.
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Rompun is a veterinary drug used as a sedative and analgesic for animals. It contains the active ingredient xylazine hydrochloride. Rompun is designed to induce a state of sedation and pain relief in animals during medical procedures or transportation.
Ketalar is a parenteral anesthetic agent indicated for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. It contains the active ingredient ketamine hydrochloride. Ketalar is available in the form of a sterile injectable solution.
Sourced in Finland, Germany, United Kingdom, Sweden, Japan, Australia, United States
Domitor is a pharmaceutical product used for veterinary purposes. It is a sedative and analgesic agent that provides a safe and effective method for sedating and immobilizing animals. The core function of Domitor is to induce a state of calm and relaxation in animals, allowing for various medical procedures and treatments to be performed safely and with minimal distress to the animal.
Alfazyne is a laboratory equipment designed for scientific analysis and experimentation. It serves as a versatile tool for researchers and scientists in various fields.
Rompun Vet is a pharmaceutical product used for veterinary purposes. It is a sedative and analgesic agent. The core function of Rompun Vet is to provide sedation and pain relief in animals.
The Selactar is a laboratory equipment designed for the separation and isolation of biological samples. It utilizes centrifugal force to separate components within a liquid mixture based on their density differences. The core function of the Selactar is to provide a reliable and efficient means of sample preparation for further analysis or experimentation.
Ketamine hydrochloride is a synthetic chemical compound used as a general anesthetic in medical and veterinary settings. It is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in water. Ketamine hydrochloride is primarily used to induce and maintain anesthesia during surgical procedures.
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Xylazine is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a sedative and analgesic agent commonly used in veterinary medicine. The core function of Xylazine is to provide a safe and effective means for sedation and pain management in laboratory animals during procedures or treatments.
Ketalar is a versatile dissociative anesthetic medication with a range of applications. It is commonly used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, as it can produce a cataleptic-like state with profound analgesia (pain relief) while preserving normal pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes and cardiovascular/respiratory stability. Additionally, Ketalar has shown promise in pain management and as a rapid-acting antidepressant for certain conditions.
One key consideration with Ketalar is the potential for side effects, such as hallucinations, disorientation, and elevated blood pressure. Proper dosing and administration under medical supervision is crucial to minimize these risks. Additionally, Ketalar can interact with certain medications, so healthcare providers must carefully evaluate a patient's medical history and current prescriptions before prescribing Ketalar.
Ketalar is primarily available in a single formulation as ketamine hydrochloride. However, there are some variations in the way it can be administered, such as intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), or intranasal routes. The specific dosage and administration method will depend on the medical context and the patient's needs.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can be incredibly helpful for researchers working with Ketalar. The platform allows you to efficiently screen protocol literature, leveraging AI to identify critical insights that can help you choose the most effective protocols related to Ketalar for your specific research goals. By highlighting key differences in protocol effectiveness, PubCompare.ai can enable you to select the best option for reproducibility and accuracy, streamlining your Ketalar research and ensuring optimal outcomes.
More about "Ketalar"
Ketalar, also known as ketamine hydrochloride, is a dissociative anesthetic medication commonly used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.
It can produce a cataleptic-like state with profound analgesia, normal pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes, and cardiovascular and respiratory stability.
This versatile drug has applications in pain management and as a rapid-acting antidepressant.
Researchers can leverage PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to easily locate and compare protocols related to Ketalar from the literature, preprints, and patents.
This powerful tool can help optimize research efforts and identify the best products and methods for Ketalar-related studies.
Other related terms and substances include Rompun (xylazine), Domitor (medetomidine), Alfazyne (alfaxalone), Rompun Vet (xylazine for veterinary use), and Selactar (ketamine).
By utilizing the insights and capabilities of PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their Ketalar research, compare protocols, and make informed decisions to advance their work in this important field.
