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Keto Acids
Keto Acids
Keto Acids: A class of organic compounds containing a ketone group (C=O) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH).
These molecules play crucial roles in metabolism and are associated with various physiological processes.
Keto acids include important metabolites like pyruvic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and oxaloacetic acid, which are key intermediates in the citric acid cycle.
Research on keto acids is essential for understanding their impact on human health, particularly in areas like energy production, gluconeogenesis, and ketosis.
Optimizing research protocols and improving reproducibility in the study of keto acids can lead to valuable insights and advancements in the field of metabolism and related disordres.
These molecules play crucial roles in metabolism and are associated with various physiological processes.
Keto acids include important metabolites like pyruvic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and oxaloacetic acid, which are key intermediates in the citric acid cycle.
Research on keto acids is essential for understanding their impact on human health, particularly in areas like energy production, gluconeogenesis, and ketosis.
Optimizing research protocols and improving reproducibility in the study of keto acids can lead to valuable insights and advancements in the field of metabolism and related disordres.
Most cited protocols related to «Keto Acids»
3-Hydroxybutyrate
Acids
acylcarnitine
Acyl Coenzyme A
Amino Acids
BLOOD
Capillaries
Cholesterol
Diagnosis
Electrons
Fatty Acids, Esterified
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Glycerin
Isoleucine
Isotopes
Keto Acids
Ketogenic Diet
Ketones
Lactates
Leucine
Liver
Muscle, Gastrocnemius
Plasma
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Technique, Dilution
Triglycerides
Valine
FeGenie can also be used to identify siderophore synthesis genes and potential operons. Siderophores are microbially produced products (500–1200 Da) that have a preference for binding ferric iron (up to 10–53 M) (Ehrlich and Newman, 2008 ), enabling microorganisms to obtain this largely insoluble iron form. There are over 500 identified siderophores, categorized as catecholates, hydroxamates, or hydroxycarboxylic acids (Kadi and Challis, 2009 ). Microorganisms can synthesize siderophores via the NRPS (non-ribosomal peptide synthetase) or NIS (NRPS-independent siderophore) pathways (Carroll and Moore, 2018 (link)). The NRPSs are megaenzymes that consist of modular domains (adenylation, thiolation, and condensation domains) to incorporate and sequentially link amino acids, keto acids, fatty acids, or hydroxy acids (Gulick, 2017 (link)). The NRPSs are highly selective and predictable based on the product produced, and FeGenie will identify these putative siderophore synthesis genes based on the genomic proximity of each identified gene (Table 1 ). In contrast, the NIS pathway consists of multiple enzymes that each have a single role in the production of a siderophore, such as aerobactin, which was the first siderophore discovered to be synthesized by this pathway (Kadi and Challis, 2009 ). The operon involved in aerobactin biosynthesis is iucABCD, and homologs of the genes iucA and iucC (which are included in FeGenie) are indicators of siderophore production via the NIS pathway (Carroll and Moore, 2018 (link)). The HMM library that represents siderophore synthesis consists of HMMs derived from the Pfam database, as well as those constructed here (Table 1 ). Because many different siderophore synthesis pathways share homologous genes, we developed HMMs that were sensitive to the entirety of each gene family, rather than for each individual siderophore. Supplementary Data Sheet S1 summarizes the gene families from which HMMs were built and includes gene families for siderophore export, iron uptake and transport, and heme degradation. Although FeGenie cannot predict the exact siderophore produced, FeGenie enables users to identify putative (and potentially novel) siderophore synthesis operons, which can then be confirmed by external programs, such as antiSMASH (Weber et al., 2015 (link)), a bioinformatics tool to identify biosynthetic gene clusters.
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Acids
aerobactin
Amino Acids
Anabolism
Biosynthetic Pathways
DNA Library
Enzymes
Fatty Acids
Gene Clusters
Genes
Genome
Heme
Hydroxy Acids
Hypertelorism, Severe, With Midface Prominence, Myopia, Mental Retardation, And Bone Fragility
Iron
Keto Acids
non-ribosomal peptide synthase
Operon
Siderophores
Synthetic Genes
Wild-type and mutant strains were grown in 10 ml of modified VM cellobiose medium or 50 ml of MTC medium. Carbon substrates in these defined media were 5.0 g/l D -glucose, 5.0 g/l D -cellobiose, 5.0 or 10 g/l Avicel PH-105 crystalline cellulose (FMC BioPolymer, Philadelphia, PA), 5.0 g/l D -xylose, 5.0 g/l xylan from birch wood or 10 g/l switchgrass (dry mass; pretreated with diluted sulfuric acid). For fermentation product analyses cultures were sampled after incubation for 5 to 14 days, when fermentation was complete. The samples were filtered through 0.2 μm filters, acidified and analyzed for primary fermentation products (lactate, acetate and ethanol) using HPLC [42 (link)]. These data from four strains were compared using the KaleidaGraph program (v. 4.1.2, Synergy Software, Reading, PA) to perform one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett's multiple comparison test (0.05 significance level).
The extent of substrate conversion to primary fermentation products was calculated from the molar carbon atom ratio of primary fermentation products to substrates, assuming a stoichiometric ratio of 2 lactate, 2 acetate + 2 CO2 or 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 per glucose equivalent. For switchgrass analysis, conversion efficiency and sugar composition was determined using quantitative saccharification [43 ].
More detailed metabolic profiles were obtained by GC-MS. Supernatant and cell pellet samples for metabolomic analysis were collected from duplicate stationary phase cultures grown in defined VM medium with 5.0 g/l cellobiose. Aliquots containing 250 μL of supernatant or cell lysate and 10 μL of sorbitol (0.1% w/v) were transferred by pipette to a vial and stored at -20°C overnight. The samples were thawed and concentrated to dryness under a stream of N2. The internal sorbitol standard was added to correct for subsequent differences in derivatization efficiency and changes in sample volume during heating. Trimethylsilyl derivatives were prepared from each sample for analysis by GC-MS [42 (link)]. The GC-MS data indicated the presence of a number of 2-hydroxyacids. To confirm whether these were induced from 2-oxoacids with reactive carbonyl groups, a test sample was additionally prepared using a double derivatization protocol that preferentially protects carbonyl groups [44 (link)]. Briefly, 200 μL of methoxamine reagent was added to the test sample, which was heated at 30°C with stirring for 90 min. Then, 800 μL of N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide + 1% trichloromethylsilane was added and the sample was heated at 37°C for 30 minutes. The sample was analyzed by GC-MS after 2 h storage at room temperature and again after 1 day.
The extent of substrate conversion to primary fermentation products was calculated from the molar carbon atom ratio of primary fermentation products to substrates, assuming a stoichiometric ratio of 2 lactate, 2 acetate + 2 CO2 or 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 per glucose equivalent. For switchgrass analysis, conversion efficiency and sugar composition was determined using quantitative saccharification [43 ].
More detailed metabolic profiles were obtained by GC-MS. Supernatant and cell pellet samples for metabolomic analysis were collected from duplicate stationary phase cultures grown in defined VM medium with 5.0 g/l cellobiose. Aliquots containing 250 μL of supernatant or cell lysate and 10 μL of sorbitol (0.1% w/v) were transferred by pipette to a vial and stored at -20°C overnight. The samples were thawed and concentrated to dryness under a stream of N2. The internal sorbitol standard was added to correct for subsequent differences in derivatization efficiency and changes in sample volume during heating. Trimethylsilyl derivatives were prepared from each sample for analysis by GC-MS [42 (link)]. The GC-MS data indicated the presence of a number of 2-hydroxyacids. To confirm whether these were induced from 2-oxoacids with reactive carbonyl groups, a test sample was additionally prepared using a double derivatization protocol that preferentially protects carbonyl groups [44 (link)]. Briefly, 200 μL of methoxamine reagent was added to the test sample, which was heated at 30°C with stirring for 90 min. Then, 800 μL of N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide + 1% trichloromethylsilane was added and the sample was heated at 37°C for 30 minutes. The sample was analyzed by GC-MS after 2 h storage at room temperature and again after 1 day.
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Acetate
Avicel
Betula
Biopolymers
Carbohydrates
Carbon
Cellobiose
Cells
Cellulose
derivatives
Ethanol
Fermentation
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Glucose
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Hydroxy Acids
Keto Acids
Lactates
Metabolic Profile
Methoxamine
methyltrichlorosilane
Molar
Panicum virgatum
Sorbitol
Strains
Sulfuric Acids
trifluoroacetamide
Xylans
Xylose
Acids
ARID1A protein, human
Butyric Acid
Carbon
Enzymes
Filtration
Glucose
HMQC
Keto Acids
Ketogenic Diet
methanethiosulfonate
Nitrogen
Phosphotransferases
Pressure
Proteins
Protons
Radionuclide Imaging
Vertebral Column
Vibration
3-Hydroxybutyrate
acylcarnitine
Amino Acids
Cholesterol
Diagnosis
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Fatty Acids, Esterified
Glycerin
Insulin
Isoleucine
Isotopes
Keto Acids
Ketogenic Diet
Ketones
Lactates
Leucine
Liver
Plasma
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Technique, Dilution
Triglycerides
Valine
Most recents protocols related to «Keto Acids»
Transaminated amino donor substrates and nondepleted keto acid acceptor substrates were analyzed using oxime bioconjugate chemistry and NIMS. The synthesis and the subsequent oxime derivatization reactions with the O-alkyloxyamine fluorous tag (m/z 793.2365) were carried out as reported previously (28 (link)). Enzymatic reactions were diluted 1:5 using H2O. A 1 μl aliquot of the diluted enzymatic reactions was transferred into a 384 well plate containing 6 μl of 100 mM glycine acetate (pH 1.3), 3 μl of ethanol, 1 μl of O-alkyloxyamine fluorous tag [10 mM in 1:1 (v/v) water:methanol], and 0.26 μl of aniline per well. The mixture was incubated at room temperature (RT) for 16 h before NIMS or MALDI analysis.
For NIMS analysis, oxime reactions were prepared for either acoustic sample deposition or manual spotting onto a NIMS substrate which was processed as described previously (24 (link)). For each sample, 1 μl of the oxime reaction mixture, 5 μl water, 2 μl methanol, and 0.02 μl formic acid were combined. For acoustic sample deposition, samples were printed onto the NIMS surface using an ATS-100 acoustic transfer system (BioSera) with a sample deposition volume of 10 nl. Samples were printed in clusters of three biological replicates, with the microarray spot pitch (center-to-center distance) set at 900 μm. For manual spotting, samples (0.5 μl) were manually spotted onto the NIMS surface with three biological replicates.
For MALDI analysis, the oxime reaction mixture was mixed 1:1 with the matrix α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (10 mg/ml in MeOH + 0.5% FA). Samples (0.8 μl) were manually spotted onto a stainless steel MALDI target plate with three biological replicates.
MS-based imaging was performed using a 5800 MALDI TOF/TOF (AB Sciex) mass spectrometer with laser intensity of 3000 to 4200 over a mass range of 500 − 2000 Da. Each position accumulated 20 laser shots. The instrument was controlled using the MALDI-MSI 4800 Imaging Tool using a 75 μm step size. Average ion intensity of the conjugated transaminated amino donor and keto acceptors substrates were determined using the OpenMSI Arrayed Analysis Toolkit (OMAAT) software package (31 (link)). MSI data obtained in this study is available and browsable at OpenMSI (43 (link)).
For NIMS analysis, oxime reactions were prepared for either acoustic sample deposition or manual spotting onto a NIMS substrate which was processed as described previously (24 (link)). For each sample, 1 μl of the oxime reaction mixture, 5 μl water, 2 μl methanol, and 0.02 μl formic acid were combined. For acoustic sample deposition, samples were printed onto the NIMS surface using an ATS-100 acoustic transfer system (BioSera) with a sample deposition volume of 10 nl. Samples were printed in clusters of three biological replicates, with the microarray spot pitch (center-to-center distance) set at 900 μm. For manual spotting, samples (0.5 μl) were manually spotted onto the NIMS surface with three biological replicates.
For MALDI analysis, the oxime reaction mixture was mixed 1:1 with the matrix α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (10 mg/ml in MeOH + 0.5% FA). Samples (0.8 μl) were manually spotted onto a stainless steel MALDI target plate with three biological replicates.
MS-based imaging was performed using a 5800 MALDI TOF/TOF (AB Sciex) mass spectrometer with laser intensity of 3000 to 4200 over a mass range of 500 − 2000 Da. Each position accumulated 20 laser shots. The instrument was controlled using the MALDI-MSI 4800 Imaging Tool using a 75 μm step size. Average ion intensity of the conjugated transaminated amino donor and keto acceptors substrates were determined using the OpenMSI Arrayed Analysis Toolkit (OMAAT) software package (31 (link)). MSI data obtained in this study is available and browsable at OpenMSI (43 (link)).
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Acetate
Acoustics
Anabolism
aniline
Biopharmaceuticals
Coumaric Acids
Enzymes
Ethanol
formic acid
Glycine
Keto Acids
Ketogenic Diet
Methanol
Microarray Analysis
Oximes
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Stainless Steel
Tissue Donors
Enzyme kinetic assays of AtTAA1 and AtTAR1 were conducted as described previously (14 ). Briefly, the assays were carried out in a reaction mixture containing 100 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 20 mM keto acceptor pyruvate (for AtTAA1 with Trp, Tyr, and Phe) or ɑ-ketoglutarate (for AtTAA1 with His and AtTAR1 with Trp, Tyr, Phe, and His), 0.2 mM PLP, 1 to 10 ng/μl enzyme, and 0 to 10 mM final concentrations of amino acid donors. The reactions were initiated by the addition of the amino acid donor to the reaction mixture and incubated at 30 °C for five or 10 min, depending on the enzymatic rate, to achieve conditions where the product formation linearly increased with time and enzyme concentrations. Reactions with Trp, Tyr, and Phe were terminated by adding sodium hydroxide (final 0.4 M), and the reaction with His was terminated by boiling the reaction mixture for 10 min. Reactions with His were terminated by adding 1× volume of 1 M borate buffer pH 8.5, and cooled down to RT. Formation of phenylpyruvate, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, indole-3-pyruvate, and imidazol-5-yl-pyruvate were detected by measuring the absorbance at 320, 331, 334, and 293 nm, respectively. Absorbance values were converted to concentration using standard curves of the corresponding keto acids. Kinetic parameters were calculated from the average of three separate assays by fitting the Michaelis–Menten equation using nonlinear regression function of GraphPad (https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/ ).
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3-phenylpyruvate
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate
Amino Acids
Biological Assay
Borates
Buffers
Donors
Enzyme Assays
Enzymes
HEPES
imidazole
indole
Keto Acids
Ketogenic Diet
Kinetics
prisma
Pyruvates
Sodium Hydroxide
Tissue Donors
Reverse reactions of tryptophan AT, i.e., production of amino acids, were tested in a reaction mixture with a final concentration of 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 8.0, 40 mM tryptophan, 0.025 mM PLP, 1 ng/μl enzyme, and 6 mM of the keto acceptor given on the figure, in 300 μl final reaction volume. Reactions were initiated by the addition of tryptophan to the remaining components. The reaction mixtures were incubated at 30 °C for 5 min and terminated by the addition of 2× volume of Salkowski reagent (10 mM FeCl3 and 35% [v/v] H2SO4). After incubating at RT for 10 min in the dark, the formation of the pink/purple product was measured spectrophotometrically at λ530 nm using the Infinite M Plex plate reader (Tecan Group Ltd). The reaction without any keto acid acceptor was used as the background control. Kinetic parameters were calculated with GraphPad. All enzyme assays were performed under the condition where the product formation increased proportionally to the enzyme concentration and the reaction time.
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Amino Acids
Buffers
Enzyme Assays
Enzymes
Exhaling
Keto Acids
Ketogenic Diet
Kinetics
Phosphates
TEST mixture
Tryptophan
Naturally occurring 2-oxoacids and structurally related small molecules including TCA cycle intermediates were commercially sourced and used as received. 2OG derivatives were synthesized as racemic mixtures according to reported procedures using cyanosulfur ylide intermediates (22 ). Stock solutions of all compounds were prepared in deionized water (Milli-Q grade).
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Citric Acid Cycle
derivatives
Keto Acids
4-Acetamidophenol (acetaminophen, APAP, 98%), cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), uridine-5′-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA), 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), glucose-6-phosphate, MgCl2, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acetonitrile (ACN), and methanol (MeOH) (both HPLC grade) as well as formic acid (LC-MS grade) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). Rat (Sprague−Dawley) liver microsomes (RLM, part #452501) and S9 hepatic fractions (RS9, part #452591) were purchased from Corning (Corning, NY, USA). Ultrapure water was from a Millipore Synergy UV system (Billerica, MA, USA). MetaboloMetricsTM bile acid analysis kits contained a standard mix of 46 bile acids and 14 deuterated isotope-labeled internal standards and were obtained from MRM Proteomics Inc. (Montreal, QC, Canada). Sprague Dawley rats were treated by intraperitoneal injection with 75, 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg APAP in triplicate. Rat plasma was collected after 24 h at the INRS Centre de Biologie Expérimentale (Laval, QC, Canada), within standard ethical practices of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (project UQLK.14.02). These samples were collected in February 2014 and stored at −80 °C until proceeding with sample preparation.
A standard mix of 46 bile acids was provided as a dried sample (tube A). Bile acids were present at a concentration of 2.5 nmol, except for deoxycholic acid (DCA) at 5 nmol and taurohyocholic acid (THCA) at 6.5 nmol. The bile acids in the standard mix were as follows: 12-ketodeoxycholic acid (12-keto-DCA), 12-ketolithocholic acid (12-keto-LCA), 3-dehydrocholic acid (3-DHCA), 7-ketodeoxycholic acid (7-keto-DCA), 7-ketolithocholic acid (7-keto-LCA), allocholic acid (ACA), alloisolithocholic acid (AILCA), apocholic acid (APCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA), dehydrocholic acid (DHCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), dioxolithocholic acid (di-oxo-LCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), glycohyocholic acid (GHCA), glycohyodeoxycholic acid (GHDCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), isodeoxycholic acid (IDCA), isolithocholic acid (ILCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), murocholic acid (muro-CA), norcholic acid (NCA), nordeoxycholic acid (NDCA), norursodeoxycholic acid (NUDCA), tauro-α-muricholic acid (α-TMCA), tauro-β-muricholic acid (β-TMCA), tauro-ω-muricholic acid (ω-TMCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurodehydrocholic acid (TDHCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), taurohyocholic acid (THCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), ursocholic acid (UCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), α-muricholic acid (α-MCA), β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), ω-muricholic acid (ω-MCA), 6,7-diketolithocholic acid (6,7-diketo-LCA), dehydrolithocholic acid (DHLCA), and glycodehydrocholic acid (GDHCA).
A mix of isotopically labeled bile acids (0.1–0.75 nmol) was provided as a dried sample (tube B) and was used as internal standard for data normalization. The labeled bile acids in the internal standard mix were as follows: glycoursodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-GUDCA), glycocholic acid-d4 (d4-GCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-TUDCA), taurocholic acid-d4 (d4-TCA), cholic acid-d4 (d4-CA), ursodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-UDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-GCDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-GDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-TCDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid-d6 (d6-TDCA), chenodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-CDCA), deoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-DCA), glycolithocholic acid-d4 (d4-GLCA), and lithocholic acid-d4 (d4-LCA).
A standard mix of 46 bile acids was provided as a dried sample (tube A). Bile acids were present at a concentration of 2.5 nmol, except for deoxycholic acid (DCA) at 5 nmol and taurohyocholic acid (THCA) at 6.5 nmol. The bile acids in the standard mix were as follows: 12-ketodeoxycholic acid (12-keto-DCA), 12-ketolithocholic acid (12-keto-LCA), 3-dehydrocholic acid (3-DHCA), 7-ketodeoxycholic acid (7-keto-DCA), 7-ketolithocholic acid (7-keto-LCA), allocholic acid (ACA), alloisolithocholic acid (AILCA), apocholic acid (APCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA), dehydrocholic acid (DHCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), dioxolithocholic acid (di-oxo-LCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), glycohyocholic acid (GHCA), glycohyodeoxycholic acid (GHDCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), isodeoxycholic acid (IDCA), isolithocholic acid (ILCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), murocholic acid (muro-CA), norcholic acid (NCA), nordeoxycholic acid (NDCA), norursodeoxycholic acid (NUDCA), tauro-α-muricholic acid (α-TMCA), tauro-β-muricholic acid (β-TMCA), tauro-ω-muricholic acid (ω-TMCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurodehydrocholic acid (TDHCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), taurohyocholic acid (THCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), ursocholic acid (UCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), α-muricholic acid (α-MCA), β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), ω-muricholic acid (ω-MCA), 6,7-diketolithocholic acid (6,7-diketo-LCA), dehydrolithocholic acid (DHLCA), and glycodehydrocholic acid (GDHCA).
A mix of isotopically labeled bile acids (0.1–0.75 nmol) was provided as a dried sample (tube B) and was used as internal standard for data normalization. The labeled bile acids in the internal standard mix were as follows: glycoursodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-GUDCA), glycocholic acid-d4 (d4-GCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-TUDCA), taurocholic acid-d4 (d4-TCA), cholic acid-d4 (d4-CA), ursodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-UDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-GCDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-GDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-TCDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid-d6 (d6-TDCA), chenodeoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-CDCA), deoxycholic acid-d4 (d4-DCA), glycolithocholic acid-d4 (d4-GLCA), and lithocholic acid-d4 (d4-LCA).
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3-oxocholan-24-oic acid
7-ketodeoxycholic acid
7-ketolithocholic acid
12-ketolithocholic acid
Acetaminophen
acetonitrile
Acids
ACPP protein, human
allocholic acid
Animals
Bile Acids
Chenodeoxycholic Acid
Cholic Acid
Dehydrocholic Acid
Deoxycholic Acid
formic acid
Glucose-6-Phosphate
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid
Glycocholic Acid
Glycodeoxycholic Acid
glycohyodeoxycholic acid
glycolithocholic acid
glycoursodeoxycholic acid
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
hyodeoxycholic acid
Injections, Intraperitoneal
International Normalized Ratio
Isotopes
Keto Acids
Lithocholic Acid
Magnesium Chloride
Methanol
Microsomes, Liver
muricholic acid
NADP
norcholic acid
Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate
Plasma
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid
Taurocholic Acid
Taurodeoxycholic Acid
Taurolithocholic Acid
tauroursodeoxycholic acid
trimethylcolchicinic acid
Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid
ursocholic acid
Ursodiol
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Phenylpyruvate is a chemical compound that serves as a common intermediate in various metabolic pathways. It is a key precursor in the biosynthesis of amino acids, such as phenylalanine and tyrosine. Phenylpyruvate is widely used as a reagent in analytical and research applications within the life sciences industry.
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Formic acid is a colorless, pungent-smelling liquid chemical compound. It is the simplest carboxylic acid, with the chemical formula HCOOH. Formic acid is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications.
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy
L-valine is an amino acid that serves as a building block for proteins. It is a colorless, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and alcohol. L-valine is commonly used in the production of pharmaceutical and laboratory products.
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy
L-isoleucine is a branched-chain amino acid that can be used as a laboratory reagent. It is a colorless crystalline solid that is soluble in water and organic solvents. L-isoleucine is commonly used in biochemical and physiological research applications.
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, United Kingdom
L-methionine is an essential amino acid that is used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a building block for proteins and plays a role in cellular metabolism. L-methionine is commonly utilized in cell culture media, biochemical assays, and research studying protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism.
Sourced in United States
The XF Plasma Membrane Permeabilizer is a laboratory equipment product designed to temporarily permeabilize the plasma membrane of cells, allowing for the introduction of substances into the cell interior. It facilitates the controlled and reversible permeabilization of the cell membrane without causing cell death.
Sourced in United States, China
O-phenylenediamine is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a reagent and can be used in analytical procedures, such as colorimetric detection and analysis. The core function of O-phenylenediamine is to provide a chemical reaction that can be utilized for specific experimental or testing purposes in a laboratory setting.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
The Free Fatty Acid Quantification Kit is a colorimetric assay that can be used to quantify free fatty acid levels in a variety of biological samples. The kit provides a simple, direct, and accurate method for measuring free fatty acid concentrations.
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The β-hydroxybutyrate assay kit is a laboratory tool used to quantify the concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body, in biological samples. It provides a reliable and efficient method for the measurement of this important metabolite.
More about "Keto Acids"
Keto acids are a class of organic compounds featuring a ketone group (C=O) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH).
These essential metabolites play crucial roles in various physiological processes like energy production, gluconeogenesis, and ketosis.
Key keto acid intermediates in the citric acid cycle include pyruvic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and oxaloacetic acid.
Research on keto acids is vital for understanding their impact on human health.
These molecules are associated with disorders like metabolic disorders, neurological conditions, and cancer.
Optimizing research protocols and improving reproducibility in keto acid studies can lead to valuable insights and advancements.
Phenylpyruvate, formic acid, L-valine, L-isoleucine, and L-methionine are related compounds that may interact with or influence keto acid metabolism.
Specialized tools like the XF Plasma Membrane Permeabilizer, O-phenylenediamine, and Free Fatty Acid Quantification Kit can aid in the analysis of keto acids and related metabolites.
By leveraging AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, researchers can locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and identify the most effective products.
This can help take the guesswork out of keto acid research and lead to breakthroughs in our understanding of metabolism and related disorders.
These essential metabolites play crucial roles in various physiological processes like energy production, gluconeogenesis, and ketosis.
Key keto acid intermediates in the citric acid cycle include pyruvic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and oxaloacetic acid.
Research on keto acids is vital for understanding their impact on human health.
These molecules are associated with disorders like metabolic disorders, neurological conditions, and cancer.
Optimizing research protocols and improving reproducibility in keto acid studies can lead to valuable insights and advancements.
Phenylpyruvate, formic acid, L-valine, L-isoleucine, and L-methionine are related compounds that may interact with or influence keto acid metabolism.
Specialized tools like the XF Plasma Membrane Permeabilizer, O-phenylenediamine, and Free Fatty Acid Quantification Kit can aid in the analysis of keto acids and related metabolites.
By leveraging AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, researchers can locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and identify the most effective products.
This can help take the guesswork out of keto acid research and lead to breakthroughs in our understanding of metabolism and related disorders.