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Kynurenic Acid

Kynurenic Acid is a naturally occurring metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan.
It plays a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes, including neurological and immunological functions.
Kynurenic Acid exerts its effects through interactions with glutamate and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
Alteration in Kynurenic Acid levels has been implicated in disorders such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and inflammatory conditions.
Understanding the complex mechanisms and regulation of Kynurenic Acid metabolism is essential for developing therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways.
Reserarch in this field continues to expand our knowledge and provide new insights into the role of Kynurenic Acid in health and disease.

Most cited protocols related to «Kynurenic Acid»

1
Imaging Capillary Diameter Regulation
Cited 9 times
Slices were perfused with bicarbonate-buffered aCSF, as described above, but without the kynurenic acid, at 31-35°C. In experiments using 20% oxygen, the perfusion solution was bicarbonate-buffered aCSF, gassed with 20% O2, 5% CO2, and 75% N2.
For bright-field recording of capillary diameter, sagittal cerebellar slices were prepared from postnatal day 10 (P10)-P21 Sprague-Dawley rats or coronal cortical slices were prepared from P12 rats. On average 1.3 capillary regions were imaged per slice. Capillaries were imaged1 (link) at ~30 μm depth within the molecular layer of cerebellar slices or the grey matter of somatosensory/motor cortex slices, using a x40 water immersion objective, a Coolsnap HQ2 CCD camera, and ImagePro Plus or Metafluor acquisition software. Images were acquired every 1-5 sec, with an exposure time of 5 msec. Pixel size was 160 or 300 nm. Vessel internal diameters were measured by manually placing a measurement line (perpendicular to the vessel, Fig. 1d) on the image (at locations near visible pericytes which constricted when noradrenaline was applied), using ImagePro Analyzer, Metamorph or ImageJ software, with the measurer blinded as to the timing of drug applications. The end of the measurement line was placed at locations representing the measurer’s best estimate of where the rate of change of intensity was greatest across pixels under the vessel edge, and diameter was estimated to a precision of one pixel. Where necessary, images were aligned by manually tracking drift, or by using Image Pro “Align Global Images” macro. Experiments where changes in focus occurred were excluded from further analysis. Data in the presence of blockers of signalling pathways were compared with interleaved data obtained without the blockers.
For experiments in which the parallel fibres were stimulated in the molecular layer, coronal slices were used to preserve the parallel fibres, and stimuli of 60-100 μs duration, at 50–90 V and 12 Hz, were applied for 25 sec using a patch pipette electrode placed approximately 100 μm away from the imaged vessel. To check that parallel fibres were being successfully activated, the field potential was monitored in the molecular layer using a 4 MΩ patch pipette filled with aCSF. To ensure that pericytes were healthy we excluded capillaries that did not constrict to 1 μM noradrenaline. Stimulation evoked a dilation (Fig. 2e, f) except in 2 capillaries which constricted, presumably due to direct depolarization of a pericyte by the stimulus since when TTX was applied (to one of these vessels) a stimulation-evoked constriction was still seen in TTX: these 2 vessels were excluded from the analysis.
Hall C.N., Reynell C., Gesslein B., Hamilton N.B., Mishra A., Sutherland B.A., O’Farrell F.M., Buchan A.M., Lauritzen M, & Attwell D. (2014). Capillary pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow in health and disease. Nature, 508(7494), 55-60.
Publication 2014
Blood Vessel Capillaries Cerebellum Cortex, Cerebral Dilatation Fibrosis Gray Matter Ion, Bicarbonate Kynurenic Acid Motor Cortex Norepinephrine Perfusion Pericytes Pharmaceutical Preparations Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus Signal Transduction Pathways Stenosis Submersion Vision
2
Potency Determination of CNO, CLZ, and Cmpd-21 on hM4Di
Cited 8 times
For the determination of the potency of CNO, CLZ, and Cmpd-21 at hM4Di in vitro, primary cortical neurons were prepared from brains of embryonic (E18) Sprague-Dawley rats (Janvier Labs, France)19 (link). Briefly, cortices were dissected from embryonic brains, meninges were removed, and cortices transferred into ice-cold dissociation buffer (2 mM kynurenic acid, 10 mM HEPES, 20 mM MgCl2 (Fluka, Germany) and 33.4 mM Glucose in Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), pH 7.4 (Gibco, Thermo Fischer Scientific, Massachusetts, USA). Cortices were then dissociated in 20 units/ml papain solution (5.5 mM L- Cysteine hydrochloride, 1.1 mM ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid [EDTA], 0.067 mM 2-Mercaptoethanol in Minimum Essential Medium [MEM]) for 15 min at 37 °C. Cortices were washed twice by adding 20 ml plating medium (1:50 foetal calve serum, 1:100 penicillin/streptomycin and 1:100 GlutaMax in MEM) followed by cell filtration using a 70 µm cell strainer (Corning, model #352350, Merck, Germany) to obtain a single-cell suspension. Dissociated cells were re-suspended in serum-free Neurobasal medium with Glutamax and B27 supplement (Gibco) and plated on PDL-coated 96 MTPs (Corning #356640). Virus (ssAAV-1/2-hSyn1-hM4D[Gi]_mCherry-WPRE-hGHp[A]) transduction was performed immediately after plating. Cells were maintained at 37 °C (5% CO2 and 10% O2) in a humidified incubator. A half feed medium change was done on DIV8. Final assay conditions used for evaluating activity of compounds were 0.95 × 105 cells/cm2, transduced with 10.000 multiplicity of infection and measured on DIV9.
Jendryka M., Palchaudhuri M., Ursu D., van der Veen B., Liss B., Kätzel D., Nissen W, & Pekcec A. (2019). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic actions of clozapine-N-oxide, clozapine, and compound 21 in DREADD-based chemogenetics in mice. Scientific Reports, 9, 4522.
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Publication 2019
2-Mercaptoethanol Acetic Acid Biological Assay Brain Buffers Cells Cold Temperature Cortex, Cerebral Cysteine Hydrochloride Dietary Supplements Dysplasia, Campomelic Embryo ethylenediamine Fetus Filtration Glucose HEPES Infection Kynurenic Acid Magnesium Chloride Meninges Neurons Papain Penicillins Rats, Sprague-Dawley Scheuermann's Disease Serum Sodium Chloride Streptomycin Tetragonopterus Virus
3
Voltage-Clamp Analysis of Ih Current in VTA Dopamine Neurons
Cited 8 times
VTA brain slices were obtained as described (Krishnan et al., 2007 (link)). Whole-cell voltage clamp was used to observe Ih current in VTA DA neurons. The pipettes (2–4 MΩ) were filled with internal solution containing (mM): 115 K- gluconate, 20 KCl, 1.5 MgCl2, 10 phosphocreatine-Tris, 2 Mg-ATP, 0.5 Na2-GTP and 10 Hepes. DA neurons were identified by presence of an Ih current (Saal et al., 2003 (link)). Ih currents were elicited by repetitive 800 ms pulses with 10-mV increments from a holding potential of -60 to –140 mV in presence of kynurenic acid (1 mmol/L) and 100 μmol/L picrotoxin. A patch-clamp amplifier (Axon 700B) was used for voltage-clamp recording. Signals were digitized with an Instru Tech ITC-18 analog to digital converter. Data were analyzed using IGOR Pro software (WaveMetrics Inc., OR).
Cao J.L., Covington HE I.I.I., Friedman A.K., Wilkinson M.B., Walsh J.J., Cooper D.C., Nestler E.J, & Han M.H. (2010). Mesolimbic Dopamine Neurons in the Brain Reward Circuit Mediate Susceptibility to Social Defeat and Antidepressant Action. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(49), 16453-16458.
Publication 2010
Axon Brain Cells Fingers gluconate HEPES Kynurenic Acid Magnesium Chloride Neurons Phosphocreatine Picrotoxin Pulse Rate Tromethamine
4
Electrophysiological Recordings of Nucleus Accumbens Neurons
Cited 8 times
Sagittal slices of the NAc shell and core (240 μm) were prepared as described previously (Thomas et al., 2001 (link)) from psychostimulant- and saline-treated mice (7-10 weeks of age). Shell recordings were made from medial shell slices that did not contain any dorsal striatal tissue (~0.44 - 0.52 mm lateral), while core recordings were made from slices between ~0.72 and 0.96 mm (see Figure 1B for additional details; (Paxinos and B. J. Franklin, 2001 )). Slices recovered in a holding chamber for at least 1 h before use. During recording they were superfused with ACSF (22–23°C) saturated with 95% O2 /5% CO2 and containing (in mM) 119 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.0 NaH2PO4, 1.3 MgSO4, 2.5 CaCl2, 26.2 NaHCO3 and 11 glucose. Picrotoxin (100 μM) was added to block GABAA receptor-mediated IPSCs. Either a combination of CNQX (10 μM) and D-AP5 (50 μM) or kynurenic acid (2 mM) was used to block glutamatergic transmission during recording. Cells were visualized using infrared-differential interference contrast optics. Medium spiny neurons were identified by morphology and the presence of a hyperpolarized resting membrane potential (−75 to −85 mV). In a small number of cases (15 out of 477 cells), these identification characteristics yielded cells that showed the clear electrophysiological signature of fast-spiking interneurons (no inward rectification, short duration spikes and a fast, irregular firing pattern (Belleau and Warren, 2000 (link))). These cells were excluded from further investigation in this study.
To quantify firing properties, whole-cell current-clamp recordings were performed with electrodes (3–5 MΩ) containing 120 K-gluconate, 20 KCl, 10 HEPES, 0.2 EGTA, 2 MgCl2, 4 Na2ATP, 0.3 Tris–GTP. Data were filtered at 5 kHz, digitized at 10 kHz, and collected and analyzed using custom software (Igor Pro; Wavemetrics, Lake Oswego, OR). Membrane potentials were held at approximately −80 mV. Series resistances ranged from 10–18 MΩ and input resistances (Ri) were monitored on-line with a 40 pA, 150 ms current injection given before every 800 ms current injection stimulus. Only cells with a stable Ri(Δ < 10%) for the duration of the recording were kept for analysis. To measure “steady-state” voltage responses for each subthreshold pulse in a series of current injections, the voltage values were taken 780 ms following the onset of each current injection. Spike measurements for a given cell are the mean values measured from 1 to 3 cycles of current steps (800 msec duration at 0.1 Hz, −160 to +260 pA range with a 20 pA step increment). To quantify firing patterns, we measured the first action potential latency, the train duration and the mean inter-spike interval at three representative current injection values (160, 200 and 240 pA), except as noted in the text.
Kourrich S, & Thomas M.J. (2009). Similar Neurons, Opposite Adaptations: Psychostimulant Experience Differentially Alters Firing Properties in Accumbens Core versus Shell. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29(39), 12275-12283.
Publication 2009
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione Action Potentials ARID1A protein, human Bicarbonate, Sodium Cardiac Arrest Cells Egtazic Acid Eye GABA-A Receptor gluconate Glucose HEPES Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Interneurons Kynurenic Acid Magnesium Chloride Medium Spiny Neurons Membrane Potentials Mus Picrotoxin Pulse Rate Saline Solution Sodium Chloride Striatum, Corpus Sulfate, Magnesium Tissues Transmission, Communicable Disease Tromethamine
5
Hippocampal Neuron Transfection Protocol
Cited 8 times
Hippocampal low density cultures were prepared as described previously (Goslin et al., 1998 ). Neurons were plated at an approximate density of 70 cells/mm2 and were transfected using a modified calcium phosphate precipitation method (Kohrmann et al., 1999 (link)). Briefly, for transfection of a 6-cm dish, 6 μg of plasmid DNA was mixed with 120 μl of 250 mM CaCl2 in a polypropylene tube. 120 μl of 2× HBS (274 mM NaCl, 9.5 mM KCl, 15 mM glucose, 42 mM Hepes, 1.4 mM Na2HPO4, pH 7.10–7.15) was then added dropwise to the mixture with aeration. This mixture was added immediately to a 6-cm dish of the neurons with 4 ml of 24-h glia-conditioned medium. When complex formation was observed (typically 30–60 min), the cells were washed twice with HBS (135 mM NaCl, 4 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 10 mM glucose, 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.35), and then glia-conditioned medium with 0.5 mM kynurenic acid was added. Using this method, the transfection efficiency for the hippocampal neurons ranged from 10 to 30%.
Zhang H., Webb D.J., Asmussen H, & Horwitz A.F. (2003). Synapse formation is regulated by the signaling adaptor GIT1. The Journal of Cell Biology, 161(1), 131-142.
Publication 2003
calcium phosphate Cells Culture Media, Conditioned Glucose HEPES Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Kynurenic Acid Magnesium Chloride Neuroglia Neurons Plasmids Polypropylenes Sodium Chloride Transfection

Most recents protocols related to «Kynurenic Acid»

1
Metabolite Standards for Analytical Methods
Sigma Aldrich (St Quentin Fallavier, France) provided indole-3-acetic acid, indoxyl sulfate, hippuric acid, kynurenic acid, TMAO, phenylalanine, kynurenine, indole-3-acetic acid-d5, tryptophan, tyrosine, sodium hydrogen phosphate, formic acid, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Phenylacetyl-L-glutamine, Phenylacetyl-L-glutamine-d5, PCS, kynurenine-d4, p-cresyl-sulfate-d7, p-cresyl glucuronide, hippuric acid-d5, p-cresyl glucuronide-d7, TMAO-d9, tyrosine-d4, tryptophan-d5, phenylalanine-d5, kynurenic acid-d5, and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan were provided by Toronto Research Chemicals (North York, Toronto, ON, Canada). VWR Chemicals (Radnor, PA, USA) supplied the sodium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium chloride. Fisher Scientific (Illkirch, France) provided the LC-MS-grade methanol, water, and acetonitrile.
Fabresse N., Larabi I.A., Abe E., Lamy E., Rigothier C., Massy Z.A, & Alvarez J.C. (2023). Correlation between Saliva Levels and Serum Levels of Free Uremic Toxins in Healthy Volunteers. Toxins, 15(2), 150.
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Publication 2023
acetonitrile formic acid furan Glucuronides Glutamine hippuric acid Hydrogen Indican indoleacetic acid Kynurenic Acid Kynurenine Methanol Phenylalanine Sodium Chloride sodium phosphate sodium phosphate, monobasic Sulfates, Inorganic Sulfoxide, Dimethyl trimethyloxamine Tryptophan Tyrosine
2
Acute Slice Preparation for Olfactory Bulb
Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and decapitated 1, 3, 5, or 7 d after being TRAPed on day 0. Brains were dissected, and 400 μm parasagittal sections of the AOB were prepared using a vibrating microtome (Leica VT1200) in ice-cold ACSF bubbled with 95% O2, 5% CO2. Standard ACSF contained the following (in mm): 125 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, 25 NaHCO3, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 glucose, 3 myoinositol, 2 Na-pyruvate, and 0.4 Na-ascorbate (pH 7.4, 315 mOsm). For slicing, an additional 9 MgCl2 was added to ice-cold ACSF. After slicing, the slices were kept in a recovery chamber at room temperature (23°C) containing oxygenated ACSF with 0.5 mm kynurenic acid to prevent potential glutamate excitotoxicity during the recovery/holding period (1-6 h). Just before patch-clamp recordings or live 2-photon imaging experiments, slices were transferred to a slice chamber (Warner Instruments) mounted on an upright fluorescence-equipped differential interference contrast microscope (Nikon; model FN1) or 2-photon microscope (ThorLabs Acerra). The tissue was superfused with oxygenated ACSF at 35°C via a peristaltic pump (Gilson) at a rate of 3-3.5 ml/min.
Zuk K.E., Cansler H.L., Wang J, & Meeks J.P. (2023). Arc-Expressing Accessory Olfactory Bulb Interneurons Support Chemosensory Social Behavioral Plasticity. The Journal of Neuroscience, 43(7), 1178-1190.
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Publication 2023
Bicarbonate, Sodium Brain Cold Temperature Fluorescence Glucose Glutamate Inositol Isoflurane Kynurenic Acid Magnesium Chloride Mice, Laboratory Microscopy Microscopy, Differential Interference Contrast Microtomy Peristalsis Pyruvate Sodium Chloride Tissues
3
Optogenetic Stimulation of Oxytocin Release
To confirm the endogenous release of oxytocin following the light stimulation of the PVN fibers, 5–6 weeks old females Wistar HAN rats (n = 3) received injections of the OT1-sensor virus into the vlPAG and the C1V1 virus into the PVN. Following a 2 weeks recovery period, rats were anesthetized by administering i.p. ketamine (Imalgene 300 mg/kg) and paxman (Rompun, 60 mg/kg). Transcardial perfusions were performed using an ice-cold, NMDG-based aCSF was used containing (in mM): NMDG (93), KCl (2.5), NaH2PO4 (1.25), NaHCO3 (30), MgSO4 (10), CaCl2 (0.5), HEPES (20), D-Glucose (25), L-ascorbic acid (5), Thiourea (2), Sodium pyruvate (3), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (10) and Kynurenic acid (2.5). The pH was adjusted to 7.3–7.4 using HCl, after bubbling in a gas comprised of 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Rats were then decapitated, brains were removed and 350 μm thick coronal slices containing the vlPAG were obtained using a Leica VT1000s vibratome. Slices were placed in a recuperation chamber filled with normal aCSF at room temperature for at least 1 h. Normal aCSF was composed of (in mM): NaCl (124), KCl (2.5), NaH2PO4 (1.25), NaHCO3 (26), MgSO4 (2), CaCl2 (2), D-Glucose (15), at pH 7.3−7.4 and continuously bubbled in 95% O2–5% CO2 gas. Osmolarity of all aCSF solutions were controlled to be between 290–310 mOsm. Finally, slices were transferred from the holding chamber to an immersion-recording chamber and superfused at a rate of 2 ml/min.
Iwasaki M., Lefevre A., Althammer F., Clauss Creusot E., Łąpieś O., Petitjean H., Hilfiger L., Kerspern D., Melchior M., Küppers S., Krabichler Q., Patwell R., Kania A., Gruber T., Kirchner M.K., Wimmer M., Fröhlich H., Dötsch L., Schimmer J., Herpertz S.C., Ditzen B., Schaaf C.P., Schönig K., Bartsch D., Gugula A., Trenk A., Blasiak A., Stern J.E., Darbon P., Grinevich V, & Charlet A. (2023). An analgesic pathway from parvocellular oxytocin neurons to the periaqueductal gray in rats. Nature Communications, 14, 1066.
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Publication 2023
Acetylcysteine Ascorbic Acid Bicarbonate, Sodium Brain Cold Temperature Females Glucose HEPES Ketamine Kynurenic Acid Osmolarity Oxytocin Perfusion Photic Stimulation Pyruvate Rats, Wistar Rattus Rompun Sodium Sodium Chloride Submersion Sulfate, Magnesium Thiourea Virus
4
Validating vlPAG OTR Neuron Functionality
To validate the functionality of vlPAG OTR neurons in OTR-IRES-Cre rats using electrophysiology, 12–13-week-old female OTR-IRES-Cre rats (n = 4) received injections of the Cre-dependent reporter virus, rAAV1/2-pEF1α-DIO-GFP, into the vlPAG. Following a 4–8 week recovery period, rats were anesthetized by administering i.p. ketamine (Imalgene 300 mg/kg) and paxman (Rompun, 60 mg/kg). Transcardial perfusions were performed using an ice-cold, NMDG-based aCSF was used containing (in mM): NMDG (93), KCl (2.5), NaH2PO4 (1.25), NaHCO3 (30), MgSO4 (10), CaCl2 (0.5), HEPES (20), D-Glucose (25), L-ascorbic acid (5), Thiourea (2), Sodium pyruvate (3), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (10), and Kynurenic acid (2). The pH was adjusted to 7.4 using either NaOH or HCl, after bubbling in a gas comprised of 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Rats were then decapitated, brains were removed and 350 µm thick coronal slices containing the hypothalamus were obtained using a Leica VT1000s vibratome. Slices were warmed for 10 min in 35 °C NMDG aCSF then placed in a room temperature holding chamber filled with normal aCSF for at least 1 h. Normal aCSF was composed of (in mM): NaCl (124), KCl (2.5), NaH2PO4 (1.25), NaHCO3 (26), MgSO4 (2), CaCl2 (2), D-Glucose (15), adjusted to pH 7.4 with HCL or NaOH and continuously bubbled in 95%-O2 5%-CO2 gas. Osmolarity of all aCSF solutions were maintained between 290 and 310 mOsm/L. Finally, slices were transferred from the holding chamber to an immersion-recording chamber and superfused at a rate of 2 ml/min.
Iwasaki M., Lefevre A., Althammer F., Clauss Creusot E., Łąpieś O., Petitjean H., Hilfiger L., Kerspern D., Melchior M., Küppers S., Krabichler Q., Patwell R., Kania A., Gruber T., Kirchner M.K., Wimmer M., Fröhlich H., Dötsch L., Schimmer J., Herpertz S.C., Ditzen B., Schaaf C.P., Schönig K., Bartsch D., Gugula A., Trenk A., Blasiak A., Stern J.E., Darbon P., Grinevich V, & Charlet A. (2023). An analgesic pathway from parvocellular oxytocin neurons to the periaqueductal gray in rats. Nature Communications, 14, 1066.
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Publication 2023
Acetylcysteine Ascorbic Acid Bicarbonate, Sodium Brain Cold Temperature Females Glucose HEPES Hypothalamus Internal Ribosome Entry Sites Ketamine Kynurenic Acid Neurons Osmolarity Perfusion Pyruvate Rattus Rompun Sodium Sodium Chloride Submersion Sulfate, Magnesium Thiourea Virus
5
FACS Isolation of Astrocyte Subtypes
Mice were sacrificed at 2 weeks after surgery with a lethal dose of tribromoethanol (i.p., 500 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany). The blood was washed out through intracardiac perfusion with cold 0.1 M PBS. Spinal cords were dissected, washed in 0.1 M PBS and transferred in 750 uL of PBS. Mechanical trituration was followed by enzymatic tissue digestion through 30 min incubation at 37 °C in the following solution: hyaluronidase 7 mg/mL, trypsin 13 mg/L, kynurenic acid 4 mg/mL (all from Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MS, USA), DNAse I 10 mg/mL (Roche, Rotkreuz, Switzerland), and Mg2+ 25 mM (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA). Single-cell suspension was filtered on a 40 µm sieve (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), the sieve was washed with 0.1 M PBS and the solution was centrifuged at 700× g for 5 min. Supernatant was resuspended using 0.9 M sucrose in PBS and centrifuged at 700× g for 20 min to discard myelin fragments. Cells were incubated in mouse anti βIII-tubulin in PBS (1:100; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MS, USA) for 20 min on ice. Cells were centrifuged for 5 min at 400× g, washed with cold 0.1 M PBS and incubated for 15 min on ice in Allophycocyanin (APC)-conjugated donkey anti mouse in PBS (1:100; Jackson Immunoresearch, Carlsbad, CA, USA). As controls, we used wild type mice (to show cell distribution without any staining), uninjured mice (to show eGFP expression alone), wild-type mice stained with βIII-tubulin (to show APC staining alone), and without primary antibody (Figure S2). Cells were centrifuged (5 min at 400× g), washed with cold 0.1 M PBS and re-suspended in 7-AAD before sorting. We used BD FACSAria™III. (Becton Dickinson cell sorter BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) equipped with 638 nm laser (670-14) and 561 nm laser (610-20) and controlled using FACSDiva software (Becton Dickinson cell sorter BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Size threshold was used to eliminate debris. Two cell populations were sorted simultaneously: non-converting (Aldh1l1eGFP+/βIII-tubulin−) and converting astrocytes (Aldh1l1eGFP+/βIII-tubulin+). Number of mice included in the FACS experiment: 30 Aldh1l1-EGFP hemisected male mice.
Bringuier C.M., Noristani H.N., Perez J.C., Cardoso M., Goze-Bac C., Gerber Y.N, & Perrin F.E. (2023). Up-Regulation of Astrocytic Fgfr4 Expression in Adult Mice after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells, 12(4), 528.
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Publication 2023
allophycocyanin Astrocytes BLOOD Cells Cold Temperature Deoxyribonuclease I Digestion Enzymes Equus asinus Hyaluronidase Immunoglobulins Kynurenic Acid Males Mus Myelin Sheath Operative Surgical Procedures Perfusion Population Group Spinal Cord Sucrose Tissues tribromoethanol Trypsin Tubulin

Top products related to «Kynurenic Acid»

1
Kynurenic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom
Kynurenic acid is a chemical compound that is commonly used in laboratory research. It is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan and is known to have various biological functions. The core function of kynurenic acid is to serve as a biochemical tool for scientific investigation and analysis, particularly in the fields of neuroscience and immunology.
2
Vt1200 by Leica
Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, Canada, Israel, Switzerland
The VT1200S is a vibrating microtome designed for precision sectioning of biological samples. It features a high-precision feed system and a stable base for consistent, uniform sectioning.
3
Picrotoxin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Israel, Australia, Italy, Japan
Picrotoxin is a chemical compound that acts as a GABA antagonist. It is primarily used in scientific research as a tool to study the function of GABA receptors.
4
Kynurenic acid by Bio-Techne
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
Kynurenic acid is a compound produced during the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. It is a laboratory reagent used in scientific research, particularly in the study of neurological processes and conditions.
5
Vt1000 by Leica
Sourced in Germany, United States, France, United Kingdom, Israel, Japan, Switzerland, Canada, Belgium
The VT1000S is a vibratome, a precision instrument used for sectioning biological samples, such as tissues or organs, into thin slices for microscopic examination or further processing. The VT1000S provides consistent and accurate sectioning of samples, enabling researchers to obtain high-quality tissue sections for a variety of applications.
6
Kynurenine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Kynurenine is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a biochemical compound used in various research and analytical applications. Kynurenine serves as a key intermediate in the kynurenine pathway, a metabolic process involving the degradation of the amino acid tryptophan.
7
Xanthurenic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Xanthurenic acid is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It is a naturally occurring organic acid that serves as a key intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. Xanthurenic acid is commonly used as a reference standard and analytical tool in scientific research and clinical diagnostics.
8
Hanks balanced salt solution (hbss) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, Switzerland, Sweden, Italy, China, Australia, Austria, Ireland, Norway, Belgium, Spain, Denmark
HBSS (Hank's Balanced Salt Solution) is a salt-based buffer solution commonly used in cell culture and biological research applications. It provides a balanced ionic environment to maintain the pH and osmotic pressure of cell cultures. The solution contains various inorganic salts, including calcium, magnesium, and potassium, as well as glucose, to support cell viability and homeostasis.
9
Kynurenic acid by R&D Systems
Sourced in United Kingdom
Kynurenic acid is a chemical compound found naturally in the human body. It is a product of the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. Kynurenic acid has various biochemical properties and functions, but a detailed description of its intended use is not available.
10
Formic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, Italy, United Kingdom, France, Spain, China, Poland, India, Switzerland, Sao Tome and Principe, Belgium, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Macao, Hungary, Czechia, Netherlands, Portugal, Brazil, Singapore, Austria, Mexico, Chile, Sweden, Bulgaria, Denmark, Malaysia, Norway, New Zealand, Japan, Romania, Finland, Indonesia
Formic acid is a colorless, pungent-smelling liquid chemical compound. It is the simplest carboxylic acid, with the chemical formula HCOOH. Formic acid is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications.

More about "Kynurenic Acid"

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a natural metabolite derived from the amino acid tryptophan.
It plays a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes, including neurological, immunological, and inflammatory functions.
KYNA exerts its effects through interactions with glutamate and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
Alterations in KYNA levels have been implicated in a range of disorders, such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and other inflammatory conditions.
Understanding the complex mechanisms and regulation of KYNA metabolism is essential for developing therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways.
Research in this field continues to expand our knowledge and provide new insights into the role of KYNA in health and disease.
Closely related compounds like Kynurenine and Xanthurenic acid are also involved in KYNA metabolism and have been studied for their potential implications in various medical conditions.
Streamlining KYNA research can be enhanced through the use of innovative tools like PubCompare.ai, which leverages AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products from literature, preprints, and patents.
This can help optimize KYNA-related studies and improve research outcomes.
Additionally, the availability of specific research tools and reagents, such as VT1200S, VT1000S, and HBSS, can further support KYNA investigations by providing standardized and well-characterized materials.
Proper handling and use of these resources, along with the incorporation of quality control measures like formic acid treatment, can contribute to the reproducibility and accuracy of KYNA-focused studies.