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Levetiracetam

Levetiracetam is an anticonvulsant drug used to treat epilepsy and other neurological conditions.
It works by binding to a specific protein in the brain, which helps to reduce the excitability of nerve cells and prevent seizures.
Levetiracetam is often prescribed as a monotherapy or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs.
It is generally well-tolerated, with common side effects including drowsiness, fatigue, and dizziness.
Researchers continue to investigate the optimal use of Levetiracetam, including dosing, formulations, and potential new indications.
PubCompare.ai offers a unique AI-driven platform to optimize Levetiracetam research by identifying the best reproducible and accurate protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents.

Most cited protocols related to «Levetiracetam»

1
Hyperthermia-Induced Seizures in Scn1a+/- Mice
Cited 7 times
Hyperthermia‐induced seizure experiments were conducted in Scn1a+/− mice at age postnatal day 14‐16 (P14‐16) using a rodent temperature regulator (TCAT‐2DF, Physitemp Instruments, Inc, Clifton, NJ) reconfigured with a Partlow 1160 + controller (West Control Solutions, Brighton, UK) connected to a heat lamp and RET‐3 rectal temperature probe. Fifteen minutes prior to the target experimental (post‐dose) time point for each drug, the rectal probe was inserted. Mice acclimated to the temperature probe for 5 min before the hyperthermia protocol was started. Mouse core body temperature was elevated 0.5°C every 2 min until the onset of the first clonic convulsion with loss of posture or until 42.5°C was reached. Mice that reached 42.5°C were held at temperature for 3 min. If no seizure occurred during the hold period, the mouse was considered seizure‐free. After thermal induction procedure, plasma samples were isolated as described above and stored at −80°C until assayed. Threshold temperatures were compared using the time to event analysis (logrank Mantel‐Cox), and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. No significant sex differences were observed, so groups were collapsed across sex.
Experimental time points were based on previously determined time‐to‐peak plasma and brain concentrations or effect from the literature or our pharmacokinetic studies. Experimental time points used were as follows: 40 min‐ levetiracetam; 45 min‐ carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital; 90 min‐ stiripentol, clobazam, topiramate; 120 min phenytoin.20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Valproic acid was administered after the 5 min acclimation period.25, 26 Matched vehicle controls were run for each experimental time point. Vehicle A (saline) was administered at 0, 40, 45, and 90 min. No statistical difference was identified between the four time points and all vehicle A‐treated mice were combined into one group. Vehicles B (0.5% methylcellulose), C (5% hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin), and D (vegetable oil) were administered at 120, 45, and 90 min, respectively.
Hawkins N.A., Anderson L.L., Gertler T.S., Laux L., George AL J.r, & Kearney J.A. (2017). Screening of conventional anticonvulsants in a genetic mouse model of epilepsy. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 4(5), 326-339.
Publication 2017
Acclimatization ARID1A protein, human Brain Carbamazepine Clobazam Clonic Seizures Cyclodextrins Fever Hypromellose Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Methylcellulose Mice, House Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenobarbital Phenytoin Plasma Rectum Rodent Saline Solution Seizures stiripentol Topiramate Valproic Acid Vegetable Oils
2
Neonatal Whole-Body Hypothermia Protocol
Cited 5 times
Clinical care was determined by the clinical team and per NICU protocol. Neonates received whole-body hypothermia with a cooling blanket (Mul-T-Blanket Hyper/Hypothermia Blanket and Mul-T-Pad Temperature Therapy Pad; Gaymar Medi-Therm III; Gaymar Industries Inc., Orchard Park, NY) to maintain a rectal temperature of 33.5±0.5°C for 72 h. Neonates were rewarmed over 6 h (goal 0.5°C/h) to normothermia (36.5°C). Hemodynamic goals were determined by the clinical team. Neonates who required vasoactive medications were given dopamine followed by dobutamine, epinephrine, or milrinone infusions as necessary. Sedation was provided with morphine, fentanyl, or hydromorphone infusions and boluses. Neonates received full montage electroencephalograms (EEG) during hypothermia and after rewarming, and continuous amplitude-integrated EEG monitoring (Brainz BRM3 Monitor or CFM Olympic Brainz Monitor, Natus Medical Inc., San Carlos, CA) during hypothermia, rewarming, and the first 6 h of normothermia. Phenobarbital was administered for electrographic or clinical seizures. Fosphenytoin, levetiracetam, or topiramate were added for persistent seizures. Head ultrasounds were obtained upon NICU admission and after rewarming. Clinicians could view the blood pressure and rSO2, but they were blinded to HVx. Clinical variables, including vital signs and laboratory measurements, were extracted from a replicated database of the electronic medical record. Clinical histories were obtained by chart reviews.
Howlett J.A., Northington F.J., Gilmore M.M., Tekes A., Huisman T.A., Parkinson C., Chung S.E., Jennings J.M., Jamrogowicz J.J., Larson A.C., Lehmann C.U., Jackson E., Brady K.M., Koehler R.C, & Lee J.K. (2013). Cerebrovascular autoregulation and neurologic injury in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatric research, 74(5), 525-535.
Publication 2013
Blood Pressure Dobutamine Dopamine Electroencephalography Epinephrine Fentanyl fosphenytoin Head Hemodynamics Human Body Hydromorphone Infant, Newborn Levetiracetam Milrinone Morphine Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenobarbital Rectum Sedatives Seizures Signs, Vital Therapeutics Topiramate Ultrasonography
3
Anticonvulsant Screening in Zebrafish
Cited 5 times
The following anticonvulsants: carbamazepine (CBZ), ethosuximide (ETS), oxcarbazepine (OXC), lamotrigine (LTG), levetiracetam (LVT), zonisamide (ZSM), primidone (PMD), topiramate (TPR), and aspirin (ASP; negative control) were purchased from Sigma. Other AEDs used in this study were: diazepam (DZP; Roche), gabapentin (GBP; Fluka), tiagabine (TGB; Chemos), sodium valproate (VPA; Sanofi-Aventis), and phenytoin (PHT; Acros). All compounds were dissolved in DMSO and diluted in embryo medium to achieve a final DMSO concentration of 1% w/v. Embryo medium prepared with DMSO to a final concentration of 1% w/v served as a vehicle control (VHC). Pentylenetetrazol was also purchased from Sigma and was dissolved to 40 mM (2x stock) in embryo medium.
Afrikanova T., Serruys A.S., Buenafe O.E., Clinckers R., Smolders I., de Witte P.A., Crawford A.D, & Esguerra C.V. (2013). Validation of the Zebrafish Pentylenetetrazol Seizure Model: Locomotor versus Electrographic Responses to Antiepileptic Drugs. PLoS ONE, 8(1), e54166.
Publication 2013
Anticonvulsants Aspirin Automated External Defibrillators Carbamazepine Diazepam Embryo Ethosuximide Gabapentin Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Oxcarbazepine Pentylenetetrazole Phenytoin Primidone Sodium Valproate Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Tiagabine Topiramate Zonisamide
4
Neonatal Whole-Body Hypothermia Protocol
Cited 5 times
Clinical care was determined by the clinical team and per NICU protocol. Neonates received whole-body hypothermia with a cooling blanket (Mul-T-Blanket Hyper/Hypothermia Blanket and Mul-T-Pad Temperature Therapy Pad; Gaymar Medi-Therm III; Gaymar Industries Inc., Orchard Park, NY) to maintain a rectal temperature of 33.5±0.5°C for 72 h. Neonates were rewarmed over 6 h (goal 0.5°C/h) to normothermia (36.5°C). Hemodynamic goals were determined by the clinical team. Neonates who required vasoactive medications were given dopamine followed by dobutamine, epinephrine, or milrinone infusions as necessary. Sedation was provided with morphine, fentanyl, or hydromorphone infusions and boluses. Neonates received full montage electroencephalograms (EEG) during hypothermia and after rewarming, and continuous amplitude-integrated EEG monitoring (Brainz BRM3 Monitor or CFM Olympic Brainz Monitor, Natus Medical Inc., San Carlos, CA) during hypothermia, rewarming, and the first 6 h of normothermia. Phenobarbital was administered for electrographic or clinical seizures. Fosphenytoin, levetiracetam, or topiramate were added for persistent seizures. Head ultrasounds were obtained upon NICU admission and after rewarming. Clinicians could view the blood pressure and rSO2, but they were blinded to HVx. Clinical variables, including vital signs and laboratory measurements, were extracted from a replicated database of the electronic medical record. Clinical histories were obtained by chart reviews.
Howlett J.A., Northington F.J., Gilmore M.M., Tekes A., Huisman T.A., Parkinson C., Chung S.E., Jennings J.M., Jamrogowicz J.J., Larson A.C., Lehmann C.U., Jackson E., Brady K.M., Koehler R.C, & Lee J.K. (2013). Cerebrovascular autoregulation and neurologic injury in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatric research, 74(5), 525-535.
Publication 2013
Blood Pressure Dobutamine Dopamine Electroencephalography Epinephrine Fentanyl fosphenytoin Head Hemodynamics Human Body Hydromorphone Infant, Newborn Levetiracetam Milrinone Morphine Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenobarbital Rectum Sedatives Seizures Signs, Vital Therapeutics Topiramate Ultrasonography
5
Neonatal Hypothermia Treatment Protocol
Cited 4 times
Clinical care was determined by the neonatology team and clinical protocol. Hypothermia was delivered with a whole-body cooling blanket (Mul-T-Blanket Hyper/Hypothermia Blanket and Mul-T-Pad Temperature Therapy Pad; Gaymar Medi-Therm III; Gaymar Industries, Orchard Park, New York) to maintain a rectal temperature of 33.5 ± 0.5°C for 72 hours. Rewarming was conducted during 6 hours (goal, 0.5°C/h) to normothermia (36.5°C). Sedation was provided with opiate infusions and boluses. Hemodynamic goals and the decision of whether to initiate vasopressor or pharmacologic inotropic support were determined by the clinicians. When vasoactive medications were indicated, dopamine was given followed by dobutamine, epinephrine, or milrinone as clinically indicated. Neonates were monitored with full montage electroencephalograms during hypothermia and after rewarming and with continuous amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram monitoring (Brainz BRM3 Monitor or CFM Olympic Brainz Monitor; Natus Medical, San Carlos, California) during hypothermia, rewarming, and the first 6 hours of normothermia. Phenobarbital was given for clinical or subclinical/electrographic seizures. Fosphenytoin, levetiracetam, or topiramate was added for persistent/recurrent seizures. Clinicians could view the regional cerebral oxygen saturation from the NIRS monitor, but not the HVx.
Tekes A., Poretti A., Scheurkogel M.M., Huisman T.A., Howlett J.A., Alqahtani E., Lee J.H., Parkinson C., Shapiro K., Chung S.E., Jennings J.M., Gilmore M.M., Hogue C.W., Martin L.J., Koehler R.C., Northington F.J, & Lee J.K. (2015). Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Scalars Correlate with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Markers of Cerebrovascular Autoregulation in Neonates Cooled for Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury. AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology, 36(1), 188-193.
Publication 2014
Clinical Protocols Dobutamine Dopamine Electroencephalography Epinephrine fosphenytoin Hemodynamics Human Body Infant, Newborn Levetiracetam Milrinone Opiate Alkaloids Oxygen Saturation Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenobarbital Rectum Sedatives Seizures Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared Subclinical Seizure Therapeutics Topiramate Vasoconstrictor Agents

Most recents protocols related to «Levetiracetam»

1
Valproate's Genetic Effects on Stroke
To explore the effects of valproate on the selected outcomes, cause-specific Cox proportional hazard models censored for death were used with the valproate-specific genetic scores as independent variable, adjusted for age, sex, principal components (PC) 1–3, and genotyping assay in the cohort of valproate users. Although ischemic stroke subtypes are not available in the UKB, we tried to investigate the pathophysiological mechanism of valproate’s action on stroke prevention. To approximate cardioembolic stroke, ischemic stroke in the setting of atrial fibrillation was analyzed by adding an interaction term of the genetic score with prevalent atrial fibrillation in the model for ischemic stroke and performing subgroup analyses in individuals with and without a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation before or within six months after ischemic stroke. Because of the small cohort size, the main analyses were performed in all valproate users regardless of potential cryptic relatedness, and sensitivity analyses were performed in a cohort restricted to unrelated individuals (KING kinship coefficient < 0.0884). ChiSquare test for trend in proportions were used to assess significant differences in absolute stroke risk between genetic score tertiles. To rule out that observed associations between the genetic scores and the outcomes are caused by pleiotropic effects of the genetic score not related to valproate use, we tested the same associations among non-valproate users, thus assessing the independence and exclusion restriction assumptions of Mendelian randomization. To further rule out an antiepileptic drug class effect, all analyses were repeated with the genetic scores for lamotrigine and levetiracetam response among users of the respective drugs. To exclude drug interactions, we also performed a sensitivity analysis among the cohorts of patients on valproate monotherapy.
Mayerhofer E., Parodi L., Narasimhalu K., Wolking S., Harloff A., Georgakis M.K., Rosand J, & Anderson C.D. (2023). Genetic variation supports a causal role for valproate in prevention of ischemic stroke. medRxiv.
Publication Preprint 2023
Antiepileptic Agents Atrial Fibrillation Biological Assay Cardioembolic Stroke Cerebrovascular Accident CFC1 protein, human Diagnosis Drug Abuser Drug Interactions Drug Kinetics Genetic Pleiotropy Hypersensitivity Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Patients Pleiotropic Gene Stroke, Ischemic Valproate
2
Genetic Predictors of Drug Response
Because the genetic variants that are used for the exposure (in our study, valproate, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam clinical response) are derived from a GWAS including only individuals exposed to those medications, but stroke and myocardial infarction outcome GWAS have been performed among drug users and non-users, we used an individual-level approach in the UK Biobank to test for drug-specific effects and assess for pleiotropic effects of our genetic instruments. We constructed a genetic score for response to each drug and tested each score for association with the outcomes of interest among individuals exposed or not exposed to each medication. Because of the random assortment of common alleles in a population, genetically predicted drug response is randomly allocated, and thus an association of the genetic response score with the outcome of interest in those exposed to the drug provides evidence of a causal drug effect. Further, pleiotropic effects of the genetic variants that inadvertently modify the risk for chosen outcomes independent of the drug can be ruled out if there is no association among individuals not exposed to the drug. This approach has been described by us and others in previously published work.14 (link),18 (link)
Mayerhofer E., Parodi L., Narasimhalu K., Wolking S., Harloff A., Georgakis M.K., Rosand J, & Anderson C.D. (2023). Genetic variation supports a causal role for valproate in prevention of ischemic stroke. medRxiv.
Publication Preprint 2023
Alleles Cerebrovascular Accident Drug Abuser Genes, vif Genetic Diversity Genetic Pleiotropy Genome-Wide Association Study Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Myocardial Infarction Pharmaceutical Preparations Pleiotropic Gene Substance Abuse Detection Valproate
3
Identifying Antiepileptic Drug Users in UKB
We identified valproate, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam drug users via verbal baseline interview and primary care prescription data, allowing us to capture drug prescriptions within a time period between 1978 to 2018. We have previously reported the details of our pipeline to extract medication data from UKB primary care data.14 (link) First, all available ever-approved formulations for valproate, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam were gathered by using international nonproprietary (INN) names, former and current trade names in the UK (via the National Health Service Dictionary of Medicines and Devices [DM+D] browser, https://services.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/dmd-browser/search), and their associated DM+D and British National Formulary (BNF) codes (Supplemental Table S1). Then, all primary care prescription data and the verbal interview data were searched for these formulations. Individuals were considered as users of a drug if they reported intake of one of the formulation names containing the drug at any verbal interview (baseline or follow-up, UKB field 20003) or if they had two or more prescriptions of a formulation containing the drug in the primary care data (gp_scripts table). The first drug prescription date for each individual was defined either as the first prescription date from primary care data or as the verbal interview date, whichever was earlier and available. To assess whether patients were on monotherapy or had other antiepileptic drugs prescribed, we extracted prescriptions for the most common antiepileptic drugs (Supplemental Table S1) between first prescription of valproate and end of follow-up.
Mayerhofer E., Parodi L., Narasimhalu K., Wolking S., Harloff A., Georgakis M.K., Rosand J, & Anderson C.D. (2023). Genetic variation supports a causal role for valproate in prevention of ischemic stroke. medRxiv.
Publication Preprint 2023
Antiepileptic Agents Drug Abuser Health Services, National Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Medical Devices Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Primary Health Care Valproate
4
Genetic Predictors of Anti-epileptic Drug Response
We used genome-wide association data from the Epilepsy Pharmacogenomics Consortium (EpiPGX) on seizure freedom after antiepileptic drug intake in European ancestry patients with generalized epilepsy.15 (link) In that study, participants were defined as treatment responder if they were seizure free under continuous treatment for at least one year, and as treatment non-responders if they had 50% of pretreatment seizure frequency or higher under adequate dosing of the drug according to a specialist.15 (link) The cohort included patients on valproate (n=565), lamotrigine (n=387), and levetiracetam (n=209).15 (link) Association tests were performed based on responder vs. non-responder status for each of the drugs.15 (link) There was no participant overlap between the EpiPGX GWAS and the UKB. Association results were available for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with drug response at p<0.05 (n=162,242 for valproate, n=162,666 for lamotrigine, and n=162,430 for levetiracetam).
To construct the genetic scores to be used as instruments for valproate, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam response, we leveraged PRS-CS (polygenic prediction via bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors), a novel unsupervised polygenic prediction method for that uses a high-dimensional Bayesian regression framework to derive a genetic score from GWAS summary statistics without requiring an external validation cohort.17 (link) PRS-CS takes linkage disequilibrium of genetic variants into account by using an external linkage disequilibrium reference panel and outperforms traditional clumping and thresholding approaches such as PRSice.17 (link),19 (link) We used PRS-CS with default parameters to generate SNP weights for response to each drug, which yielded weights for 33,089, 33,300, and 32,736 SNPs for valproate, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam, respectively.
To test robustness of the discovered associations, we performed sensitivity analyses with an alternative genetic instrument for valproate response that was derived using a clumping and thresholding approach. Following previously described approaches for drug response Mendelian randomization studies,14 (link),20 (link) we selected the SNPs from the EpiPGX GWAS results that were associated with valproate response at p<5×10−5 and clumped at r2<0.001 based on the 1000 Genomes European reference panel.20 (link) The alternative genetic score for valproate response consisted of 20 SNPs that were retained after clumping of 139 SNPs.
Finally, using the weights derived from PRS-CS and clumping and thresholding, we calculated the individual genetic scores for corresponding drug users in the UKB using imputed genotype data. For assessment of appropriate randomization, Kaplan-Meier curves, and calculation of absolute risk differences, individuals were divided in genetic score tertiles. The SNPs and weights for the genetic scores are provided in Supplemental Tables S2–S5.
Mayerhofer E., Parodi L., Narasimhalu K., Wolking S., Harloff A., Georgakis M.K., Rosand J, & Anderson C.D. (2023). Genetic variation supports a causal role for valproate in prevention of ischemic stroke. medRxiv.
Publication Preprint 2023
Antiepileptic Agents Birth Weight Drug Abuser Epilepsy Epilepsy, Generalized Europeans Genes, vif Genome Genome-Wide Association Study Genotype Hypersensitivity Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Linkage, Genetic Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Reproduction Seizures Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Valproate
5
Valproate Serum Levels and Ischemic Stroke
We aimed to test the effect of the derived genetic score for valproate response on valproate serum levels to confirm its validity to test the hypothesis whether valproate has an effect on ischemic stroke through serum level-dependent effects. Genetic variants that are associated with seizure response to valproate could be unrelated to the effect of valproate on ischemic stroke, if they influence a pathway that is not related to drug metabolism, but rather further downstream in its effect on seizure prevention. However, if the genetic variants predict valproate response through an effect on valproate serum levels below the threshold of impacting prescriber behavior, they are a proxy for genetically predicted drug exposure and thus can be used as an instrument for randomization in the test for an effect on ischemic stroke. In this special case of Mendelian randomization, this is assertion of the relevance assumption of the genetic variants.
Valproate serum levels were gathered from the primary care clinical data by using the Read codes ‘44W4.’ and ‘XE25d’. Values that were 0 (indicating off-valproate situations) and those higher than 200 μg/ml (potentially erroneous or not in μg/ml) were discarded. For each serum level value, the taken valproate dose at the time of measurement was approximated. First, the duration in days between the prescriptions before and after the date of the serum level measurement was calculated. Then, the quantity of tablets was multiplied by the dose of each tablet, divided by the duration of the prescription interval, yielding the average daily dose in mg per day. The association of valproate dose with valproate serum levels was tested in a linear regression model with valproate serum level as dependent variable and average daily valproate dose and the genetic score as independent variables. The model was additionally adjusted for age at the time of serum level measurement and sex. Levels for lamotrigine or levetiracetam were not available in the UK Biobank.
Mayerhofer E., Parodi L., Narasimhalu K., Wolking S., Harloff A., Georgakis M.K., Rosand J, & Anderson C.D. (2023). Genetic variation supports a causal role for valproate in prevention of ischemic stroke. medRxiv.
Publication Preprint 2023
Genetic Diversity Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Metabolism Pharmaceutical Preparations Primary Health Care Reproduction Seizures Serum Stroke, Ischemic Tablet Valproate

Top products related to «Levetiracetam»

1
Levetiracetam by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
Levetiracetam is a pharmaceutical active ingredient manufactured by Merck Group. It is a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring amino acid piracetam. Levetiracetam is used as a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug.
2
Carbamazepine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Poland, Switzerland, Italy, Spain
Carbamazepine is a chemical compound used as a reference standard in analytical testing procedures. It is a white, crystalline powder that is commonly used to verify the accuracy and precision of analytical equipment and methods.
3
Phenytoin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Poland, India, United Kingdom
Phenytoin is a laboratory reagent used in the analysis and identification of pharmaceutical and biological samples. It is a crystalline solid compound that is commonly used as a standard for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and other analytical techniques. Phenytoin is a widely recognized and well-characterized compound that is often used as a reference material in the pharmaceutical and scientific research industries.
4
Ethosuximide by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Ethosuximide is a pharmaceutical compound used as an anticonvulsant medication. It is primarily utilized in the treatment of absence seizures, a type of epileptic seizure. The compound functions by suppressing the spread of seizure activity within the brain.
5
Phenobarbital by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Poland
Phenobarbital is a pharmaceutical product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a barbiturate compound commonly used as a sedative and anticonvulsant medication. The core function of Phenobarbital is to depress the central nervous system and induce a calming effect.
6
Levetiracetam by Tokyo Chemical Industry
Sourced in Japan, United States
Levetiracetam is a chemical compound used as a pharmaceutical ingredient in laboratory settings. It functions as an anticonvulsant and is commonly used in the research and development of anti-seizure medications. The core function of Levetiracetam is to act as an active pharmaceutical ingredient for further scientific investigation and product development.
7
Clobazam by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Clobazam is a benzodiazepine medication used as an anticonvulsant. It is utilized in the treatment of epilepsy. Clobazam acts on the central nervous system to reduce seizure activity.
8
Lamotrigine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Australia
Lamotrigine is a laboratory instrument used for the detection and quantification of various molecules, compounds, or analytes in a sample. It operates on the principle of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology.
9
Valproic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, United Kingdom, France
Valproic acid is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. Valproic acid is commonly used as a standard reference material in analytical chemistry and as a reagent in biochemical and pharmaceutical research. Its core function is to serve as a reference or control substance in scientific experiments and analyses.
10
Clonazepam by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom
Clonazepam is a pharmaceutical product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a benzodiazepine medication primarily used as a treatment for seizure disorders, such as epilepsy. Clonazepam acts as a central nervous system depressant, enhancing the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain.

More about "Levetiracetam"

Levetiracetam is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat epilepsy and other neurological conditions.
It works by binding to a specific protein in the brain, which helps to reduce the excitability of nerve cells and prevent seizures.
Levetiracetam is often prescribed as a monotherapy or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs like carbamazepine, phenytoin, ethosuximide, phenobarbital, clobazam, lamotrigine, valproic acid, and clonazepam.
The medication is generally well-tolerated, with common side effects including drowsiness, fatigue, and dizziness.
Researchers continue to investigate the optimal use of Levetiracetam, including dosing, formulations, and potential new indications.
PubCompare.ai offers a unique AI-driven platform to optimize Levetiracetam research by identifying the best reproducible and accurate protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents.
This anti-epileptic drug is also known by its brand names, such as Keppra and Spritam.
It belongs to the class of pyrrolidone derivatives and is considered a second-generation antiepileptic medication.
Levetiracetam has been shown to be effective in treating a variety of seizure types, including partial-onset, myoclonic, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
The optimal use of Leviteracetam continues to be an area of active research, with studies exploring different dosing regimens, formulations, and potential new indications.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers and clinicians identify the best protocols and procedures for Levetiracetam research and treatment, leading to improved outcomes for patients with epilepsy and other neurological conditions.