We present data on the most frequently prescribed type of opioid by the four episode types. We also present a profile of each type of episode (mean values of Episode Duration, Total Days Supply, Average Daily Dose, and Average Prescribed Dose). The percent of Total Days Supply and the percent of Total Morphine Equivalents dispensed over the ten year study period accounted for by each type of episode were also determined.
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Morphine
Morphine
Morphine is a highly potent opioid analgesic derived from the opium poppy.
It is commonly used to manage moderate to severe pain, and is often prescribed for conditions such as cancer, surgery, and chronic pain.
Morphine works by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain and producing a sense of relaxation and well-being.
However, morphine also carries a risk of dependence and addiction, and its use must be carefully monitored by healthcare professionals.
Researchers studying morphine may utilize PubCompare.ai to identify the most reproducible and accuarate research protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, optimizing the quality and accuracy of their work.
It is commonly used to manage moderate to severe pain, and is often prescribed for conditions such as cancer, surgery, and chronic pain.
Morphine works by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain and producing a sense of relaxation and well-being.
However, morphine also carries a risk of dependence and addiction, and its use must be carefully monitored by healthcare professionals.
Researchers studying morphine may utilize PubCompare.ai to identify the most reproducible and accuarate research protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, optimizing the quality and accuracy of their work.
Most cited protocols related to «Morphine»
Contraceptives, Oral
factor A
Morphine
Opioids
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Prescription Drugs
Prescriptions
Morphine
Operative Surgical Procedures
Opioids
Pain
Patient Discharge
Patients
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Postoperative Pain, Chronic
Prescriptions
Buprenorphine
Codeine
Drug Overdose
Heroin
Metabolic Detoxication, Drug
Methadone
Morphine
N-nitrosoiminodiacetic acid
Opioids
Oxycodone
Relapse
Safety
TimeLine
Treatment Protocols
Urine
Visual Analog Pain Scale
adenylyl-(3'-5')-uridine 3'-monophosphate
Anisotropy
Brain
Diffusion
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
Morphine
Most recents protocols related to «Morphine»
All patients are assessed with a ~ 1-h neuropsychological test battery, including ‘cold’ (emotion-independent) cognitive tasks indexing reaction time; psychomotor speed; verbal learning and memory; working memory; and executive functions, as well as ‘hot’ (emotion-dependent) cognitive tasks from the Danish version of the EMOTICOM test-battery indexing emotion recognition; emotion detection; and moral emotions in social situations [60 (link)].
Patients in subcohorts I-II will complete an additional ~ 1 h of testing with tasks assessing mental flexibility, verbal fluency, and visuospatial learning and memory (see Additional questionnaires for the subcohort I-II only are in bold.
Table3 for a complete overview of all cognitive tasks). In addition, patients’ subjective experiences of cognitive disturbances will be assessed by the Cognitive Complaints in Bipolar Disorder Rating Assessment (COBRA) questionnaire [36 (link)].
Patients in subcohorts I-II will complete an additional ~ 1 h of testing with tasks assessing mental flexibility, verbal fluency, and visuospatial learning and memory (see Additional questionnaires for the subcohort I-II only are in bold.
Table
Cognitive testing before treatment
| Cognitive Test | Cognitive Domaine |
|---|---|
| Simple Reaction Time task (SRT) | Reaction time |
| Trail Making Test A & B | Psychomotor speed/executive function |
| Symbol Digit Modality Task (SDMT) | Psychomotor speed/working memory |
| Letter-Number Sequence (LNS) | Working memory |
| D-KEFS Color-Word Interference Test (Stroop) | Executive function |
| Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) | Learning/memory |
| EMOTICOM Emotional Recognition Task (ERT) | Emotion recognition accuracy |
| EMOTICOM Emotional Intensity Morphing Task (IMT) | Emotion perceptual detection threshold |
| EMOITCOM Moral Emotions Task (MET) | Social cognition: guilt and shame |
| D-KEFS Verbal Fluency | Executive function |
| Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) | Visuo-spatial learning/memory |
| Probabilistic Reversal Learning task | Learning within a feedback context |
| Screen for Cognitive Impairments in Psychiatry—Depression (SCIP-D) | Memory, working memory, vocabulary, psychomotor speed |
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Cognition
Cognitive Testing
Common Cold
Disorders, Cognitive
Emotions
Executive Function
Fingers
Guilt
Memory
Memory, Short-Term
Morphine
Neuropsychological Tests
Patients
Recognition, Psychology
Skin samples were collected from 15 yellow and 15 green morphs. Total RNA was extracted using a QIAGEN® RNA Mini Kit. After monitoring degradation and contamination using 1% agarose gels, RNA purity was checked using a NanoPhotometer® spectrophotometer (IMPLEN, CA, USA). RNA concentration was measured using a Qubit® RNA Assay Kit and Qubit® 2.0 Fluorometer (Life Technologies, CA, USA). RNA integrity was assessed using the RNA Nano 6000 Assay Kit with the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 system (Agilent Technologies, CA, USA). In total, 1.5μg of RNA per sample was used as input material for RNA sample preparations. Sequencing libraries were generated using a NEBNext® UltraTM RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina® (NEB, USA) following the manufacturer’s recommendations, and index codes were added to attribute sequences to each sample. The clustering of the index-coded samples was performed on a cBot Cluster Generation System using a NovaSeq 6000 PE Cluster Kit (Illumina) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After cluster generation, the library was sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform and 150bp paired-end reads were generated. After quality control of reads data, a reference genome index was built and high-quality RNA-seq reads were aligned to the reference genome using HISAT2 v2.1.0 [84 (link)]. StringTie v2.0.4 [85 (link)] was used for transcript assembly and expression level analysis of coding gene. Differential expression analysis was conducted using the R package DESeq2 v1.20.0 [86 (link)] based on the read count numbers. The significance of gene expression differences was determined using the Wald test, with |log2fold-change|≥1 and p-adj<0.05 considered noteworthy. GO and pathway enrichment analyses were then performed and coding genes related to skin coloration and their biological functions were identified using the R package clusterProfiler v3.10.1 [87 (link)].
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Biological Assay
Biological Processes
DNA Library
Gels
Gene Expression
Gene Expression Profiling
Genes
Genome
Morphine
RNA-Seq
Sepharose
Skin
Skin Pigmentation
All specimens used for sequencing and experimentation were collected from Yunnan Province, China. All vouchers are stored in the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
For the TEM experiments, two fresh skin samples (1cm×1cm) per color morph from the Asian vine snake were collected. The samples were then cut into small pieces (1 mm3) in fixative. The tissue blocks were transferred to an Eppendorf tube with fresh TEM fixative for further fixation, then washed using 0.1 M PB (pH 7.4) three times (15 min each). The samples were dehydrated in an increasing ethanol series at room temperature, followed by two changes of acetone and transfer to resin for embedding. The resin blocks were cut to 60–80-nm slices on an ultra-microtome (Leica, UC7), and the ultra-thin sections were put onto the 150-mesh cuprum grids. The cuprum grids were then stained with 2% uranium acetate-saturated alcohol solution and 2.6% lead citrate, respectively. Finally, the cuprum grids were observed under a TEM (Hitachi, HT7800/HT7700) and imaged.
For the TEM experiments, two fresh skin samples (1cm×1cm) per color morph from the Asian vine snake were collected. The samples were then cut into small pieces (1 mm3) in fixative. The tissue blocks were transferred to an Eppendorf tube with fresh TEM fixative for further fixation, then washed using 0.1 M PB (pH 7.4) three times (15 min each). The samples were dehydrated in an increasing ethanol series at room temperature, followed by two changes of acetone and transfer to resin for embedding. The resin blocks were cut to 60–80-nm slices on an ultra-microtome (Leica, UC7), and the ultra-thin sections were put onto the 150-mesh cuprum grids. The cuprum grids were then stained with 2% uranium acetate-saturated alcohol solution and 2.6% lead citrate, respectively. Finally, the cuprum grids were observed under a TEM (Hitachi, HT7800/HT7700) and imaged.
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Acetone
Asian Persons
Chinese
Citrates
Copper
Ethanol
Fixatives
Microtomy
Morphine
Resins, Plant
Skin
Snakes
Tissues
uranyl acetate
We used plink v1.90 [76 (link)] for GWAS analysis. The SNP sites with minimum allele frequency (MAF) < 0.1, deletion rate of all individuals > 0.1, and Hardy Weinberg p < 10−5 were filtered, with green morphs as the control group and yellow morphs as the experimental group. GWAS analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test with parameters “- assoc fisher”. Genetic differentiation (Fst) between the two morphs was calculated using a sliding window approach (window size 10 kb with step size 5 kb) using VCFtools v0.1.17 [77 (link)]. The analysis results were visualized using the R package qqman v0.1.4 [78 (link)].
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Deletion Mutation
Genetic Drift
Genome-Wide Association Study
Morphine
Tail-tip tissue samples of 30 yellow and 30 green morphs were collected, and high-quality DNA was extracted using a QIAGEN® Genomic kit. After monitoring degradation and contamination using 1% agarose gels, DNA purity was checked using a NanoPhotometer® spectrophotometer (IMPLEN, CA, USA). DNA concentration was measured using a Qubit® DNA Assay Kit in Qubit®2.0 Fluorometer (Life Technologies, CA, USA). In total, 700 ng of DNA per sample was used as input material for DNA sample preparation. Sequencing libraries were generated using a NEB Next® Ultra DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina® (NEB, USA) following the manufacturer’s recommendations and index codes were added to attribute sequences to each sample. The PCR products were purified (AMPure XP system), and library quality was assessed on the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 system. The clustering of the index-coded samples was performed using cBot Cluster Generation System with a NovaSeq 6000 PE Cluster Kit (Illumina) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After cluster generation, the prepared library was sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform and 150bp paired-end reads were generated.
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Biological Assay
DNA, A-Form
DNA Library
Gels
Genome
Morphine
Sepharose
Tail
Tissues
Top products related to «Morphine»
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Morphine is a laboratory equipment used for the analysis and measurement of morphine, a potent opioid analgesic. It is designed to accurately identify and quantify the presence of morphine in various samples. The core function of this product is to provide researchers and scientists with a reliable tool for the detection and analysis of morphine, which is essential for various applications such as drug development, forensic analysis, and pharmacological research.
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Naloxone is a pharmaceutical product developed by Merck Group for use as a medication. It functions as an opioid antagonist, primarily used to reverse the effects of opioid overdose.
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Naloxone hydrochloride is a synthetic opioid antagonist used in medical settings. It is a pharmaceutical ingredient that can temporarily reverse the effects of opioid overdose by blocking the action of opioid drugs on the brain and body.
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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
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Indomethacin is a laboratory reagent used in various research applications. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in inflammation and pain. Indomethacin can be used to study the role of prostaglandins in biological processes.
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Acetic acid is a colorless, vinegar-like liquid chemical compound. It is a commonly used laboratory reagent with the molecular formula CH3COOH. Acetic acid serves as a solvent, a pH adjuster, and a reactant in various chemical processes.
Sourced in United States, Germany
Morphine sulfate is a laboratory chemical used in analytical and research applications. It is a salt of the organic compound morphine, which is the primary active alkaloid found in opium. Morphine sulfate is commonly used as a reference standard and in the development of analytical methods for the identification and quantification of morphine and related compounds.
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Capsaicin is a chemical compound found in various chili peppers. It is used as a laboratory reagent and is often employed in the study of pain perception and the somatosensory system. Capsaicin acts as an agonist for the TRPV1 receptor, which is involved in the detection of heat, pain, and certain pungent chemicals.
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Carrageenan is a stabilizing and thickening agent extracted from red seaweed. It is commonly used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries to improve the texture, stability, and viscosity of various products.
Sourced in United States, Brazil
Morphine hydrochloride is a crystalline compound that is the hydrochloride salt of morphine, a naturally occurring opioid analgesic derived from the opium poppy. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. Morphine hydrochloride is commonly used in research and laboratory settings as a reference standard or analytical reagent.
More about "Morphine"
Morphine, a powerful opioid analgesic derived from the opium poppy, is a widely used medication for managing moderate to severe pain, often associated with conditions such as cancer, surgery, and chronic pain.
This alkaloid compound works by interacting with specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, effectively reducing the perception of pain and inducing a sense of relaxation and well-being.
Researchers studying morphine may leverage PubCompare.ai, an innovative tool that helps identify the most reproducible and accurate research protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents.
This AI-driven platform enables researchers to optimize the quality and accuracy of their work, ensuring that their studies are built upon the strongest foundation of existing knowledge.
Morphine's analgesic properties are achieved through its binding to opioid receptors, primarily the μ-opioid receptor (MOR).
This interaction triggers a cascade of physiological responses, including the modulation of pain perception, respiratory function, and gastrointestinal motility.
Additionally, morphine can induce a sense of euphoria and sedation, which can lead to the development of physical and psychological dependence.
Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, is often used as an antidote to morphine and other opioid overdoses, as it can effectively reverse the respiratory depression and other life-threatening effects associated with opioid intoxication.
Naloxone hydrochloride, the salt form of naloxone, is the most commonly used formulation for this purpose.
Other compounds that may be relevant to morphine research include DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), a versatile solvent with various applications in biomedical research, and indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can modulate pain and inflammation.
Acetic acid, a common laboratory reagent, may also play a role in certain experimental protocols involving morphine.
Morphine sulfate and morphine hydrochloride are two common salt forms of morphine used in pharmaceutical preparations.
Capsaicin, the active compound in chili peppers, and carrageenan, a natural polysaccharide derived from red seaweed, are also sometimes used in pain research, often in combination with morphine or other analgesics.
By leveraging the insights and tools provided by PubCompare.ai, researchers can enhance their understanding of morphine and optimize their experimental designs, ultimately contributing to the advancement of pain management and the development of more effective and safer therapeutic options.
This alkaloid compound works by interacting with specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, effectively reducing the perception of pain and inducing a sense of relaxation and well-being.
Researchers studying morphine may leverage PubCompare.ai, an innovative tool that helps identify the most reproducible and accurate research protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents.
This AI-driven platform enables researchers to optimize the quality and accuracy of their work, ensuring that their studies are built upon the strongest foundation of existing knowledge.
Morphine's analgesic properties are achieved through its binding to opioid receptors, primarily the μ-opioid receptor (MOR).
This interaction triggers a cascade of physiological responses, including the modulation of pain perception, respiratory function, and gastrointestinal motility.
Additionally, morphine can induce a sense of euphoria and sedation, which can lead to the development of physical and psychological dependence.
Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, is often used as an antidote to morphine and other opioid overdoses, as it can effectively reverse the respiratory depression and other life-threatening effects associated with opioid intoxication.
Naloxone hydrochloride, the salt form of naloxone, is the most commonly used formulation for this purpose.
Other compounds that may be relevant to morphine research include DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), a versatile solvent with various applications in biomedical research, and indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can modulate pain and inflammation.
Acetic acid, a common laboratory reagent, may also play a role in certain experimental protocols involving morphine.
Morphine sulfate and morphine hydrochloride are two common salt forms of morphine used in pharmaceutical preparations.
Capsaicin, the active compound in chili peppers, and carrageenan, a natural polysaccharide derived from red seaweed, are also sometimes used in pain research, often in combination with morphine or other analgesics.
By leveraging the insights and tools provided by PubCompare.ai, researchers can enhance their understanding of morphine and optimize their experimental designs, ultimately contributing to the advancement of pain management and the development of more effective and safer therapeutic options.