Log In Sign up
The largest database of trusted experimental protocols
> Chemicals & Drugs > Organic Chemical > Nonesterified Fatty Acids

Nonesterified Fatty Acids

Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), also known as free fatty acids, are unbound fatty acids present in the bloodstream.
They are released from adipose tissue and serve as an important energy source for various tissues.
NEFA play a key role in metabolism and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions like insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Optimizing NEFA research protocols and identifying effective products is crucial for advancing our understanding and treatment of these health conditions.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven tool can help researchers discover the best NEFA research protocols from published literature, preprints, and patents, enabling more effective and efficient studies in this important area of biomedical research.

Most cited protocols related to «Nonesterified Fatty Acids»

1
Metabolomics data imputation evaluation
Cited 70 times
A total number of four real-world metabolomics data sets were included in this study. The first two were applied to evaluate the performance of different imputation methods. Since the measurements required comparisons between imputed data and original data, a complete raw data set was needed in our studies. Thus, we removed all missing values in our original data beforehand and left a complete data set for consequential analysis.

This data set includes a total of 977 de-identified subjects and 75 metabolites without missing values. These metabolites include free fatty acids, amino acids, and bile acids, which were identified using both GC/MS-based non-targeted analysis and LC/MS-based targeted metabolomics approach. It served as a large sample size data set for label-free evaluation.

This data set was collected from a study of comparing metabolic profiles between obese subjects with diabetes mellitus and healthy controls28 (link),29 (link). After filtering all missing values, this data set contained a total number of 198 subjects (70 patients, 128 healthy controls) and 130 metabolites. These metabolites include free fatty acids, amino acids, and bile acids that were identified using LC/MS-based targeted metabolomics approaches. It served as medium sample size data set for both label-free and labeled data evaluation.

Then the other two datasets with missing elements were applied to determine the types of missing values present in different metabolomics datasets.

The is a GC/MS profiling data that contains 37 samples and 110 metabolites identified, with 317 missing values and 221 of them were re-identified manually.

This is a targeted LC/MS metabolomics dataset, which includes 40 samples and 41 metabolites, with 88 missing elements and 26 of them were re-identified manually.

Wei R., Wang J., Su M., Jia E., Chen S., Chen T, & Ni Y. (2018). Missing Value Imputation Approach for Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolomics Data. Scientific Reports, 8, 663.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2018
Amino Acids Bile Acids Diabetes Mellitus Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Metabolic Profile Nonesterified Fatty Acids Obesity Patients
2
Comprehensive Fatty Acid Profiling in Cells
Cited 37 times

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2011
Cells Discrimination, Psychology Fatty Acids Fatty Acids, Esterified Homo sapiens Nonesterified Fatty Acids Plasma Retention (Psychology) Tissues Vision
3
Plasma Lipid Profiling via GC-FID
Cited 28 times
Subjects were required to fast overnight for a minimum of 12 h prior to blood collection, separation of plasma and subsequent freezing of samples at -80°C. Frozen plasma samples were thawed on ice for 30 min and a mixture of chloroform: methanol (2:1 v/v) was added to a 50 μl aliquot and analyzed as described previously [13 (link)]. In brief, free fatty acid C17:0 was used as an internal standard (5 μg of 1 mg/ml stock). Samples were flushed with nitrogen gas prior to storage over night at 4°C. The next day, samples were subjected to a double extraction. The lower organic phase containing lipids were dried down under a gentle stream nitrogen then saponified by KOH in methanol for 1 hour and subsequently methylated by boron trifluoride (14%) for 1 hour. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were quantified as previously described by gas chromatography [14 (link)]. FA peak areas were determined using EZChrom Elite software (Version 3.3.2) [15 (link)]. The internal standard was used to calculate FA concentrations (μmol/L) (S1 Table). The responsiveness of the detector was routinely checked against the composition of a commercial mixture of FAME standards.
Abdelmagid S.A., Clarke S.E., Nielsen D.E., Badawi A., El-Sohemy A., Mutch D.M, & Ma D.W. (2015). Comprehensive Profiling of Plasma Fatty Acid Concentrations in Young Healthy Canadian Adults. PLoS ONE, 10(2), e0116195.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2015
BLOOD boron trifluoride Chloroform Esters Fatty Acids Freezing Gas Chromatography Lipids Methanol Nitrogen Nonesterified Fatty Acids Plasma
4
Metabolomics Extraction and Derivatization
Cited 27 times

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2014
Buffers Cells Chloroform derivatives Esters Fatty Acids Gas Chromatography Methanol methoxyamine hydrochloride N,N'-monomethylenebis(pyridiniumaldoxime) dichloride Nonesterified Fatty Acids Parent Phospholipids pyridine TERT protein, human
5
Comprehensive Serum Metabolite Profiling via UPLC-MS
Cited 27 times
A UPLC-single quadrupole-MS amino acid analysis system was combined with two separate UPLC-time-of-flight (TOF)-MS based platforms analyzing methanol and chloroform/methanol serum extracts. Identified ion features in the methanol extract platform included NEFA, acyl carnitines, bile acids, monoacylglycerophospholipids, monoetherglycerophospholipids, free sphingoid bases, and oxidized fatty acids. The chloroform/methanol extract platform provided coverage over glycerolipids, cholesterol esters, sphingolipids, diacylglycerophospholipids, and acyl-ether-glycerophospholipids. The metabolite extraction procedure was as follows for each platform (lipid nomenclature follows the LIPID MAPS convention – www.lipidmaps.org):
Chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection conditions employed for each platform are summarized in Supplementary Table 1. Representative base peak ion chromatograms corresponding to the UPLC-TOF platforms are shown in Figure 1. Online tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments for metabolite identification were performed on a Waters QTOF Premier (Waters Corp.) and a Waters SYNAPT G2 instrument, operating in both the positive and negative ion electrospray modes, as described in detail previously14 (link).
Barr J., Caballería J., Martínez-Arranz I., Domínguez-Díez A., Alonso C., Muntané J., Pérez-Cormenzana M., García-Monzón C., Mayo R., Martín-Duce A., Romero-Gómez M., Iacono O.L., Tordjman J., Andrade R.J., Pérez-Carreras M., Le Marchand-Brustel Y., Tran A., Fernández-Escalante C., Arévalo E., García–Unzueta M., Clement K., Crespo J., Gual P., Gómez-Fleitas M., Martínez-Chantar M.L., Castro A., Lu S.C., Vázquez-Chantada M, & Mato J.M. (2012). Obesity dependent metabolic signatures associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression. Journal of Proteome Research, 11(4), 2521-2532.
Publication 2012
acylcarnitine Amino Acids Bile Acids Chloroform Cholesterol Esters Chromatography Conferences Ethyl Ether Fatty Acids Glycerophospholipids Lipids Mass Spectrometry Methanol Microtubule-Associated Proteins Nonesterified Fatty Acids Serum Sphingolipids Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Most recents protocols related to «Nonesterified Fatty Acids»

1
Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Oils
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

The content of free fatty acids in the oils and products was determined by neutralization titrimetry. The free fatty acids, about 0.2 g of the sample, were titrated with 0.04 mol·L−1 NaOH solution in a Mettler model DG20 automatic titrator up to a pH of 11.0 and the acidity of the sample was determined from Equation 3.

Alternatively, for samples with a larger volume, the free fatty acids, from about 0.5 to 1 g of the sample, were titrated with 0.25 mol·L−1 NaOH solution using phenolphthalein as indicator and the acidity of the sample was determined from Equation 3.

Acidity ⁢ ⁢ ( % ⁢ ⁢ w ⁢ / ⁢ w ) = V × M × AG 10 × m ( Equation ⁢ ⁢ 3 ) where:

    • V=volume of sodium hydroxide used in titration of the sample (mL);
    • M=molarity of the NaOH solution (mol·L−1);
    • AG=molecular weight of the fatty acid present in highest concentration in the oil* (g);
    • m=sample weight (g).
    • *Soya oil=linoleic acid (280 g); castor oil=ricinoleic acid (298 g).

US11866761B2. Process for producing esters and biolubricants, catalysed by fermented solid (2024-01-09). PETRÓLEO BRASILEIRO S. A.—PETROBRAS [BR], UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO—UFRJ [BR]. Inventors: Jose Andre Cavalcanti Da Silva [BR], Guilherme Brandão Guerra [BR], Denise Maria Guimarães Freire [BR], Erika Cristina Gonçalves Aguieiras [BR], Elisa D'avila Cavalcanti Oliveira [BR], Jaqueline Greco Duarte [BR], Kassia Leone Ignacio [BR], Valéria Ferreira Soares [BR], Priscila Rufino Da Silva [BR].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Castor oil Fatty Acids Heartburn Linoleic Acid Nonesterified Fatty Acids Phenolphthalein ricinoleic acid Sodium Hydroxide Soybean oil Titrimetry
2
Rat Liver Microsomal Stearoyl-CoA Desaturation Assay
Not available on PMC !

Example 10

Sprague Dawley rats are fasted for 40 hours, after which the diet is replaced with free fatty acid deficient chow to increase SCD-1 activity. Rats are then euthanized using CO2 asphyxiation and their livers removed. Livers are weighed and minced. Microsomes are isolated by homogenization with a polytron and several centrifugation steps. Following final centrifugation, the resulting pellet is resuspended in buffer and protein concentration is determined. Aliquots are stored at −80° C.

Rat liver microsomes are incubated with deuterium labeled stearoyl coenyzme A in the presence of putative inhibitor to test the compound's ability to inhibit the conversion of stearoyl-coenzyme A to oleoyl coenzyme A. The reaction is terminated using acetonitrile. Free fatty acids are extracted and the sample is then acidified with formic acid before final extraction with chloroform. The organic layer is transferred and evaporated under nitrogen gas. Samples are then reconstituted and analyzed by LC/MS/MS. The ability to inhibit the conversion of stearoyl-CoA to oleoyl-CoA is expressed as an IC50.

US11865113B2. Methods of treating a patient afflicted with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (2024-01-09). Lipidio Pharmaceuticals Inc. [US]. Inventors: Nigel R. A. Beeley [US], J. Gordon Foulkes [US], Kieran George Mooney [US], Charles Rodney Greenaway Evans [GB], Keith Arthur Johnson [US], Howard G. Welgus [US], Celia P. Jenkinson [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
acetonitrile Asphyxia Buffers Cardiac Arrest Centrifugation Chloroform Deuterium Diet formic acid Liver Microsomes Microsomes, Liver Nitrogen Nonesterified Fatty Acids oleoyl-coenzyme A Proteins Rats, Sprague-Dawley stearoyl-coenzyme A Tandem Mass Spectrometry
3
Fasting Blood Biomarker Analysis
Fasting blood samples were collected from all participants and sent to a commercial laboratory for analysis (BML Inc., Tokyo, Japan). All samples were analyzed for triglycerides, free fatty acids, insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), leptin, and adiponectin.
Yoshiko A., Ohta M., Kuramochi R, & Mitsuyama H. (2023). Serum Adiponectin and Leptin Is Not Related to Skeletal Muscle Morphology and Function in Young Women. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 7(5), bvad032.
Publication 2023
ADIPOQ protein, human BLOOD Fibrinogen Insulin Leptin Nonesterified Fatty Acids Triglycerides
4
Measuring Serum Metabolites in Heifers
Blood metabolites were analyzed from a subset of heifers from each respective treatment (N = 30). Blood samples were collected at pasture turnout and at the final day of monitoring via jugular venipuncture into serum tubes (10 mL; Becton Dickinson Co., Franklin Lakes, NJ), allowed to clot for 30 min and centrifuged at 1,500 × g at 4°C for 20 min. Serum was separated and stored in plastic vials at −20°C until further analysis. Serum samples were analyzed for glucose and NEFA. Samples were analyzed using the Synergy H1 Microplate Reader (Biotek, Winooski, VT) with the Infinity Glucose Hexokinase Kit (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) and NEFA-C Kit (WAKO Chemicals, Inc., Richmond, VA). The intra- and interassay CV was 2.62% and 3.41%, for serum glucose, respectively and 7.75% and 8.29%, for serum NEFA, respectively.
McCarthy K.L., Underdahl S.R., Undi M, & Dahlen C.R. (2023). Using precision tools to manage and evaluate the effects of mineral and protein/energy supplements fed to grazing beef heifers. Translational Animal Science, 7(1), txad013.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
BLOOD Clotrimazole Glucose Hexokinase Nonesterified Fatty Acids Phlebotomy Serum
5
Plasma Metabolites and Oxidative Status
Glucose (enzymatic-colorimetric method, sensitivity: 0.06 mmol/L) and urea (kinetic method, sensitivity: 0.056 mmol/L) concentrations were determined in plasma with an automatic analyzer (Gernon, RAL S.A, Barcelona, Spain). The mean intra- and interassay CV were 1.5% and 1.9% for glucose and 3.2% and 4.8% for urea, respectively. Plasma BHB (kinetic enzymatic method, sensitivity: 0.100 mmol/L) and NEFA (colorimetric method, sensitivity: 0.072 mmol/L) were determined using Randox kits (Randox Laboratories Ltd., Country Antrim, UK). The mean intra- and interassay CV were respectively 3.3% and 3.7% for NEFA and 6.2% in both cases for BHB. Oxidative status was determined using MDA as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation. This indicator was determined by liquid chromatography using an Acquity UPLC H-Class liquid chromatograph (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) equipped with a silica-based bonded phase column (Acquity UPLC HSS PFP, 100 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.8 μm, Waters), an absorbance detector (Acquity UPLC Photodiode Array PDA eλ detector, Waters) and a fluorescence detector (2475 Multi λ Fluorescence Detector, Waters). The quantification of MDA was done by fluorescence detection at ʎexcitation = 530 nm and ʎemission = 550 nm following the chromatographic conditions described in Bertolín et al. (2019) (link). The mean intra- and interassay CV were 4.6% and 7.3%, respectively.
Orquera-Arguero K.G., Blanco M., Bertolín J.R., Ferrer J, & Casasús I. (2023). Performance and milk fatty acid profile of beef cows with a different energy status with short nutrient restriction and refeeding. Journal of Animal Science, 101, skad053.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Biological Markers Chromatography Colorimetry Enzymes Fluorescence Glucose Hypersensitivity Kinetics Lipid A Lipid Peroxidation Liquid Chromatography Nonesterified Fatty Acids Plasma Randox Silicon Dioxide Urea

Top products related to «Nonesterified Fatty Acids»

1
Bovine serum albumin (bsa) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Japan, France, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Macao, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, India, Israel, Belgium, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Hungary, Netherlands, Czechia, Brazil, Austria, Singapore, Portugal, Panama, Chile, Senegal, Morocco, Slovenia, New Zealand, Finland, Thailand, Uruguay, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, Romania, Greece, Mexico
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common laboratory reagent derived from bovine blood plasma. It is a protein that serves as a stabilizer and blocking agent in various biochemical and immunological applications. BSA is widely used to maintain the activity and solubility of enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules in experimental settings.
2
Fatty acid free bsa by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Macao
Fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a purified, sterile-filtered protein preparation derived from bovine serum. It is commonly used as a stabilizing agent and carrier protein in various biochemical and cell culture applications.
3
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
4
Nefa c kit by Fujifilm
Sourced in Germany, Japan, United States, Holy See (Vatican City State), France
The NEFA C kit is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Fujifilm. It is designed for the quantitative determination of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in biological samples. The kit provides the necessary reagents and protocols to perform this analysis.
5
Free glycerol reagent by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Denmark, Japan, Spain, Holy See (Vatican City State)
The Free Glycerol Reagent is a laboratory product designed to measure the concentration of free glycerol in a sample. It provides a reliable and accurate method for determining the level of free glycerol, which is a useful metric in various applications.
6
Palmitic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Italy, Macao, Canada, Japan, India, Australia, Panama, Ireland, Hungary, Switzerland
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)14COOH. It is a colorless, odorless solid at room temperature. Palmitic acid is a common constituent of animal and vegetable fats and oils.
7
Oleic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Italy, Japan, France, India, Spain, Sao Tome and Principe, United Kingdom, Sweden, Poland, Australia, Austria, Singapore, Canada, Switzerland, Ireland, Brazil, Saudi Arabia
Oleic acid is a long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a colorless to light-yellow liquid with a characteristic odor. Oleic acid is widely utilized as a component in various laboratory reagents and formulations, often serving as a surfactant or emulsifier.
8
Nefa hr 2 by Fujifilm
Sourced in Germany, Japan, United States
NEFA-HR(2) is a lab equipment product from Fujifilm designed for the quantitative determination of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in biological samples. It provides a reliable and efficient method to measure NEFA levels.
9
Free fatty acid quantification kit by Abcam
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
The Free Fatty Acid Quantification Kit is a colorimetric assay that can be used to quantify free fatty acid levels in a variety of biological samples. The kit provides a simple, direct, and accurate method for measuring free fatty acid concentrations.
10
Palmitate by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Macao, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Japan, China
Palmitate is a type of laboratory equipment used for research and analysis purposes. It is a fatty acid compound that serves as a common precursor for various biological processes. Palmitate is utilized in various scientific applications, including cell culture studies, biochemical assays, and metabolic research. The core function of Palmitate is to provide a standardized and reliable source of this essential fatty acid for experimental and analytical purposes.

More about "Nonesterified Fatty Acids"

Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), also known as free fatty acids (FFAs), are unbound fatty acids present in the bloodstream.
They are released from adipose tissue and serve as an important energy source for various tissues.
NEFAs play a key role in metabolism and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions like insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fatty acid-free BSA are commonly used in research involving NEFAs, as they can help stabilize and solubilize these lipids.
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is another important component in cell culture media, as it provides a source of NEFAs and other nutrients.
The NEFA C kit and Free Glycerol Reagent are analytical tools used to measure NEFA and glycerol levels, respectively.
Palmitic acid and oleic acid are two specific NEFAs that have been extensively studied for their role in metabolism and disease.
The NEFA-HR(2) assay and Free Fatty Acid Quantification Kit are additional products designed to accurately quantify NEFA concentrations in biological samples.
Optimizing NEFA research protocols and identifying effective products is crucial for advancing our understanding and treatment of these important health conditions.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven tool can help researchers discover the best NEFA research protocols from published literature, preprints, and patents, enabling more effective and effecient studies in this important area of biomedical research.